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In order to study the relationship between China's safety production indicators and economic and social indicators, the development trend of indicator data in the past 20 years was statistically analyzed, and qualitative and quantitative research was conducted using grey relational analysis and multiple linear regression analysis methods. In the past two decades, there has been a significant improvement in the number of deaths, work-related injuries, and occupational patients in China's safety production, and the country's three categories of 14 economic and social indicators have achieved rapid development. Using the grey relation analysis method, the grey correlation degree between the number of deaths, work-related injuries, and occupational patients in China over the past twenty years and 14 economic and social indicators was obtained. The ranking of economic and social indicators that affect the number of deaths, work-related injuries, and occupational patients varies greatly. A multiple linear regression model was established for the number of deaths, work-related injuries, occupational diseases, and 14 economic and social indicators. The rationality of the model was verified from four aspects: R2, F-value, P-value, and deviation between actual and fitted values. Provide guidance for the development of safety production indicators and economic and social indicators in China through research.

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The study assesses the mechanical efficiency, long-lasting characteristics, microstructure, and sustainability of sustainable concrete (SC) samples through several optimization methods, emphasizing the significance of the 3Rs (recycle, reuse, reduce) approach in the construction sector. The study uses advanced techniques like the Taguchi method, grey relational analysis (GRA), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and signal-noise ratio (SNR) to optimize parameters affecting the performance of SC. In this study, the properties of SC are assessed by considering various parameters. These parameters include the use of 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as a replacement for fly ash (FA). Additionally, six different binder contents ranging from 300 kg/m3 to 600 kg/m3 are examined. The study also investigates three different molarities of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (8 M, 12 M, and 16 M), three different ratios of alkaline activators (AA) (1.5, 2.0, and 2.5), three different AA to-binder ratios (0.30, 0.35, and 0.40), and curing temperature (CT) of 30 °C, 60 °C, and 90 °C. The study includes fresh properties such as fresh density (FD) and slump, mechanical properties such as tensile strength (TS), flexural strength (FS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and compressive strength (CS), and durability studies such as dry density (DD), impact strength, water absorption (WA), and sorptivity. The blended proportions were obtained using the Taguchi method. The study shows that GGBFS accelerates geopolymerization in FA-based concrete, reducing setting time and early-age CS. FA is crucial for setting time, workability, and CS enhancement. GGBFS increases the densities of fresh and hardened concrete, with a highly correlated increase, allowing accurate hardened density prediction with a coefficient of 0.9057. The CS of the cube SC surpassed 40 MPa, irrespective of variables such as the AA ratio, CT, and NaOH molarity. The trail mix with a binder concentration of 600 kg/m3, 30 % GGBFS content, 12 M NaOH molarity, 1.5 AA ratio, 0.35 AA to binder ratio, and 90 °C CT exhibited the greatest strength. Mixtures containing 10 % GGBFS can attain a CS above 30 MPa after 28 days, making them suitable for structural purposes. The T18 mix exhibited a compact Calcium (alumino) silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) and N-A-S-H gel, whereas the T3 mix displayed a varied and permeable structure. The study used GRA, ANOVA, and SNR methods to analyze properties varying by six variables, finding GGBFS content as the most influencing parameter. The study found that the SC had a lower sustainability score than the OPC mix, but had better energy efficiency.

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OBJECTIVE: To explore the therapeutic effect of transdermal patches containing Cassia seed extract applied at the navel on slow transit constipation (STC) in rats and explore the spectrum-effect relationship of the patches. METHOD: In a STC rat model established by gavage of compound diphenoxylate suspension for 14 days, the transdermal patches containing low, medium and high doses of Cassia seed extract (41.75, 125.25, and 375.75 mg/kg, respectively) were applied at the Shenque acupoint on the abdomen for 14 days after modeling, with constipation patches (13.33 mg/kg) as the positive control. After the treatment, fecal water content and intestinal propulsion rate of the rats were calculated, the pathological changes in the colon were observed with HE staining. Serum NO and NOS levels and the total protein content and NO, NOS and AChE expressions in the colon tissue were determined. HPLC fingerprints of the transdermal patches were established, and the spectrum-effect relationship between the common peaks of the patches and its therapeutic effect were analyzed. RESULTS: Treatment with the transdermal patches containing Cassia seed extract significantly increased fecal water content and intestinal propulsion rate of the rat models, where no pathological changes in the colon tissue were detected. The treatment also suppressed the elevations of serum and colonic NO and NOS levels and reduction of AChE in STC rats. Twenty-eight common peaks were confirmed in the HPLC fingerprints of 6 batches of Cassia seed extract-containing patches. Analysis of the spectrum-effect relationship showed that autrantio-obtusin had the greatest contribution to the therapeutic effect of the patches in STC rats. CONCLUSION: The Cassia seed extract-containing patches alleviates STC in rats via synergistic actions of multiple active ingredients in the extract, where autrantio-obtusin, rhein, chrysoobtusin, obtusin, obtusifolin, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion are identified as the main active ingredients.

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The fingerprint of Vernonia anthelmintica effective part (VAEP) from 15 different producing areas was established, followed by cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The relationship between the fingerprint and the melanogenesis-promoting activity of VAEP was then analyzed using the grey correlation degree and the orthogonal partial least square method. The characteristic peaks reflecting the pharmacodynamic effect of VAEP were identified as vernodalin, 3,5-O-dicaffeoyl quinic acid (3,5-diCQA), and butin. Based on the distribution characteristics of these components in plants from different habitats and the verification of results from the spectrum-effect relationship, vernodalin and 3,5-diCQA can be used as characteristic components for quality control and pharmacodynamic assessment of V. anthelmintica products. This research establishes a theoretical foundation for planting areas and provides a scientific evaluation of the melanogenesis-promoting effect of V. anthelmintica.

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Xiaozhong Zhitong tincture (XZZTT), a prominent Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulation comprising 21 intricate herbal components, poses a challenge in terms of quality control due to its complex composition and the interplay of diverse chemical constituents. To address this issue, a comprehensive assessment strategy was devised by integrating chromatographic and electrochemical techniques to construct a multidimensional fingerprint for XZZTT samples. This study encompassed the evaluation of 42 XZZTT samples through a systematic quantitative fingerprinting method (SQFM), while also quantifying the concentrations of four specific compounds-Geniposide, Palmatine hydrochloride, Paeonol, and Chlorogenic acid. The experimental approach encompassed the establishment of fingerprints using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography (GC), and GC-HPLC tandem fingerprints methods. Furthermore, electrochemical fingerprints (ECFP) were established using the B-Z oscillation system, and eight characteristic parameters in the oscillation system were recorded and compared among samples. Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) was subsequently employed to classify the distinct fingerprints and compare outcomes from one-dimensional spectroscopy, GC-HPLC tandem chromatography, and the fusion fingerprints. Finally, Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) was harnessed to unravel the relationship between ECFP outcomes and peak areas in fusion fingerprints, facilitating predictions regarding the substances' reducing potency. In conclusion, the rational combination of multidimensional fingerprinting and multidimensional analysis provides a reliable and comprehensive method for the evaluation of XZZTT and its related products.

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To screen environment-friendly seedling cultivation substrates which could replace peat and with less cost, we compared the effects of different agricultural and forestry residue mixed substrates on cutting propagation of Thuja sutchuenensis, in an experiment following randomized block design. There were five types of mixed substrates, including peat + vermiculite + perlite (T1), edible mushroom residue (EMR) + vermiculite + perlite (T2), carbo-nized rice husk (CRH) + vermiculite + perlite (T3), EMR + slag + sawdust (T4) and CRH + EMR + slag (T5). The results showed that the bulk density of T3 was the lowest, followed by T2, which significantly differed from other mixed substrates. The non-capillary porosity of T2 was significantly greater than that of T1, while the capillary porosity and the total porosity of T2 was lower than T1 and T3, respectively. T2 had the highest contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, substrate moisture and the highest pH, which differed significantly from other mixed substrates in most chemical indicators. The membership function values of rooting rate and growth indicators of cuttings with different mixed substrates were in order of T2 > T3 > T1> T5 > T4. Most indicators with larger grey relation values were physical indicators. The top five indicators were capillary water capacity, total potassium, field water capacity, maximum water capacity, and total porosity, with both capillary water capacity and total potassium content ranking first. In general, the physicochemical properties, rooting rate, and growth characteristics of cuttings under T2 were better than those of other mixed substrates. The capillary water capacity and total potassium were the main factors affecting rooting and growth of cuttings. At the early stage of cutting, the physical properties of mixed substrate had greater effect on rooting rate and growth of cuttings than the chemical properties. Overall, our results suggested that T2 should be preferred in the cutting propagation of T. sutchuenensis.

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China's carbon reduction is of substantial significance in combating global climate change. In the context of the COVID-19 epidemic hit and economic and social development uncertainty, this study intends to discover whether China can attain the strategic destination of carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060 on schedule. Toward this aim, the grey relation analysis (GRA) is applied to filter the elements influencing carbon emissions to downgrade the dimensionality of indicators. A hybrid prediction is proposed integrated with Elman neural network (ENN) and sparrow search algorithm (SSA) to explore the potential for China to carbon neutrality from 2020 to 2060. The results reveal eight elements including GDP per capita, population, urbanization, total energy consumption and others are highly correlated with carbon emissions. China has a good chance of carbon peaking from 2028 to 2030, with a value of 11568.6-12330.5 Mt, while only one scenario can achieve carbon neutrality in 2060. In the neutral scenario, China should reach a proportion of renewable energy exceeding 80%, the urbanization rate reaching 85% and energy consumption controlling within 6.5 billion tons. A set of countermeasures for carbon abatement are presented to facilitate the implementation of carbon neutrality strategy.

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The sustainable renewal design of urban vulnerable spaces is critical for urban space quality improvement. Taking Zhengzhou and surrounding cities as examples, a cognitive framework of urban vulnerable spaces is constructed. The three types of urban vulnerable spaces are vulnerable population, vulnerable cultural, and vulnerable forgotten spaces. Their sustainable renewal design elements comprise multidimensional factors, such as functional requirement, space organization, activity facility, urban context continuation, and material texture. The design elements for the sustainable update of urban vulnerable spaces are evaluated by grey relation analysis (GRA), and update strategies are proposed. The result shows that (1) vulnerable population spaces were shown to have the highest sensitivity to functional requirements and activity facility design elements, while vulnerable cultural spaces have high relevance to urban context continuation and functional requirement design elements. Furthermore, space organization, activity facility, and urban context continuation design elements all show high relevance and importance in vulnerable forgotten spaces. (2) The update of vulnerable population spaces should be designed to achieve functional communion; vulnerable cultural spaces can be reshaped through urban context implantation, and vulnerable forgotten spaces can use space creation to enhance ecological space continuity, achieving sustainable renewal. The study provides a reference for decision-making for improving urban vulnerable habitats and the sustainable renewal design of atypical urban space types.

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The hot stamping technology of aluminum alloy is of great significance for realizing the light weight of the automobile body, and the proper process parameters are important conditions to obtain excellent aluminum alloy parts. In this paper, the thermal deformation behavior of 6016 aluminum alloy at a high temperature is experimentally studied to provide a theoretical basis for a finite element model. With the help of blank stamping finite element software, a numerical model of a 6016 aluminum alloy automobile windshield beam during hot stamping was established. The finite element model was verified by a forming experiment. Then, the effect of the process parameters, including blank holder force, die gap, forming temperature, friction coefficient, and stamping speed on aluminum alloy formability were investigated using Taguchi design, grey relational analysis (GRA), and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Stamping tests were arranged at temperatures between 480 and 570 °C, blank holder force between 20 and 50 kN, stamping speed between 50 and 200 mm/s, die gap between 1.05 t and 1.20 t (t is the thickness of the sheet), and friction coefficient between 0.15 and 0.60. It was found that the significant factors affecting the forming quality of the hot-stamped parts were blank holder force and stamping speed, with influence significance of 28.64% and 34.09%, respectively. The optimal parameters for hot stamping of the automobile windshield beam by the above analysis are that the die gap is 1.05 t, the blank temperature is 540 °C, the coefficient of friction is 0.15, stamping speed is 200 mm/s, and blank holder force is 50 kN. The optimized maximum thickening rate is 4.87% and the maximum thinning rate is 9.00%. The optimization method used in this paper and the results of the process parameter optimization provide reference values for the optimization of hot stamping forming.

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Battery state of health (SOH) estimating is essential for the safety and preservation of electric vehicles. The degradation mechanism of batteries under different aging conditions has attracted considerable attention in SOH prediction. In this article, the discharge voltage curve early in the cycle is considered to be strongly characteristic during cell aging. Therefore, the battery aging state can be quantitatively characterized by an incremental capacity analysis (ICA) of the voltage distribution. Due to the interference of vibration noise of the test platform, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) methods are accustomed to soften the premier incremental capacity curves in different hierarchical decompositions. By analyzing the battery aging mechanism, the peak of the curve and its corresponding voltage are used in the characterization of capacity decay by grey relation analysis (GRA) and to optimize the input of the deep learning model, and finally, the double-layer long short-term memory network (LSTM) model is used to train the data. The results demonstrate that the proposed model can predict the SOH of a single battery cycle using only small batch data and the relative error is less than 2%. Further, by freezing the LSTM layer for transfer learning, it can be used for battery health estimation in different loading modes. The results of training and verification show that this method has high accuracy and reliability in SOH estimation.

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Background: Firefighters are required to carry self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), which increases the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. This study assessed the newly recruited firefighters' internal forces and potential musculoskeletal disorders when carrying SCBA. The effects of SCBA strap lengths were also evaluated. Methods: Kinematic parameters of twelve male subjects running in a control condition with no SCBA equipped and three varying-strapped SCBAs were measured using 3D inertial motion capture. Subsequently, motion data and predicted ground reaction force were inputted for subject-specific musculoskeletal modeling to estimate joint and muscle forces. Results: The knee was exposed to the highest internal force when carrying SCBA, followed by the rectus femoris and hip, while the shoulder had the lowest force compared to the no-SCBA condition. Our model also revealed that adjusting SCBA straps length was an efficient strategy to influence the force that occurred at the lumbar spine, hip, and knee regions. Grey relation analysis indicated that the deviation of the center of mass, step length, and knee flexion-extension angle could be used as the predictor of musculoskeletal disorders. Conclusion: The finding suggested that the training of the newly recruits focuses on the coordinated movement of muscle and joints in the lower limb. The strap lengths around 98-105 cm were also recommended. The findings are expected to provide injury interventions to enhance the occupational health and safety of the newly recruited firefighters.

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Under global climate change and pressure from human activities, soil erosion is becoming a major concern in the quest for regional sustainable development in the Kagera basin (KB). However, few studies in this region have comprehensively considered the impact of climate change and human influence on soil erosion, and the associated processes are unclear. Based on the premise of quantifying climate change, human influence, and soil erosion, this study undertook a neighborhood analysis as the theoretical support, for a grey relation analysis which was conducted to realize the qualitative assessment of the influence of climate change and human activities on soil erosion. The results show that 90.32% of the KB saw climate change as having a greater influence on soil erosion than human influence, with the remaining area 9.68% seeing human influence having a greater impact than climate change, mainly as a result of the effect of rangeland and farmland. The average soil erosion rate of the KB shows a very low level (10.54 t ha-1 yr-1), with rangeland and farmland being the main land use/land cover (LULC) types that see soil loss, followed by forest, wetland, and built-up areas. The climate change trends of the KB show the most dramatic changes in the northeast and southwest, gradually decreasing towards the line crossing from the Birunga National Park (Rwanda) to the Keza district (Tanzania). The human influence intensity (HII) shows a high level in the KB (21.93), where it is higher in the west and lower in the east of the basin.

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BACKGROUND: Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is a traditional edible and medicinal crop and has been praised as one of the green foods for humans in the 21st century. However, its production and promotion are restricted by the low yields of current varieties. The interaction of genotype and environment could lead to inconsistent phenotypic performance of genotypes across different environments. Climate change has intensified these effects and poses a substantial threat to crop production. RESULTS: In the present study, the effects of meteorological factors on the phenotypic traits of 200 Tartary buckwheat landraces across four macro-environments were investigated. Overall, the phenotypic performance of these Tartary buckwheat landraces was markedly varied across the different environments. Also, the average daily temperature and precipitation had relatively higher impacts on phenotypic performance. The results also revealed the negative impacts of relative humidity on the yield-related traits. Twenty-five Tartary buckwheat landraces were ultimately identified as having good overall phenotypic performance and high yield stability. CONCLUSION: Understanding the impacts of meteorological factors on the phenotypic performance of crops can guide appropriate measures and facilitate germplasm selection for yield enhancement in the context of climate change. The landraces selected comprehensively in this study could be used as parents or intermediate materials for breeding high-quality Tartary buckwheat varieties in the future. The methods used could also be extended to other crops for breeding and germplasm innovation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

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With the deepening of industrialization and urbanization in China, air pollution has become the most serious environmental issue due to huge energy consumption, which threatens the health of residents and the sustainable development of the country. Increasing attention has been paid to the efficiency evaluation of industrial system due to its fast development and severe air pollution emissions, but the efficiency evaluation on China's industrial waste gas still has scope for improvement. This paper proposes a global non-radial Network Data Envelopment Analysis (NDEA) model from the perspective of pollution prevention (PP) and end-of-pipe treatment (ET), to explore the potential reduction of generation and emission of air pollutants in China's industrial system. Given the differences of different air pollution treatment capacities, the ET stage is further subdivided into three parallel sub-stages, corresponding to SO2, NOX, and soot and dust (SD), respectively. Then, grey relation analysis (GRA) is adopted to figure out the key factor affecting the unified efficiency. The main findings are summarized as follows: firstly, the unified efficiency of China's industrial waste gas underperformed nationwide, and most provinces had the potential to reduce the generation and emission of industrial waste gas. Secondly, the PP efficiency outperformed the ET efficiency in many provinces and the efficiency gap between two stages increasingly narrowed except in 2014. Thirdly, the unified efficiency in the eastern area performed well, while the area disparities increased significantly after 2012. Fourthly, significant differences were found in three ET efficiencies and the ET efficiency of NOX was higher than that of SO2 and SD in the sample period. Finally, the results of GRA indicated that different air pollutants had distinct influence on the improvement of the unified efficiency in three areas. To promote the unified efficiency of industrial waste gas, some pertinent policy suggestions are put forward from the perspectives of sub-stages, air pollutants and areas.

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Due to the influences of precursors emissions, meteorology, geography and other factors, ozone formation sensitivity (OFS) is generally spatially and temporally heterogeneous. This study characterized detailed spatial and temporal variations of OFS in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 2012 to 2016 based on OMI satellite data, and analyzed the relationships of OFS with precursors emissions, meteorology and land use types (LUTs). From 2012 to 2016, the OFS tended to be NOx-limited in GBA, with the value of FNR (HCHO/NO2) increasing from 2.04 to 2.22. According to the total annual emission statistics of precursors, NOx emissions decreased by 33.1% and VOCs emissions increased by 35.2% from 2012 to 2016, directly resulting in OFS tending to be NOx-limited. The Grey Relation Analysis results show that total column water (TCW), surface net solar radiation (SSR), air temperature at 2 m (T2) and surface pressure (SP) are the top four meteorological factors with the greatest influences on OFS. There are significant positive correlations between FNR and T2, SSR, TCW, and significant negative correlations between FNR and SP. In GBA, the OFS tends to be NOx-limited regime in wet season (higher T2, SSR, TCW and lower SP) and VOCs-limited regime in dry season (lower T2, SSR, TCW and higher SP). The FNR displays obvious gradient variations on different LUTs, with the highest in "Rural areas", second in "Suburban areas" and lowest in "Urban areas".

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It is hypothesized that the orientation of tool maneuvering in the milling process defines the quality of machining. In that respect, here, the influence of different path strategies of the tool in face milling is investigated, and subsequently, the best strategy is identified following systematic optimization. The surface roughness, material removal rate and cutting time are considered as key responses, whereas the cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut were considered as inputs (quantitative factors) beside the tool path strategy (qualitative factor) for the material Al 2024 with a torus end mill. The experimental plan, i.e., 27 runs were determined by using the Taguchi design approach. In addition, the analysis of variance is conducted to statistically identify the effects of parameters. The optimal values of process parameters have been evaluated based on Taguchi-grey relational analysis, and the reliability of this analysis has been verified with the confirmation test. It was found that the tool path strategy has a significant influence on the end outcomes of face milling. As such, the surface topography respective to different cutter path strategies and the optimal cutting strategy is discussed in detail.

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Ten fractions(A-J) were prepared by separation of Longxue Tongluo Capsules(LTC) by using silica gel column chromatography and orthogonal experimental design,showing similar chemical profiles with different abundances of peaks.These ten samples were assessed with UHPLC-QE OrbitrapHRMS for 97 common peaks.For the pharmacological activity experiment,three kinds of in vitro cell models including lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced BV-2 microglial cells NO release model,oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation(OGD/R)-treated HUVEC vascular endothelial cells injury model,and OGD/R-treated PC-12 nerve cells injury model were employed to evaluated the bioactivity of each fraction.Based on the contribution of each identified component,grey relation analysis and partial least squares(PLS) analysis were performed to establish component-activity relationship of LTC,identify the potential active components.After that,validation of the potential active components in LTC was carried out by using the same models.The results indicated that 4 phenolic compounds including 7,4'-dihydroxyhomoisoflavanone,loureirin C,4,4'-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethoxydihydrochalcone,and homoisosocotrin-4'-ol,might be the active components for anti-neuroinflammation effect;five phenolic compounds such as 3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyhomoisoflavanone,loureirin D,7,4'-dihydroxyhomoisoflavane,and 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-8-methyflavane,might have positive effects on the vascular endothelial injury;three phenolic compounds including 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavanone,7,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxyhomoisoflavane,and loureirin D,might be the active components in LTC against neuronal injury.

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Ten fractions(A-J) were prepared by separation of Longxue Tongluo Capsules(LTC) by using silica gel column chromatography and orthogonal experimental design,showing similar chemical profiles with different abundances of peaks.These ten samples were assessed with UHPLC-QE OrbitrapHRMS for 97 common peaks.For the pharmacological activity experiment,three kinds of in vitro cell models including lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced BV-2 microglial cells NO release model,oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation(OGD/R)-treated HUVEC vascular endothelial cells injury model,and OGD/R-treated PC-12 nerve cells injury model were employed to evaluated the bioactivity of each fraction.Based on the contribution of each identified component,grey relation analysis and partial least squares(PLS) analysis were performed to establish component-activity relationship of LTC,identify the potential active components.After that,validation of the potential active components in LTC was carried out by using the same models.The results indicated that 4 phenolic compounds including 7,4'-dihydroxyhomoisoflavanone,loureirin C,4,4'-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethoxydihydrochalcone,and homoisosocotrin-4'-ol,might be the active components for anti-neuroinflammation effect;five phenolic compounds such as 3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyhomoisoflavanone,loureirin D,7,4'-dihydroxyhomoisoflavane,and 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-8-methyflavane,might have positive effects on the vascular endothelial injury;three phenolic compounds including 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavanone,7,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxyhomoisoflavane,and loureirin D,might be the active components in LTC against neuronal injury.

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Objective: To identify the key process parameters of the Chinese materia medica (CMM) production process by using grey relation analysis (GRA) method. Methods: Taking Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Artemisiae Annuae Herba extraction section of Reduning Injection as an example, GRA was adopted to calculate and compare the influence of the process parameters on the quality index. Meanwhile, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) combined with Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to validate mutually. Results: According to GRA Results:, the relative importance of process parameters was ranked as follows: average volume flow rate of extraction (X4) > pH after acid adjustment (X2) > the paste temperature of extracting concentration (X7) > alcohol precipitation concentrated extract weight (X1) > hydrochloric acid weight (X3) > extraction time (X6) > relative standard deviation of flow rate (X5). The correlation coefficient between the order by GRA and that by AHP was 0.893. According to the importance of process parameters, the average volume flow rate of extraction, the pH after acid adjustment, and the paste temperature of extracting concentration were identified as the key process parameters. Conclusion: The Results: obtained in this study show the feasibility of GRA in selecting key process parameters, which can provide theoretical reference for the establishment of prediction model as well as online feedback regulation.

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BACKGROUND: Sufficient and sustainable financing of the health system is essential for improving the health of the community. The health systems financing of the EMR countries is facing the challenge. Assessment and ranking of healthcare financing can help identify and resolve some challenges of health systems. So, the aim of this study is to evaluate and rank the condition of the health sector financing in the EMR countries. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study. The data was of secondary type, extracted from the official WHO and World Bank data. The six healthcare financing indicators in a 10-year interval (2005-2014) in 19 EMR countries analyzed using Grey Relation Analysis and Shannon Entropy. RESULTS: On average, the countries in the EMR region spent 4.87% of their GDP on the health sector. Jordan and Qatar allocated the highest (8.313) and the lowest (2.293) percentages of their GDP to the health sector, respectively. The results showed That Qatar was in a better condition than other EMR countries during 2005-2014 in terms of the health system financing and earned the first rank. After that, the UAE and Kuwait were ranked second and third. CONCLUSIONS: There is a lot of inequality among the EMR countries in terms of health financing. However, our findings confirmed that only increasing the total health expenditure in a country would not improve its financing status compared to other countries, but it also depends on financing methods.