RESUMEN

This study describes the anthelmintic efficacy of an organic fraction (EtOAc-F) from Guazuma ulmifolia leaves and the evaluation of its reactive oxidative stress on Haemonchus contortus. The first step was to assess the anthelmintic effect of EtOAc-F at 0.0, 3.5, 7.0 and 14 mg kg of body weight (BW) in gerbil's (Meriones unguiculatus) artificially infected with H. contortus infective larvae (L3). The second step was to evaluate the preliminary toxicity after oral administration of the EtOAc-F in gerbils. Finally, the third step was to determine the relative expression of biomarkers such as glutathione (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) against H. contortus L3 post-exposition to EtOAc-F. Additionally, the less-polar compounds of EtOAc-F were identified by gas mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The highest anthelmintic efficacy (97.34%) of the organic fraction was found in the gerbils treated with the 14 mg/kg of BW. Histopathological analysis did not reveal changes in tissues. The relative expression reflects overexpression of GPx (p<0.05, fold change: 14.35) and over expression of SOD (p≤0.05, fold change: 0.18) in H. contortus L3 exposed to 97.44 mg/mL of EtOAc-F compared with negative control. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1), leucoanthocyanidin derivative (2), coniferyl alcohol (3), ferulic acid methyl ester acetate (4), 2,3,4-trimethoxycinnamic acid (5) and epiyangambin (6) as major compounds. According to these results, the EtOAc-F from G. ulmifolia leaves exhibit anthelmintic effect and increased the stress biomarkers on H. contortus.

Asunto(s)

Antihelmínticos , Catalasa , Gerbillinae , Glutatión , Hemoncosis , Haemonchus , Estrés Oxidativo , Extractos Vegetales , Hojas de la Planta , Superóxido Dismutasa , Animales , Haemonchus/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/química , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Hemoncosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Hemoncosis/parasitología , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Antihelmínticos/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Catalasa/metabolismo , Catalasa/análisis , Glutatión/metabolismo , Glutatión/análisis , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Masculino , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Biomarcadores , Glutatión Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Femenino

RESUMEN

Flood tolerance is crucial to the survival of tree species subject to long periods of flooding, such as those present in the Amazonian várzea. Tolerance can be mediated by adjustments of metabolism, physiology and morphology, reinforcing the need to investigate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms used by tropical tree species to survive this stress. Moreover, such mechanisms may vary between populations that are subjected to differences in the frequency of flooding events. Here, we aimed to identify the mechanisms used by two populations of the tropical tree Guazuma ulmifolia (Lam.) to tolerate flooding: an Amazonian population frequently exposed to flooding and a Cerrado population, adapted to a dry environment. Young plants were subjected to a flooding of the roots and lower stem for 32 days, followed by 17 days of recovery. Amazonian plants exhibited greater increases in shoot length and higher maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) compared with non-flooded plants from 7 days of flooding onwards, whereas increased Amax occurred later in flooded Cerrado plants and was not accompanied by increased shoot length. Lactate accumulated in roots of Cerrado plants after 24 h flooding, together with transcripts coding for lactate dehydrogenase in roots of both Cerrado and Amazonian plants. After 7 days of flooding, lactate decreased and alcohol dehydrogenase activity increased transiently, together with concentrations of alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid and succinate, indicating activation of metabolic processes associated with low oxygen availability. Other amino acids also increased in flooded Cerrado plants, revealing more extensive metabolic changes than in Amazonian plants. Wetland and dryland populations of G. ulmifolia revealed the great capacity to tolerate flooding stress through a suite of alterations in photosynthetic gas exchange and metabolism. However, the integrated physiological, biochemical and molecular analyses realized here indicated that wetland plants acclimatized more efficiently with increased shoot elongation and more rapid restoration of normal metabolism.

Asunto(s)

Alcohol Deshidrogenasa , Malvaceae , Alanina , Aminoácidos , Inundaciones , Pradera , Lactato Deshidrogenasas , Lactatos , Oxígeno , Succinatos , Árboles/fisiología , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico

RESUMEN

This study aimed at evaluating the impact of a diet supplemented with Guazuma ulmifolia leaves on the productive performance and gastrointestinal parasites (GI) eggs/oocysts shedding of sheep (Pelibuey breed). Twenty-two non-lactating ewes were used. They were randomly allocated to two similar groups in terms of age, weight, body condition score (BCS), and GI parasites status. For 30 days, while the control group (G0) was given basic forage hay of Cynodon nlemfuensis, the test group (G1) received a blend of G. ulmifolia fresh foliage and C. nlemfuensis hay (respectively 30 and 70% of the diet on a DM basis). Animals were housed in separate covered pens. Quantitative coprological analysis was performed. Weight and BCS were evaluated. The daily feed amounts given and refused were measured in order to assess nutrient components intake (minerals, energy, and nitrogen). The results showed no significant differences between G1 and G0 regarding the anthelmintic and anticoccidial effects (p = 0.57, p = 0.91, respectively). Similarly, no significant overall impact on weight and BCS during the experiment (p = 0.77, p = 0.32, respectively) was observed. Nevertheless, concerning the bromatological analysis of G. ulmifolia, its use as a diet supplement to address protein and mineral deficits due to a poor-quality diet is fully justified.

RESUMEN

We evaluated the effect of ultrasonic power (200-600 W) and process time (1-7 min) on the recovery of a novel polysaccharide from mutamba (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.) seeds applying high-intensity ultrasound. Ultrasound process conditions intensification gradually was removing the mucilage layer around the hydrated seeds. Then, the scanning electron micrographs showed that the mucilage was removed completely at the highest applied energy density (10,080 J/mL). Although the colour of mutamba seed mucilage (MSM) have been changed due to increase of energy density, it not affects its practical use because the MSM can be purified to remove impurities. The results obtained in this study demonstrated that the ultrasound process conditions intensification did not affect the primary structure of MSM according to ζ-potential, FTIR spectrum, and monosaccharide residues data. In conclusion, ultrasound process conditions intensification allows the full recovery of the MSM at a short process time (7 min) without altering its quality and the primary structure.

RESUMEN

Tropical woody species occurring in limestone outcrops are frequently exposed to particulate material from cement factories. The effects of 60-day cement dust exposure on physiological traits and enzymatic antioxidant system of young plant leaves of Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão and Trichilia hirta L. were investigated. Cement dust (2.5 or 5mgcm-2) was applied to the leaf surface or soil or both (leaf plus soil) and plants were maintained at greenhouse. Cement dust barely affected the mineral nutrient levels, except for iron whose content was decreased in leaves/leaflets of all species studied. The incident light was partly blocked in cement dust-treated leaves, regardless of the plant species, causing a decrease in the photosynthetic pigments in M. urundeuva. The chlorophyll b content, however, increased in G. ulmifolia and T. hirta leaves upon cement dust treatment. The potential quantum yield of photosystem II in challenged leaves of G. ulmifolia was 3.8% lower than that of control plants, while such trait remained unaffected in the leaves of the other species. No changes in leaf stomatal conductance and antioxidant enzymes activities were observed, except for M. urundeuva, which experienced a 31% increment in the superoxide dismutase activity upon 5mgcm-2 cement dust (leaf plus soil treatment), when compared with control plants. Overall, the mild changes caused by cement dust in the in physiological and biochemical traits of the species studied indicate that such species might be eligible for further studies of revegetation in fields impacted by cement factories.

Asunto(s)

Contaminantes Atmosféricos/toxicidad , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Materiales de Construcción/toxicidad , Polvo/análisis , Magnoliopsida/fisiología , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Materiales de Construcción/análisis , Hierro/metabolismo , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Complejo de Proteína del Fotosistema II/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Suelo/química , Especificidad de la Especie , Clima Tropical

RESUMEN

Cement industries located nearby limestone outcrops in Brazil have contributed to the coating of cement dust over native plant species. However, little is known about the extent of the response of tropical woody plants to such environmental pollutant particularly during the first stages of plant development and establishment. This work focused on the investigation of possible alterations in leaf structural and ultrastructural traits of 5-month-old Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Malvaceae), 6-month-old Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Anacardiaceae), and 9-month-old Trichilia hirta L. (Meliaceae) challenged superficially with cement dust during new leaf development. Leaf surface of plants, the soil or both (leaf plus soil), were treated (or not) for 60 days, under controlled conditions, with cement dust at 2.5 or 5.0 mg cm(-2). After exposure, no significant structural changes were observed in plant leaves. Also, no plant death was recorded by the end of the experiment. There was also some evidence of localized leaf necrosis in G. ulmifolia and T. hirta, leaf curling in M. urundeuva and T. hirta, and bulges formation on epidermal surface of T. hirta, after cement dust contact with plant shoots. All species studied exhibited stomata obliteration while T. hirta, in particular, presented early leaf abscission, changes in cellular relief, and organization and content of midrib cells. No significant ultrastructural alterations were detected under the experimental conditions studied. Indeed, mesophyll cells presented plastids with intact membrane systems. The high plant survival rates, together with mild morphoanatomic traits alterations in leaves, indicate that G. ulmifolia is more resistant to cement dust pollutant, followed by M. urundeuva and T. hirta. Thus, the three plant species are promising for being used to revegetate areas impacted by cement industries activities.

Asunto(s)

Anacardiaceae/efectos de los fármacos , Polvo , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Malvaceae/efectos de los fármacos , Meliaceae/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Anacardiaceae/anatomía & histología , Anacardiaceae/ultraestructura , Brasil , Malvaceae/anatomía & histología , Malvaceae/ultraestructura , Meliaceae/anatomía & histología , Meliaceae/ultraestructura , Hojas de la Planta/anatomía & histología , Hojas de la Planta/ultraestructura , Clima Tropical

RESUMEN

This work describes the antiparasitic and cytotoxic activities of three plant species from the Cerrado biome, Northeastern Brazil. Significant antiparasitic inhibition was observed against Trypanosoma cruzi (63.86%), Leishmania brasiliensis (92.20%) and Leishmania infantum (95.23%) when using ethanol extract from leaves of Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Malvaceae), at a concentration of 500 µg/mL. However, low levels of inhibition were observed when assessing leishmanicidal and trypanocidal (Clone CL-B5) activities of crude ethanol extracts from leaves and bast tissue of Luehea paniculata (Malvaceae) and leaves and bark of Prockia crucis (Salicaceae) at a concentration of 500 µg/mL. The extracts revealed the presence of phenolic acids such as gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid, as well as flavonoids such as rutin, luteolin, apigenin and quercetin - the latter detected only in G. ulmifolia. G. ulmifolia extract displayed higher leishmanicidal activity probably due to the presence of quercetin, a potent known leishmanicidal compound. A cytotoxicity test indicated values over 50% at the highest concentration (1000 µg/mL) for all natural products, which were considered cytotoxic. This points out the need for further tests to enable future in vivo trials, including antineoplastic activity on human tumor cells.

RESUMEN

Sabe-se que o número de casos de câncer de pele tem crescido muito nos últimos anos. Com isso, novos produtos são constantemente desenvolvidos no intuito de aumentar a gama de substâncias para proteção solar. O principal objetivo desse trabalho foi a análise in vitro da propriedade fotoprotetora de uma formulação contendo filtros solares químicos, adicionada de extratos brutos de Guazuma ulmifolia, Maytenus ilicifolia, Stryphnodendron adstringens e Trichilia catigua, respectivamente, e a avaliação quanto ao acréscimo do Fator de Proteção Solar (FPS). O ensaio foi conduzido pelo método espectrofotométrico in vitro do Fator de Proteção Solar (FPS). O teor de Polifenóis Totais (PT) e sua correlação com a Capacidade Antioxidante (CA) dos extratos avaliados foram realizados. Os resultados demonstram que as formulações foram estáveis após a adição dos extratos, quanto a características físico-químicas (características macroscópicas, ensaio de centrifugação e pH) quando comparadas ao controle. O ensaio de FPS in vitro demonstrou decaimento do FPS das formulações acrescidas de extratos vegetais ricas em compostos fenólicos, exceto para o extrato de S. adstringens. Os FPS obtidos para os extratos foram ≤2. O teor em PT foram (%): G. ulmifolia, 24,26±0,34; M. ilicifolia, 14,66±0,18; S. adstringens, 34,38±0,62 e T. catigua, 41,60±0,13. Os valores da CA (IC50) frente ao radical DPPH foram (miug/mL): vitamina C (7,52±0,12), G. ulmifolia (8,94±0,13), M. ilicifolia (38,41±0,93), S. adstringens (7,31±0,15) e T. catigua (5,48±0,04). A CA foi diretamente proporcional ao teor de PT.

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It is known that the number of cases of skin cancer has increased greatly in recent years. Therefore, new products are constantly developed in order to increase the range of substances for sun protection. The aim of this study was evaluate in vitro the property the sunscreen containing chemical sunscreens, with added to extracts of Guazuma ulmifolia, Maytenus ilicifolia, Stryphnodendron adstringens and Trichilia catigua, Sun Protection Factor (SPF). The test was conducted by the spectrophotometric method of in vitro Sun Protection Factor (SPF). The percentage of the Total Polyphenol (TP) and its correlation with Antioxidant Capacity (CA) of the extracts evaluated were performed. The results show that the formulations were stable after the addition of extracts, in relation as the physico-chemical characteristics (macroscopic characteristics, test centrifugation and pH) when compared to control (time 0). The FPS test in vitro showed decrease SPF of the formulations added of plant extracts rich in phenolic compounds, except for the extract of S. adstringens. The FPS for the extracts obtained were ≤2. The percentage of the PT were (%): G. ulmifolia, 24,26±0,34; M. ilicifolia, 14,66±0,18; S. adstringens, 34,38±0,62 e T. catigua, 41,60±0,13. The values of CA (IC50) against the DPPH radical were (miug/mL): vitamin C (7,52±0,12), G. ulmifolia (8,94±0,13), M. ilicifolia (38,41±0,93), S. adstringens (7,31±0,15) e T. catigua (5,48±0,04). CA was directly proportional to the content of PT.

Asunto(s)

Fenoles , Extractos Vegetales , Protectores Solares

RESUMEN

Many plants used in Saurashtra folk medicine have been reported to exhibit high antibacterial and antioxidant activities. In the present study, some parts of five plants, Guazuma ulmifolia L., Manilkara zapota L., Melia azedarach L., Syzygium cumini L. and Wrightia tomentosa R.& S., were evaluated for their antibacterial activity, total phenol content, flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity and phytochemical analysis, using successive extraction by cold percolation method with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. In vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated against five bacterial strains viz. Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and Enterobacter aerogenes by agar well diffusion method. Among the plants screened, W. tomentosa leaf and fruit showed the best antibacterial activity. The Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram-negative bacteria. Methanol extract of M. zapota showed the best 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity. Highest total phenol content was shown by M. zapota and S. cumini in methanol extract, while highest flavonoid content was shown by W. tomentosa stem in petroleum ether extract and ethyl acetate extract. In all the plants, cardiac glycosides and triterpenes were more as compared to other phytoconstituents.