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BACKGROUND: Evidence from the literature demonstrates that the risk of decreased handgrip strength is associated with various health issues, particularly in older persons. To make judgments regarding their general health condition that are well-informed for longevity, it is crucial to assess the risk level of decreased handgrip strength among community-dwelling older adult Indians. However, no study has examined the relationship between biological aging and the risk of decreased handgrip strength in Indian men and women aged 60 and older. The goal of the current study was to fill this gap in the literature. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we included 31,464 (15,098 men and 16,366 women) community-dwelling older adult Indians aged 60 years and older using data from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI). The LASI is the world's most extensive and India's first multidisciplinary, internationally harmonized, longitudinal aging study. It has enrolled 72,250 individuals aged 45 and above across all 28 states and 8 union territories of India. Secondary analysis of biological ageing was performed by stratifying for age groups (60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79, 80-84, and 85 + years) for both genders. The dominant right and nondominant left handgrip strength was assessed using the portable Smedley's Hand Dynamometer. All individuals had a dominant right hand. The adjusted logistic regression analysis assessed the association between biological ageing and the risk of decreased handgrip strength for both genders. RESULTS: Compared to those between the ages of 60-64, those at age 65 and those aged 85 and above had 1-fold and 12-fold odds of decreasing handgrip strength, respectively. Men 85 years or older had a 12-fold higher chance than women in the same age group of having decreased handgrip strength. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that community-dwelling older adult Indians aged 65 years and older are significantly associated with a higher risk of decreased handgrip strength, especially among older men. The results of this study can help assess and implement handgrip strength measurement in medicine for older Indians as part of regular admission assessment, particularly for older men.

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Background: Standardised measurement protocols for grip strength remained unclear due to variations in values depending on the device and measurement method. The load cell hand dynamometer has recently been developed. This study aims to investigate the reliability of the load cell dynamometer by comparing it to the Jamar dynamometer, which is considered the gold standard, and to identify a reliable and practical measurement method. Methods: This study included 80 healthy hospital workers (mean age of 40.1 years). All measurements were performed seated, with the elbow flexed 90° and the grip span at the second handle (approximately 50 mm) for the Jamar dynamometer, and with the elbow extended and the grip span fixed at 55 mm for the load cell dynamometer. Grip strength was measured three times on each hand using two dynamometers, and the same tests were repeated on different days. Test-retest reliability, the association between the two devices and the agreement between the two measurement methods were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Pearson correlation and the Bland-Altman analysis. Results: The ICC of the one measurement was lower than that of three measurements for both dynamometers, but was above 0.858 in all groups, indicating sufficient reliability with one-time measurement. Additionally, the ICC for different days revealed good reliability (Jamar: >0.830, load cell: >0.772). The load cell dynamometer showed significantly lower values in all measurements despite the excellent correlation (r > 0.70) and the agreement between the two dynamometers. Conclusions: This study revealed sufficient reliability of the load cell dynamometer with the standardised measurement method, but it should be noted the lower values compared to the Jamar dynamometer. Additionally, one-time measurement reliability is adequate for practical use by standardising the measurement methods for both dynamometers. Level of Evidence: Level III (Diagnostic).

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PURPOSE: Voluntary teeth clenching is shown to increase the strength of muscle reflexes contributing to the improvement of postural stability. However, the interaction between the handgrip strength and teeth clenching is not yet understood. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the change in handgrip force in response to voluntary teeth clenching, and its relation to the peripheral receptors that play a central role in the control of mastication. METHODS: Thirty-six healthy men were divided into two groups: aged 50-59 years, no dental prosthesis, and 53-62 years with total dental prosthesis. Each individual was given handgrip and teeth clenching instructions for five experiments: only handgrip, teeth clenching followed by handgrip without teeth clenching, teeth clenching followed by handgrip with teeth clenching, and the repetition of the last two instructions while wearing mouth guards. RESULTS: Our findings showed that maximum handgrip force decreased and the resistance to fatigue increased in complete edentulous individuals using appropriate prostheses. Also, the significantly lower maximum handgrip force and higher resistance to fatigue values of the participants with dental prosthesis using a mouth guard while teeth clenching, revealed the central roles of periodontal mechanoreceptors. CONCLUSION: Decreases in masticatory sensory information processes influence handgrip force values which is the most important indicator of motor function. The lack of periodontal mechanoreceptors associated with dental prosthesis usage may lead to a loss in muscle strength.

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Background: Grip strength has been identified as an important indicator of health status and predictor of clinical outcomes. The gold standard for measuring grip strength is the JAMAR® Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer. Less expensive dynamometers are available but have not been validated within a hospital setting. Objectives: To validate the Camry Digital Handgrip Dynamometer (Model EH101) against the validated JAMAR® Dynamometer (Model J00105) in a hospital population. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study with a randomised single-blind cross-over component was conducted on consenting adult patients admitted to general hospital wards. The best of three measurements taken using the dominant hand was used for analysis. Results: Fifty-one participants (median [interquartile range] age 42 [30-58] years; n = 27 [52.9%] female) were included. The mean difference between the Jamar® and Camry measurements was 1.9 kg ± 3.6 kg (t-value 0.9; p = 0.4). There was a strong positive correlation between the Jamar® and the Camry devices (R = 0.94; r² = 0.88; p < 0.0001). Excellent agreement was found between Jamar® and Camry measurements (interclass correlational coefficient 0.97, 95% CI 0.94-0.99, p < 0.0001). Hand dominance significantly affected the agreement between devices (p = 0.002). Conclusions: The Camry Digital Handgrip Dynamometer is a valid tool for assessing grip strength in hospitalised adult patients. Clinical implications: The Camry Digital Handgrip Dynamometer could be used as an inexpensive tool to measure grip strength.

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BACKGROUND: The Jamar hydraulic dynamometer is a widely recognized tool for measuring grip strength. Nevertheless, the devices used most often in Asian countries are spring-type dynamometers, represented by the CAMRY dynamometer or Smedley dynamometer. We aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the CAMRY dynamometer compared with the Jamar dynamometer. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using a random crossover design in the grip strength test with two dynamometers. A total of 1064 healthy community-dwelling older adults aged 50-90 years old, which included 686 minorities and 378 Han Chinese, were recruited into the study from July to September 2021. We assessed the reliability and validity of the CAMRY EH101 dynamometer, and the Jamar dynamometer was regarded as the reference device. The order of testing with two dynamometers was randomized in a 1:1 ratio, with a 10-min gap between the two devices. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman analysis were calculated to assess reliability and validity between the two devices. RESULTS: The average handgrip strength (HGS) values at six times by the Jamar and CAMRY devices were 25.0 ± 7.9 kg and 24.6 ± 7.5 kg, respectively. The ICC values between the two devices were 0.815-0.854, and the systematic bias underestimated by the CAMRY dynamometer was 0.5 kg in men and 0.6 kg in women. We carried out a linear regression equation by sex, and their relationship was found as follows: male HGS (kg)Jamar = 8.001 + 0.765 × HGS (kg)CAMRY; female HGS (kg)Jamar = 3.681 + 0.840 × HGS (kg)CAMRY. CONCLUSIONS: The CAMRY EH101 dynamometer provides excellent reliability and validity. This device can serve as a reliable, inexpensive, and practical device to assess grip strength in geriatric clinical practice. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2100046367 ; Date of clinical trial reistration: 15/05/2021.

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INTRODUCTION: Hand grip strength has been widely used as a lead measure in geriatric conditions such as frailty. However, diversity in assessment protocols and methodologies creates uncertainty in the comparison of outcome measurements. The aim of this study was to review the literature relating to the measurement of hand grip strength in older adults, in order to develop further consensus in relation to the use of existing protocols in clinical and community settings, with an emphasis on practicality and suitability for frail persons. METHODS: Five electronic English databases were searched using keywords such as 'hand grip strength', 'clinimetric assessment', and their synonyms. Age-related trends in adults aged ≥65 years were assessed, and comparisons were made of the following variables: dynamometer model and handle setting, hand positioning, warm-up trials, grip duration, number of repeated tests, rest periods, laterality of tested hand, and whether encouragement was given to the subjects. RESULTS: Thirty-four research papers met the inclusion criteria and were included. A Jamar hand dynamometer was most frequently used. Variations were found in the positioning of the subject and in the duration of the rest period, which ranged from 10 to 20 s to 1 min. Grip strength was typically measured three times in the dominant hand, with the strongest grip being recorded and no encouragement being provided during assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the scoping review, we propose a detailed and standardised protocol that is suitable for the assessment of hand grip strength in frail older adults.

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INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most common cancer disease of women in industrialized countries. Neurotoxic chemotherapy drugs are known to harm peripheral nerves and cause a chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). CIPN is one of the most common adverse events associated with Paclitaxel chemotherapy and may remain present long after the termination of chemotherapy. Thus, it reduces the patients' quality of life (QoL) both during chemotherapy and onwards, and can impose a danger on breast cancer survivors due to an increased risk of falling and fall-related injuries. METHODS: The aim of this randomized-controlled trial (RCT) (n = 36) (IG: intervention group, n = 17) (CG: control group, n = 19) was to determine whether sensorimotor exercises have a positive effect on physical and psychological parameters in breast cancer patients undergoing neurotoxic chemotherapy (Paclitaxel). RESULTS: As a result, we were able to show significant improvements in postural stability in monopedal stance [left leg 16.17 ± 3.67 vs. 21.55 ± 5.33 (p < 0.001) and right leg 15.14 ± 2.30 vs. 20.85 ± 5.05 (p < 0.001)] and in bipedal stance [T1 vs. T0, - 0.49 (IG) vs. + 1.14 (CG) p = 0.039]. DISCUSSION: These results in posturography correlate with the clinical presentation with intervention group patients scoring significantly better on the Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale [37.71 ± 2.73 vs. 34.47 ± 3.98 (p = 0.004)]. Moderate strength training successfully prevented a strength loss in the IG that was remarkable in the CG (- 1.60 vs. 0.60, p = 0.029). Concerning the psychological parameters assessed via EORTC- and MFI-questionnaires, no significant improvements were found. CONCLUSION: Future studies should focus on the correlation of clinical and posturometry findings and subjective QOL such as the long-term-development of CIPN.

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OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine the acute effects of cyclic stretching versus static stretching on the shoulder flexibility, rotator cuff muscle strength, spike speed, and spike hit rate on target in adolescent volleyball players. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 36 female volleyball players aged between 13 and 15 years were included in this study. Volleyball players were randomly divided into three groups: cyclic stretching group, static stretching group, and control group. Shoulder flexibility, rotator cuff muscle strength, spike speed, and spike hit rate on target were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Shoulder flexibility increased in cyclic stretching and static stretching groups after the intervention. Internal rotation strength increased in cyclic stretching group after the stretching intervention, compared to the control group. A significant reduction was observed in the scapular plane abduction strength in static stretching group after the intervention. CONCLUSION: Our study results suggest that cyclic stretching may be beneficial, as it increases both the shoulder flexibility and strength of young female volleyball players. In terms of volleyball performance, it can not be declared both cyclic stretching and static stretching have any effect.

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OBJECTIVE: A multiaxis dynamometer was used to quantify grip force vector angles and longitudinal centers of pressure (COPs) while varying handle size and effort used. BACKGROUND: Authors of many studies have examined maximum grip strength using scalar instruments; a few have measured two-axis forces limited to one or more finger contact. This novel dynamometer uses two instrumented beams that are grasped by the distal fingers and proximal palm to compute two orthogonal components of force and the longitudinal COP through which the force acts. METHOD: Sixteen healthy, right-handed participants grasped the multiaxis dynamometer with plastic handles ranging in diameter from 3.81 to 7.62 cm. They were required to scale their effort to 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of maximum. RESULTS: Grip force vector angles were affected by both handle diameter and effort level, with angles increasing an average of 8.1° from the least to greatest effort. Longitudinal COP, averaged among the two beams, shifted 1.75 cm radially as handle diameter increased from 3.81 cm to 7.62 cm. Average COP along the beam in contact with the distal finger segments shifted 0.75 cm ulnarly as effort level increased from 25% to 100% of maximum. CONCLUSION: Grip force characteristics changed with handle diameter and effort level. Overall grip force magnitude comprised both force components measured. APPLICATION: Understanding grip characteristics should be important for handle and grip design and for evaluating hand function.

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QUESTION: What are reference values for grip strength in children and adolescents based on a large and heterogeneous study population? What is the association of grip strength with age, gender, weight, and height in this population? DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were recruited from schools in the northern provinces of the Netherlands. The study included healthy children and adolescents ranging in age from 4 to 15 years. OUTCOME MEASURES: All children had their height (cm) and weight (kg) measured and were allowed a total of four attempts using the Jamar hand dynamometer: twice with each hand. Grip strength scores (kg) were recorded for the dominant and non-dominant hands. RESULTS: The study population comprised 2241 children and adolescents. Reference values for both genders are provided according to age and dominance. Grip strength shows a linear and parallel progression for both genders until the age of 11 or 12, after which grip strength development shows an acceleration that is more prominent in boys. CONCLUSION: There is a significant difference in grip strength with each ascending year of age in favour of the older group, as well as a trend for boys to be stronger than girls in all age groups between 4 and 15 years. Weight and especially height have a strong association with grip strength in children.

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