RESUMEN

Utilizing spontaneous polarization field to harness charge transfer kinetics is a promising strategy to boost photocatalytic performance. Herein, a novel Cu atom clusters/PtCu alloy nanocubes coloaded on nitrogen-rich triazole-based C3N5 (PtCu-C3N5) with dipole field was constructed through facile photo-deposition and impregnation method. The dipole field-drive spontaneous polarization in C3N5 acts as a charge-transfer bridge to promote directional electron migration from C3N5 to Cu atom clusters/PtCu alloy. Through the synergistic effects between Cu atom clusters, PtCu alloy and dipole field in C3N5, the optimized Pt2Cu3-C3N5 achieved a record-high performance with H2 formation rate of 4090.4 µmol g-1 h-1 under visible light, about 154.4-fold increase compared with pristine C3N5 (26.5 µmol g-1 h-1). Moreover, the apparent quantum efficiency was up to 25.33 % at 320 nm, which is greatly superior than most previous related-works. The directional charge transfer mechanism was analyzed in detail through various characterizations and DFT calculations. This work offers a novel pathway to construct high-efficiency multi-metal photocatalysts for solar energy conversion.

RESUMEN

Suitable H2O and H adsorption on the surface of transition metal chalcogenide cocatalyst is highly required to achieve their excellent alkaline H2-evolution rate. However, the weak adsorption of H2O and H atoms on NiTe surface greatly hinders its alkaline H2-evolution efficiency. Herein, an electron-deficient modulation strategy is proposed to synchronously improve the adsorption of H2O and H atoms on NiTe surface, which can greatly improve the alkaline photocatalytic H2 evolution of TiO2. In this case, highly electronegative oxygen atoms are introduced into the NiTe cocatalysts to induce the formation of electron-deficient Niδ+ and Teδ+ sites in the ultra-small-sized NiO1-xTex nanodots (0.5-2 nm), which can be uniformly loaded onto the TiO2 surface to prepare the NiO1-xTex/TiO2 photocatalysts by a facile complexation-photodeposition strategy. The resulting NiO1-xTex/TiO2 (0.6:0.4) photocatalyst exhibits the optimal activity (2143.36 µmol g-1 h-1), surpassing the activity levels of TiO2 and NiTe/TiO2 samples by 42.3 and 1.8 times, respectively. The experimental and theoretical investigations have revealed that the presence of highly electronegative O atoms in the NiO1-xTex cocatalyst can redistribute the charges of Ni and Te atoms for the formation of electron-deficient Niδ+ and Teδ+ active sites, thereby synchronously enhancing the adsorption of H2O on Niδ+ sites and H on Teδ+ sites and promoting alkaline photocatalytic H2 evolution. The current research about the synchronous optimization of the H2O and H adsorption offers a significant approach to design high-performance H2-evolution materials.

RESUMEN

CdS quantum dots (CdS QDs) are regarded as a promising photocatalyst due to their remarkable response to visible light and suitable placement of conduction bands and valence bands. However, the problem of photocorrosion severely restricts their application. Herein, the CdS QDs-Co9S8 hollow nanotube composite photocatalyst has been successfully prepared by loading Co9S8 nanotubes onto CdS QDs through an electrostatic self-assembly method. The experimental results show that the introduction of Co9S8 cocatalyst can form a stable structure with CdS QDs, and can effectively avoid the photocorrosion of CdS QDs. Compared with blank CdS QDs, the CdS QDs-Co9S8 composite exhibits obviously better photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance. In particular, CdS QDs loaded with 30% Co9S8 (CdS QDs-30%Co9S8) demonstrate the best photocatalytic performance, and the H2 production rate reaches 9642.7 µmol·g-1·h-1, which is 60.3 times that of the blank CdS QDs. A series of characterizations confirm that the growth of CdS QDs on Co9S8 nanotubes effectively facilitates the separation and migration of photogenerated carriers, thereby improving the photocatalytic hydrogen production properties of the composite. We expect that this work will facilitate the rational design of CdS-based photocatalysts, thereby enabling the development of more low-cost, high-efficiency and high-stability composites for photocatalysis.

RESUMEN

The efficiency of photoelectrocatalysis is fundamentally dependent on the sufficient absorption of light and efficient utilisation of photogenerated carriers, but is largely limited by the reactivity from the inefficient charge transfer and surface sites of the catalyst. In this study, π-π stacking of polar small molecules on aromatic ring-rich polyaniline (PANI) was carried out to improve its photoelectrocatalytic splitting of water for hydrogen production. Detailed photoelectrochemical experiments and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations show that small molecules of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and PANI have the best π-π stacking (compared to p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTA)), which promotes the separation of carriers on the PANI surface. In addition, the polar effect of the small molecules also improves the reactivity of the PANI surface and also reduces the potential barrier for H2 evolution. The current density of PANI-PABA reached -0.12 mA/cm2 (1.23 V vs. RHE) 2.53 times higher than that of pure PANI in linear voltammetric scanning tests under light. This strategy of introducing polar small molecules into organocatalysts via π-π stacking will provide new ideas for the preparation of efficient organic photoelectrocatalysis.

RESUMEN

The donor-acceptor (D-A) dye 4-(bis-4-(5-(2,2-dicyano-vinyl)-thiophene-2-yl)-phenyl-amino)-benzoic acid (P1) has been frequently used to functionalize NiO photocathodes and induce photoelectrochemical reduction of protons when coupled to a suitable catalyst. Photoinduced twisting of the P1 dye is steered on NiO by co-adsorption of tetradecanoic acid (C14, myristic acid (MA)). Density Functional Theory and time-resolved photoluminescence studies confirm that twisting lowers the energy levels of the photoexcited D-A dye. The apolar environment provided by the MA suppresses photoinduced D-A twisting, retards charge recombination following photoinduced charge separation between P1 and NiO, and provides a larger electrochemical potential increasing the photocurrent. Very interestingly, co-adsorption of MA induces H2 evolution upon photoexcitation without the presence of an H2 evolution catalyst. Based on prior art, the formation of H2 is assigned to the dissolution of Ni2+, followed by reduction and re-deposition of Ni nanoparticles acting as the catalytically active site. It propose that only excited P1 with suppressed twisting provides the sufficient electrochemical potential to induce deposition of Ni nanoparticles. The work illustrates the importance of understanding the effects of photoinduced intramolecular twisting and highlights the promise of designing twisting-limited D-A dyes to create efficient solar fuel devices.

RESUMEN

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect plays a crucial role in the field of solar energy utilization. In this work, we successfully prepared a Cu2-xSe/ZnSe S-scheme heterojunction with a broad-spectrum response using the hot-injection and low-temperature water bath method. Importantly, we demonstrated that the photothermal effect induced by the LSPR of nonstoichiometric Cu2-xSe can significantly improve the slow kinetics of water splitting, resulting in an apparent activation energy reduction from 50.1 to 28.7 kJ·mol-1. This improvement is responsible for achieving the highest photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 63.6 mmol·g-1·h-1 over 2.7 % Cu2-xSe/ZnSe under the wavelength ranged from 200 to 2500 nm, which is 3.4 and 5.6 times higher than that of ZnSe and Cu2-xSe, respectively. Furthermore, the composite exhibits a remarkable H2 production rate of 0.108 mmol·g-1·h-1 under near-infrared spectroscopy (800<λ<2500 nm), while ZnSe shows limited capability in H2 releasing. Additionally, Cu2-xSe/ZnSe demonstrates distinct photocurrent response when λ > 800 nm. The enhanced performance in H2 evolution can be attributed to the synergistic effect of LSPR-induced light absorption and S-scheme heterojunction, which not only expands the light absorption range to the near-infrared region but also facilitates hot electron injection, charge carrier separation and transfer, leading to a faster surface reaction kinetics. This study provides an effective approach for designing a broad-spectrum light responsive non-precious metal-based photothermal-assisted photocatalytic system.

RESUMEN

This study investigates the impact of In- and S-vacancy concentrations on the photocatalytic activity of non-centrosymmetric zinc indium sulfide (ZIS) nanosheets for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A positive correlation between the concentrations of dual In and S vacancies and the photocatalytic HER rate over ZIS nanosheets is observed. The piezoelectric polarization, stimulated by low-frequency vortex vibration to ensure the well-dispersion of ZIS nanosheets in solution, plays a crucial role in enhancing photocatalytic HER over the dual-vacancy engineered ZIS nanosheets. The piezoelectric characteristic of the defective ZIS nanosheets is confirmed through the piezopotential response measured using piezoelectric force microscopy. Piezophotocatalytic H2 evolution over the ZIS nanosheets is boosted under accelerated vortex vibrations. The research explores how vacancies alter ZIS's dipole moment and piezoelectric properties, thereby increasing electric potential gradient and improving charge-separation efficiency, through multi-scale simulations, including Density Functional Theory and Finite Element Analysis, and a machine-learning interatomic potential for defect identification. Increased In and S vacancies lead to higher electric potential gradients in ZIS along [100] and [010] directions, attributing to dipole moment and the piezoelectric effect. This research provides a comprehensive exploration of vacancy engineering in ZIS nanosheets, leveraging the piezopotential and dipole field to enhance photocatalytic performances.

RESUMEN

ZnxCd1-xS photocatalysts have been widely investigated due to their diverse morphologies, suitable band gaps/band edge positions, and high electronic mobility. However, the sluggish charge separation and severe charge recombination impede the application of ZnxCd1-xS for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, doping of phosphorus (P) atoms into Zn0.3Cd0.7S has been implemented to elevate S vacancies concentration as well as tune its Fermi level to be located near the impurity level of S vacancies, prolonging the lifetime of photogenerated electrons. Moreover, P doping induces a hybridized state in the bandgap, leading to an imbalanced charge distribution and a localized built-in electric field for effective separation of photogenerated charge carriers. Further construction of intimate heterojunctions between P-Zn0.3Cd0.7S and MoS2 accelerates surface redox reaction. Benefiting from the above merits, 1 % MoS2/P-Zn0.3Cd0.7S exhibits a high hydrogen production rate of 30.65 mmol·g-1·h-1 with AQE of 22.22 % under monochromatic light at 370 nm, exceeding most ZnxCd1-xS based photocatalysts reported so far. This work opens avenues to fabricate examplary photocatalysts for solar energy conversion and beyond.

RESUMEN

Photocatalysis is one of the most promising pathways to relieve the environmental contamination caused by the rapid development of modern technology. In this work, we demonstrate a green manufacturing process for the 3D/3D rod-shaped bamboo charcoal/Bi2WO6 photocatalyst (210BC-BWO) by controlled carbonization temperature. A series of morphology characterization and properties investigations (XRD, SEM, UV-vis DRS, transient photocurrent response, N2 absorption-desorption isotherms) indicate a 210BC-BWO photocatalyst with higher charge separation efficiency, larger surface area, and better adsorption capacity. The excellent photocatalytic performance was evaluated by degrading rhodamine B (RhB) (98.5%), tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) (77.1%), and H2 evolution (2833 µmol·g-1·h-1) coupled with furfuryl alcohol oxidation (3097 µmol·g-1·h-1) under visible light irradiation. In addition, the possible mechanisms for degradation of organic pollutants, H2 evolution, and furfuryl alcohol oxidation were schematically investigated, which make it possible to exert photocatalysis by increasing the active radical. This study shows that the combination of bamboo charcoal and bismuth tungstate can be a powerful photocatalyst that rationally combines H2 evolution coupled with furfuryl alcohol oxidation and degradation of pollutants.

RESUMEN

Catalysts composed of nanocluster and single-atom (SA) were extensively used to enhance electrocatalytic water splitting performance, whereas study of their photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) evolution activity was limited. Herein, carbon nitride (CN) decorated by ruthenium (Ru) cocatalysts existed as SA + cluster, cluster + nanoparticles (NPs), and NPs were prepared by impregnation and calcination processes. The correlation between existential form, content of Ru cocatalyst and H2 evolution rate were carefully discussed. It was found that Ru NPs were favor for water molecule adsorption, whereas Ru SAs and clusters facilitated H2 desorption. Theoretical calculations revealed that Ru clusters + NPs cocatalyst were beneficial for H* intermediate formation. Water splitting tests found that 1.07 wt% Ru NPs + cluster modified CN showed the highest H2 evolution rate of 13.64 mmol h-1 g-1, which was 266.4 and 1.5 times higher than those of CN and Ru NPs (2.33 wt%) decorated CN, respectively. This work deeply reveals the influences of existential form of Ru cocatalysts on photocatalytic water splitting of CN, and provides thought in designing new cocatalysts to largely enhance H2 evolution.

RESUMEN

The prodigious employment of fossil fuels to conquer the global energy demand is becoming a dreadful threat to the human society. This predicament is appealing for a potent photocatalyst that can generate alternate energy sources via solar to chemical energy conversion. With this interest, we have fabricated a ternary heterostructure of Ti3C2 nanosheet modified g-C3N4/Bi2O3 (MCNRBO) Z-scheme photocatalyst through self-assembly process. The morphological analysis clearly evidenced the close interfacial interaction between g-C3N4 nanorod, Bi2O3 and Ti3C2 nanosheets. The oxygen vacancy created on Bi2O3 surface, as suggested by XPS and EPR analysis, supported the Z-scheme heterojunction formation between g-C3N4 nanorod and Bi2O3 nanosheets. The collaborative effect of Z-scheme and Schottky junction significantly reduced charge transfer resistance promoting separation efficiency of excitons as indicated from PL and EIS analysis. The potential of MCNRBO towards photocatalytic application was investigated by H2O2 and H2 evolution reaction. A superior photocatalytic H2O2 and H2 production rate for MCNRBO is observed, which are respectively around 5 and 18 folds higher as compared to pristine CNR nanorod. The present work encourages for the development of a noble, eco-benign and immensely efficient dual heterojunction based photocatalyst, which can acts as saviour of human society from energy crisis.

RESUMEN

Photocatalytic H2 evolution by water splitting is a promising approach to address the challenges of environmental pollution and energy scarcity. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has emerged as a star photocatalyst because of its numerous advantages. To address the limitations of traditional g-C3N4, namely its inadequate visible light response and rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers, we employed a schiff base reaction to synthesize -C=N- doped g-C3N4. The introduction of -C=N- groups at the bridging nitrogen sites induced structural distortion in g-C3N4, facilitating n-π* electronic transitions from the lone pair electrons of nitrogen atom and extending light absorption up to 600 nm. Moreover, the presence of heterogeneous π-conjugated electron distribution effectively traps photogenerated electrons and enhances charge carrier separation. Benefiting from its expanded spectral response range, unique electronic properties, increased specific surface area, the doped g-C3N4 exhibited outstanding photocatalytic H2 evolution performance of 1050.13 µmol/g/h. The value was 5.9 times greater than the pristine g-C3N4.

RESUMEN

The photocatalytic H2 production activity of polymer carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is limited by the rapid recombination of photoelectron-hole pairs and slow surface reduction dynamic process. Here, a supramolecular complex (named R-TAP-Pd(II)) was fabricated via self-assembly of (R)-N-(1-phenylethyl)-4-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzamide (R-TAP) with Pd(II) and used to modify g-C3N4. In the R-TAP-Pd(II)@g-C3N4 composite photocatalyst, the spin polarization of R-TAP-Pd(II) can promote charge transfer and inhibit photogenerated carrier recombination, as confirmed by spectral tests and photoelectrochemical performance tests. Electrochemical tests and in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) tests proved that the Pd(II) ion in the R-TAP-Pd(II) molecule can serve as active sites to accelerate H2 production. The R-TAP-Pd(II)@g-C3N4 presented a photocatalytic H2 generation rate of 1085 µmol g-1 h-1 when exposed to visible light, which was a about 278-fold increase compared with g-C3N4. This work finds a new approach to boost the photocatalytic efficiency of g-C3N4 via supramolecular self-assembly.

RESUMEN

Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) recently emerged as a new platform for the realization of integrated devices for artificial photosynthesis. However, there remain few demonstrations of rational tuning of such devices for improved performance. Here, a fast molecular water oxidation catalyst working via water nucleophilic attack is integrated into the MOF MIL-142, wherein Fe3O nodes absorb visible light, leading to charge separation. Materials are characterized by a range of structural and spectroscopic techniques. New, [Ru(tpy)(Qc)(H2O)]+ (tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine and Qc = 8-quinolinecarboxylate)-doped Fe MIL-142 achieved a high photocurrent (1.6 × 10-3 A·cm-2) in photo-electrocatalytic water splitting at pH = 1. Unassisted photocatalytic H2 evolution is also reported with Pt as the co-catalyst (4.8 µmol g-1 min-1). The high activity of this new system enables hydrogen gas capture from an easy-to-manufacture, scaled-up prototype utilizing MOF deposited on FTO glass as a photoanode. These findings provide insights for the development of MOF-based light-driven water-splitting assemblies utilizing a minimal amount of precious metals and Fe-based photosensitizers.

RESUMEN

Enhancing the utilization of visible-light-active semiconductors with an excellent apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) remains a significant and challenging goal in the realm of photocatalytic water splitting. In this study, a fully condensed sulfur-doped poly(heptazine imide) metalized with Na (Na-SPHI) is synthesized by an ionothermal method by using eutectic NaCl/LiCl mixture as the ionic solvent. Comprehensive characterizations of the obtained Na-SPHI reveal several advantageous features, including heightened light absorption, facilitated exciton dissociation, and expedited charge transfer. More importantly, solvated electron, powerful reducing agents, can be generated on the surface of Na-SPHI upon irradiation with visible light. Benefiting from above advantage, the Na-SPHI exhibits an excellent H2 evolution rate of 571.8 µmol·h-1 under visible light illumination and a super-high AQE of 61.7% at 420 nm. This research emphasizes the significance of the solvated electron on the surface of photocatalyst in overcoming the challenges associated with visible light-driven photocatalysis, showcasing its potential application in photocatalytic water splitting.

RESUMEN

Photocatalytic H2 production with selective oxidation of organic moieties in an aqueous medium is a fascinating research area. However, the rational design of photocatalysts and their photocatalytic performance are still inadequate. In this work, we efficiently synthesized the MoS2 tipped CdS nanowires (NWs) photocatalyst using soft templates via the two-step hydrothermal method for efficient H2 production with selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BO) under visible light illumination. The optimized MoS2 tipped CdS NWs (20 % MoS2) photocatalyst exhibits the highest photocatalytic H2 production efficiency of 13.55 mmol g-1 h-1 with 99 % selective oxidation of BO, which was 42.34 and 2.21 times greater photocatalytic performance than that of pristine CdS NWs and MoS2/CdS NWs, respectively. The directional loading of MoS2 at the tips of CdS NWs (as compared to nondirectional MoS2 at CdS NWs) is the key factor towards superior H2 production with 99 % selective oxidation of BO and has an inhibitory effect on the photo corrosion of pristine CdS NWs. Therefore, the amazing enhancement in the photocatalytic performance and selectivity of optimized MoS2 tipped CdS NWs (20 % MoS2) photocatalyst is due to the spatial separation of their photoexcited charge carriers through the Schottky junction. Moreover, the unique structure of the MoS2 flower at the tip of 1D CdS NWs offers separate active sites for adsorption and surface reactions such as H2 production at the MoS2 flower (confirmed by Pt photo deposition) and subsequently the selective oxidation of BO at the stem of CdS NWs. This rational design of a photocatalyst could be an inspiring work for the further development of an efficient photocatalytic system for H2 production with selective oxidation of BO (a strategy of mashing two potatoes with one fork).

RESUMEN

Desalination processes frequently require a lot of energy to generate freshwater and energy, which depletes resources. Their reliance on each other creates tension between these two vital resources. Herein, hierarchical MXene nanosheets and bismuth vanadate (Ti3C2/BiVO4)-derived microcapsules were synthesized for a photothermal-induced photoredox reaction for twofold applications, namely, solar-driven water evaporation and hydrogen (H2) production. For this purpose, flexible aerogels were fabricated by introducing Ti3C2/BiVO4 microcapsules in the polymeric network of natural rubber latex (NRL-Ti3C2/BiVO4), and a high evaporation rate of 2.01 kg m-2 h-1 was achieved under 1-kW m-2 solar intensity. The excellent performance is attributed to the presence of Ti3C2/BiVO4 microcapsules in the polymeric network, which provides balanced hydrophilicity and broadband sun absorption (96 %) and is aimed at plasmonic heating with microscale thermal confinement tailored by heat transfer simulations. Notably, localized plasmonic heating at the catalyst active sites of the Ti3C2/BiVO4 heterostructure promotes enhanced photocatalytic H2 production evolved after 4 h of reaction is 9.39 µmol, which is highly efficient than pure BiVO4 and Ti3C2. This method turns the issue of water-fuel crisis into a collaborative connection, presenting avenues to collectively address the anticipated demand rather than fostering competition.

RESUMEN

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a toxic gas abundant in natural gas fields and refineries, is currently being removed mainly via the Claus process. However, the emission of sulfur-containing pollutants is hard to be prevented and the hydrogen element is combined to water. Herein, we report an electron-mediated off-field electrocatalysis approach (OFEC) for complete splitting of H2S into H2 and S under ambient conditions. Fe(III)/Fe(II) and V(II)/V(III) redox mediators are used to fulfill the cycles for H2S oxidation and H2 production, respectively. Fe(III) effectively removes H2S with almost 100% conversion during its oxidation process. The H+ ions are reduced by V(II) on a nonprecious metal catalyst, tungsten carbide. The mediators are regenerated in an electrolyzer at a cell voltage of 1.05 V, close to the theoretical potential difference (1.02 V) between Fe(III)/Fe(II) and V(II)/V(III). In a laboratory bench-scale plant, the energy consumption for the production of H2 from H2S is estimated to be 2.8 kWh Nm-3 H2 using Fe(III)/Fe(II) and V(II)/V(III) mediators and further reduced to about 0.5 kWh Nm-3 H2 when employing well-designed heteropolyacid/quinone mediators. OFEC presents a cost-effective approach for the simultaneous production of H2 and elemental sulfur from H2S, along with the complete removal of H2S from industrial processes. It also provides a practical platform for electrochemical reactions involving solid precipitation and organic synthesis.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Construction of a homojunction is an effective strategy for effective charge transfer to suppress charge carrier recombination in augmented photocatalysis. The present work reveals the synthesis of homojunction formation through the reinforcement of Cd nanostructures into a solid lattice of zinc vanadate (Zn3V2O8, ZnV) using the hydrothermal method. The formation of a homojunction between cadmium vanadate (CdV, Cd3V2O8) and ZnV was confirmed by various spectroscopic and electron microscopic techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) associated with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis). The synthesized material was explored for photocatalytic hydrogen (PC H2) production using the water splitting process under visible-light illumination. The spectroscopic and experimental results revealed that the formation of a CdV/ZnV homojunction significantly improved the transport of photogenerated charge carriers (electron-hole pairs) and thus resulted in enhanced H2 production efficiency (366.34 µmol g-1 h-1) as compared to pristine ZnV (229.09 µmol g-1 h-1) and CdV (274.91 µmol g-1 h-1) using methanol as a sacrificial reagent (SR) with water under visible-light illumination. The synergistic effect of Cd on ZnV NPs resulted in band gap reduction and broadened visible light absorption which was attributed to enhanced H2 production. The current study explains how a homojunction affects various features of important factors behind photocatalytic activity, which supports significant insights into the advancement of materials in the future.

RESUMEN

An interfacial C-S bond bridged ZnS/C3N5 heterojunction was constructed for photocatalytic H2 evolution. Different from traditional type-II ZnS/C3N4 heterojunction, the electron transfer followed S-scheme pathway, due to opposite internal-electric-field (IEF) directions in these two heterojunctions. The C-S bond formation was carefully investigated, and they were susceptive to the preparation temperatures. In photocatalytic reaction, C-S bond was functioned as the "high-speed channel" for electron separation and transfer, and the IEF strength in ZnS/C3N5 was 1.86 × 108 V/m, 2.6 times higher than that in ZnS/C3N4. Moreover, the C-S bond also altered the surface molecular structure of ZnS/C3N5, and hence the surface reaction was accelerated via improving H2O adsorption and activation behaviors. Benefiting from the S-scheme pathway, enhanced IEF strength, and accelerated surface reaction, the photocatalytic H2 production over ZnS/C3N5 reached up to 20.18 mmol/g/h, 3.2 and 2.5 times higher than those of ZnS/C3N4 and ZnS/C3N5-300 without C-S bond.