RESUMEN

Diffuse hemangiomatosis of the liver and spleen is rare. Currently, few studies are available on diffuse hepatic and splenic hemangiomatosis accompanied by Kasabach-Merritt syndrome (KMS). The conserved telomere maintenance component 1 (CTC1) gene contributes to telomere maintenance and replication by forming the telomeric capping complex. Herein, we report a case of diffuse hemangiomatosis in the liver and spleen accompanied by KMS in a 59-year-old woman who carried two novel heterozygous CTC1 variants: c.435+9A>C and c.3074C>T (p.Ala1025Val). Using next-generation sequencing, we detected mutations in the CTC1 gene in our patient, who had chief complaints of fatigue and abdominal distension complicated by severe thrombocytopenia and consumptive coagulopathy. Clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and imaging findings led to the diagnosis of diffuse hepatic and splenic hemangiomatosis accompanied by KMS. The patient was treated with prednisone, thalidomide, and sirolimus, and her general condition was ameliorated at the 4-month follow-up with improved platelet count and coagulation function. A CTC1 gene mutation may be involved in the pathological process of vascular diseases. A combination treatment regimen of prednisone, thalidomide, and sirolimus may be effective for KMS.

RESUMEN

Diffuse hepatic hemangiomatosis (DHH) is an extremely rare disease, especially in adults. We present a case of DHH involving the entire liver in a 62-year-old male with a giant hemangioma next to the superior mesenteric vein. Based on what we could find in PubMed with pathological evidence, there are only seventeen cases of adult DHH reported in the literature. The female-to-male ratio is 2.4:1. Most patients consult for abdominal pain or distension. Radiographic examination shows multiple diffuse liver nodules. On MRI, these lesions show hypointense T1 and hyperintense T2. Some lesions may show peripheral rim enhancement in the arterial phase but no portovenous washout. In total, 47% of patients with DHH have one or more giant hemangioma(s). Pathology shows that the lesions are lined with flat endothelial cells without cellular atypia, which are stained positive for vascular endothelial markers. Liver failure is the main cause of death. Some patients can be improved by partial hepatectomy. However, there is no effective treatment for most patients. Liver transplantation should be considered in patients with liver failure or congestive heart failure caused by DHH. We attempt to classify DHH into two types based on the distribution of DHH and their treatment.

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We report a case of hepatic hemangiomatosis coexistent with a giant hepatic hemangioma diagnosed in the context of the study for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Computed tomography showed irregular contours of the left hepatic lobe with a lesion that compromised the whole lobe, with peripheral uptake and a centripetal tendency in the late phase, compatible with bulky cavernous hemangioma, as well as another lesion with the same characteristics in segment VI. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen showed multiple hepatic hemangiomas observed in both lobes involving all segments, some of them smaller than 1 cm, which were hyperintense in the T2-weighted sequences and showed progressive contrast enhancement. This case illustrates the incidental diagnosis of this condition during the study for another pathology, the radiological features that are important to differentiate from other tumoral findings, and the possible management strategies to follow.

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We report 2 cases of isolated hepatic hemangiomatosis: a 76-year-old woman who is, to our knowledge, the oldest person with this diagnosis, and a 74-year-old woman. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen showed T2 hyper intense lesions throughout the liver, peripheral nodular arterial enhancement, and filling of contrast on the portal venous and delayed phases. Computed tomography showed liver lesions with peripheral nodular enhancement in the early phase and a centripetal pattern or "filling in" during the late phase; the lesions opacified after a delay of 3 or more minutes and remained isodense or hyperdense on delayed scans. Both images were consistent with hepatic hemangiomatosis. These cases help increase awareness about benign and unusual liver lesions with radiologic characteristics similar to those of malignant liver tumors. The authors also present a review of 15 other cases of isolated hepatic hemangiomatosis reported in English literature from 1970 to present.

RESUMEN

Since diffuse hepatic hemangiomatosis (DHH) is an extremely rare disease especially in adults, the etiology and natural course of adult-onset DHH has not been well understood. We report a case of DHH complicated with multiple organic dysfunction and Kasabach-Merritt syndrome (KMS) in an 83-year-old female. She presented with mild abdominal distension and laboratory findings revealed thrombocytopenia and abnormal coagulation, indicating disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Enhanced computed tomography revealed diffuse, hypodense hepatic nodules with delayed enhancement involving the whole liver, and multiple hypodense splenic legions. To obtain a definitive diagnosis, laparoscopic-guided biopsy was performed. Histological findings revealed irregularly dilated non-anastomotic vascular spaces, which were lined with flat endothelial cells without cellular atypia. We diagnosed this as DHH complicated with splenic lesions and KMS. Although the patient was treated with symptomatic treatment, such as anti-coagulation therapy, hemangiomatous lesions, especially in the spleen, progressed rapidly, leading to worsening of DIC. Finally, the patient died of multiple organ failure at 12 months after diagnosis. A postmortem examination demonstrated diffuse hemangiomatosis of not only the liver and spleen, but also the adrenal glands and bone marrow. Despite no malignant histologically, DHH can be fatal if it progresses rapidly within a short period of time.

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We present a case of a pathologically proven multinodular diffuse hepatic hemangiomatosis (DHH) with no extra-hepatic involvement in a 68-year-old male. Cavernous hemangioma is the most common hepatic tumor. However, DHH, which is characterized by extensive replacement of liver parenchyma with hemangiomatous lesions, has been rarely reported in adults. The etiology and clinical course are not completely understood because of its rareness, although the diagnosis might be suggested by the magnetic resonance imaging findings.

RESUMEN

Las lesiones vasculares hepáticas en niños son raras pero no infrecuentes en gastroenterología pediátrica. Los hemangiomas son los tumores hepáticos vasculares más frecuentes en la infancia, la mayoría de curso benigno, algunos, incluyendo el hemangioendotelioma infantil, tienen potencial maligno. La clínica predominante es hepatomegalia, dolor abdominal, hemangiomas cutáneos e insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva; y menos frecuente esplenomegalia, ictericia, ascitis, hemorragia digestiva y anemia. Se presentan 5 lactantes entre 1 y 4 meses con diagnóstico de hemangiomatosis hepática; en tres de ellos su diagnóstico fue incidental a través de ecografía, uno presentó aumento de volumen abdominal progresivo y otro hepatomegalia; tres presentaron hemangiomas en piel. Todos cursaron con anemia. Se realizó ecografía describiéndose hepatomegalia, con múltiples imágenes redondeadas, hipoecoicas, de diferentes tamaños, en ambos lóbulos hepáticos; Tomografía axial computada abdominal: hepatomegalia con compromiso de ambos lóbulos, ocupados por áreas nodulares hipodensas. Fueron evaluados por los servicios de endocrinología, cardiología, gastroenterología y cirugía pediátrica. En uno se realizó biopsia hepática. Recibieron tratamiento con prednisona 3 - 4 mg/kg/día con descenso progresivo de la misma, seguimiento clínico y ecográfico durante 1 año. Cuatro pacientes respondieron al tratamiento, evidenciándose disminución e incluso desaparición en tres pacientes de los hemangiomas, y uno no respondió, asociándose propanolol.

Hepatic vascular lesions in children are rare but not uncommon in pediatric gastroenterology. Hemangiomas are the most common vascular liver tumors in childhood, most benign course, some, including infantile hemangioendothelioma, have malignant potential. The clinical manifestations are hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, cutaneous hemangiomas and congestive heart failure and less frequent splenomegaly, jaundice, ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding and anemia. We present five infants between 1 and 4 months with a diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomatosis, in three of them the diagnosis was made incidentally by ultrasonography, showed a progressive increase in abdominal volume and a hepatomegaly, three had skin hemangiomas. All of them presented with anemia. Hepatomegaly describing ultrasound was performed, with multiple images rounded, hypoechoic, of different sizes in both lobes, abdominal computed tomography: hepatomegaly with involvement of both lobes, occupied by hypodense nodular areas. Services were assessed by endocrinology, cardiology, gastroenterology and pediatric surgery. In one a liver biopsy was performed. Treated with prednisone 3-4 mg / kg / day with gradual decrease of the same, clinical and ultrasound for 1 year. Four patients responded to treatment, demonstrating decreased or even disappeared in three patients with hemangiomas, and one did not respond, associating propranolol.

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