RESUMEN

Previous studies show that glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3B) plays an important role in tumorigenesis. However, its role in cervical cancer is unclear. The present study silenced GSK3B with siRNAs and/or chemical inhibitors to determine its role in HeLa cervical cancer cell proliferation and migration as well as in xenograft tumor growth. Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays were used to determine cell survival and proliferation. Scratch and Transwell® assays were used to evaluate cell migration. Xenograft tumors were used to evaluate the effect of GSK3B on tumor growth. Transcriptomic sequencing was used to clarify the mechanisms underlying the foregoing processes. Public databases and clinical specimens showed that GSK3B was upregulated in cervical cancer tissues and correlated with poor prognosis. In vitro experiments indicated that GSK3B inhibition reduced cell viability, proliferation, and migration. In vivo experiments demonstrated that GSK3B inhibition slowed xenograft tumor growth. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed that GSK3B inhibition modulated the phosphatidylinositol 3-carboxykinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction signaling pathways. GSK3B inhibition decreased the protein levels of phosphorylated PI3K and Akt and the levels of mesenchymal markers but increased those of epithelial markers. An activator of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway counteracted the suppressive effects of GSK3B inhibition on HeLa cell viability and proliferation and on PI3K/Akt signaling. Our data suggested that GSK3B regulated cervical cancer cell proliferation and migration by modulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

RESUMEN

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is involved in different diseases, such as manic-depressive illness, Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Studies have shown that insulin inhibits GSK-3 to keep glycogen synthase active. Inhibiting GSK-3 may have an indirect pro-insulin effect by favouring glycogen synthesis. Therefore, the development of GSK-3 inhibitors can be a useful alternative for the treatment of type II diabetes. Aminopyrimidine derivatives already proved to be interesting GSK-3 inhibitors. In the current study, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) have been performed on a series of 122 aminopyrimidine derivatives in order to generate a robust model for the rational design of new compounds with promising antidiabetic activity. The q2 values obtained for the best CoMFA and CoMSIA models have been 0.563 and 0.598, respectively. In addition, the r2 values have been 0.823 and 0.925 for CoMFA and CoMSIA, respectively. The models were statistically validated, and from the contour maps analysis, a proposal of 10 new compounds has been generated, with predicted pIC50 higher than 9. The final contribution of our work is that: (a) we provide an extensive structure-activity relationship for GSK-3 inhibitory pyrimidines; and (b) these models may speed up the discovery of GSK-3 inhibitors based on the aminopyrimidine scaffold. Finally, we carried out docking and molecular dynamics studies of the two best candidates, which were shown to establish halogen-bond interactions with the enzyme.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Asunto(s)

Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Insulinas , Humanos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Relación Estructura-Actividad Cuantitativa , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 , Unión Proteica , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/química

RESUMEN

Abstract This study aimed to investigate whether GSK-3 inhibition (CHIR99021) effectively promoted mineralization by cementoblasts (OCCM-30). OCCM-30 cells were used and treated with different concentrations of CHIR99021 (2.5, 5, and 10 mM). Experiments included proliferation and viability, cellular metabolic activity, gene expression, and mineral nodule formation by Xylene Orange at the experimental time points. In general, CHIR99021 did not significantly affect OCCM-30 viability and cell metabolism (MTT assay) (p > 0.05), but increased OCCM-30 proliferation at 2.5 mM on days 2 and 4 (p < 0.05). Data analysis further showed that inhibition of GSK-3 resulted in increased transcript levels of Axin2 in OCCM-30 cells starting as early as 4 h, and regulated the expression of key bone markers including alkaline phosphatase (Alp), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx-2), osteocalcin (Ocn), and osterix (Osx). In addition, CHIR99021 led to an enhanced mineral nodule formation in vitro under both osteogenic and non-osteogenic conditions as early as 5 days after treatment. Altogether, the results of the current study suggest that inhibition of GSK-3 has the potential to promote cementoblast differentiation leading to increased mineral deposition in vitro.

RESUMEN

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease throughout the world in which there is persistently high blood glucose level from the normal range. The diabetes and insulin resistance are mainly responsible for the morbidities and mortalities of humans in the world. This disease is mainly regulated by various enzymes and hormones among which Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a principle enzyme and insulin is the key hormone regulating it. The GSK-3, that is the key enzyme is normally showing its actions by various mechanisms that include its phosphorylation, formation of protein complexes, and other cellular distribution and thus it control and directly affects cellular morphology, its growth, mobility and apoptosis of the cell. Disturbances in the action of GSK-3 enzyme may leads to various disease conditions that include insulin resistance leading to diabetes, neurological disease like Alzheimers disease and cancer. Fluoroquinolones are the most common class of drugs that shows dysglycemic effects via interacting with GSK-3 enzyme. Therefore, it is the need of the day to properly understand functions and mechanisms of GSK-3, especially its role in glucose homeostasis via effects on glycogen synthase.(AU)

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O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença não transmissível em todo o mundo, na qual existe nível glicêmico persistentemente alto em relação à normalidade. O diabetes e a resistência à insulina são os principais responsáveis pelas morbidades e mortalidades de humanos no mundo. Essa doença é regulada principalmente por várias enzimas e hormônios, entre os quais a glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK-3) é uma enzima principal e a insulina é o principal hormônio que a regula. A GSK-3, que é a enzima-chave, normalmente mostra suas ações por vários mecanismos que incluem sua fosforilação, formação de complexos de proteínas e outras distribuições celulares e, portanto, controla e afeta diretamente a morfologia celular, seu crescimento, mobilidade e apoptose do célula. Perturbações na ação da enzima GSK-3 podem levar a várias condições de doença que incluem resistência à insulina que leva ao diabetes, doenças neurológicas como a doença de Alzheimer e câncer. As fluoroquinolonas são a classe mais comum de drogas que apresentam efeitos disglicêmicos por meio da interação com a enzima GSK-3. Portanto, é necessário hoje em dia compreender adequadamente as funções e mecanismos da GSK-3, principalmente seu papel na homeostase da glicose via efeitos na glicogênio sintase.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus/enzimología , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3/análisis , Fluoroquinolonas/análisis

RESUMEN

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease throughout the world in which there is persistently high blood glucose level from the normal range. The diabetes and insulin resistance are mainly responsible for the morbidities and mortalities of humans in the world. This disease is mainly regulated by various enzymes and hormones among which Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a principle enzyme and insulin is the key hormone regulating it. The GSK-3, that is the key enzyme is normally showing its actions by various mechanisms that include its phosphorylation, formation of protein complexes, and other cellular distribution and thus it control and directly affects cellular morphology, its growth, mobility and apoptosis of the cell. Disturbances in the action of GSK-3 enzyme may leads to various disease conditions that include insulin resistance leading to diabetes, neurological disease like Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Fluoroquinolones are the most common class of drugs that shows dysglycemic effects via interacting with GSK-3 enzyme. Therefore, it is the need of the day to properly understand functions and mechanisms of GSK-3, especially its role in glucose homeostasis via effects on glycogen synthase.

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Resumo O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença não transmissível em todo o mundo, na qual existe nível glicêmico persistentemente alto em relação à normalidade. O diabetes e a resistência à insulina são os principais responsáveis ​​pelas morbidades e mortalidades de humanos no mundo. Essa doença é regulada principalmente por várias enzimas e hormônios, entre os quais a glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK-3) é uma enzima principal e a insulina é o principal hormônio que a regula. A GSK-3, que é a enzima-chave, normalmente mostra suas ações por vários mecanismos que incluem sua fosforilação, formação de complexos de proteínas e outras distribuições celulares e, portanto, controla e afeta diretamente a morfologia celular, seu crescimento, mobilidade e apoptose do célula. Perturbações na ação da enzima GSK-3 podem levar a várias condições de doença que incluem resistência à insulina que leva ao diabetes, doenças neurológicas como a doença de Alzheimer e câncer. As fluoroquinolonas são a classe mais comum de drogas que apresentam efeitos disglicêmicos por meio da interação com a enzima GSK-3. Portanto, é necessário hoje em dia compreender adequadamente as funções e mecanismos da GSK-3, principalmente seu papel na homeostase da glicose via efeitos na glicogênio sintase.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Resistencia a la Insulina , Diabetes Mellitus , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 , Glucosa , Homeostasis

RESUMEN

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease throughout the world in which there is persistently high blood glucose level from the normal range. The diabetes and insulin resistance are mainly responsible for the morbidities and mortalities of humans in the world. This disease is mainly regulated by various enzymes and hormones among which Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a principle enzyme and insulin is the key hormone regulating it. The GSK-3, that is the key enzyme is normally showing its actions by various mechanisms that include its phosphorylation, formation of protein complexes, and other cellular distribution and thus it control and directly affects cellular morphology, its growth, mobility and apoptosis of the cell. Disturbances in the action of GSK-3 enzyme may leads to various disease conditions that include insulin resistance leading to diabetes, neurological disease like Alzheimer’s disease and cancer. Fluoroquinolones are the most common class of drugs that shows dysglycemic effects via interacting with GSK-3 enzyme. Therefore, it is the need of the day to properly understand functions and mechanisms of GSK-3, especially its role in glucose homeostasis via effects on glycogen synthase.

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O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença não transmissível em todo o mundo, na qual existe nível glicêmico persistentemente alto em relação à normalidade. O diabetes e a resistência à insulina são os principais responsáveis pelas morbidades e mortalidades de humanos no mundo. Essa doença é regulada principalmente por várias enzimas e hormônios, entre os quais a glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK-3) é uma enzima principal e a insulina é o principal hormônio que a regula. A GSK-3, que é a enzima-chave, normalmente mostra suas ações por vários mecanismos que incluem sua fosforilação, formação de complexos de proteínas e outras distribuições celulares e, portanto, controla e afeta diretamente a morfologia celular, seu crescimento, mobilidade e apoptose do célula. Perturbações na ação da enzima GSK-3 podem levar a várias condições de doença que incluem resistência à insulina que leva ao diabetes, doenças neurológicas como a doença de Alzheimer e câncer. As fluoroquinolonas são a classe mais comum de drogas que apresentam efeitos disglicêmicos por meio da interação com a enzima GSK-3. Portanto, é necessário hoje em dia compreender adequadamente as funções e mecanismos da GSK-3, principalmente seu papel na homeostase da glicose via efeitos na glicogênio sintase.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus/enzimología , Fluoroquinolonas/análisis , /análisis

RESUMEN

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease throughout the world in which there is persistently high blood glucose level from the normal range. The diabetes and insulin resistance are mainly responsible for the morbidities and mortalities of humans in the world. This disease is mainly regulated by various enzymes and hormones among which Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a principle enzyme and insulin is the key hormone regulating it. The GSK-3, that is the key enzyme is normally showing its actions by various mechanisms that include its phosphorylation, formation of protein complexes, and other cellular distribution and thus it control and directly affects cellular morphology, its growth, mobility and apoptosis of the cell. Disturbances in the action of GSK-3 enzyme may leads to various disease conditions that include insulin resistance leading to diabetes, neurological disease like Alzheimers disease and cancer. Fluoroquinolones are the most common class of drugs that shows dysglycemic effects via interacting with GSK-3 enzyme. Therefore, it is the need of the day to properly understand functions and mechanisms of GSK-3, especially its role in glucose homeostasis via effects on glycogen synthase.

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Resumo O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença não transmissível em todo o mundo, na qual existe nível glicêmico persistentemente alto em relação à normalidade. O diabetes e a resistência à insulina são os principais responsáveis pelas morbidades e mortalidades de humanos no mundo. Essa doença é regulada principalmente por várias enzimas e hormônios, entre os quais a glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK-3) é uma enzima principal e a insulina é o principal hormônio que a regula. A GSK-3, que é a enzima-chave, normalmente mostra suas ações por vários mecanismos que incluem sua fosforilação, formação de complexos de proteínas e outras distribuições celulares e, portanto, controla e afeta diretamente a morfologia celular, seu crescimento, mobilidade e apoptose do célula. Perturbações na ação da enzima GSK-3 podem levar a várias condições de doença que incluem resistência à insulina que leva ao diabetes, doenças neurológicas como a doença de Alzheimer e câncer. As fluoroquinolonas são a classe mais comum de drogas que apresentam efeitos disglicêmicos por meio da interação com a enzima GSK-3. Portanto, é necessário hoje em dia compreender adequadamente as funções e mecanismos da GSK-3, principalmente seu papel na homeostase da glicose via efeitos na glicogênio sintase.

RESUMEN

Abstract Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition that causes changes in memory and cognition, in addition to behavioral disorders, and most commonly affects the elderly. Several studies in the literature have presented therapeutic measures in an attempt to interfere with the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease and to mitigate its clinical manifestations. Some factors, such as excitotoxicity, cholinergic dysfunctions, oxidative stress, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, changes in amyloid-beta peptide metabolism, herpes viruses, apolipoprotein E, glycogen synthase kinase 3, insulin resistance, and the endocannabinoid system seem to be related to pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Given this, a literature review was carried out to address the molecular mechanisms associated with the pathophysiological hypotheses previously mentioned, aiming to better understanding their underlying causes and contributing to possible pharmacological strategies about treatment of the disease.

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 beta (GSK-3ß) regulates diverse cell functions including metabolic activity, signaling and structural proteins. GSK-3ß phosphorylates target pro-oncogenes and regulates programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). This study investigated the correlation between GSK-3ß expression and clinically relevant molecular features of lung adenocarcinoma (PDL1 score, PTEN expression and driver mutations). METHODS: We evaluated 95 lung cancer specimens from biopsies and surgical resections. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the expression of GSK-3ß, PTEN, and PDL1. Epidemiological data, molecular characteristics and staging were evaluated from medical records. The histologic classification was performed by an experienced pulmonary pathologist. RESULTS: Most patients were female (52.6%) and the majority had a positive smoking history. The median age was 68.3 years, with individuals over 60 years accounting for 82.1%. The predominant histological subtype was adenocarcinoma (69.5%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (20.0%). GSK-3ß expression in tumors was cytoplasmic with a dotted pattern and perinuclear concentration, with associated membranous staining. Seven (7.3%) tumors had associated nuclear expression localization. Seventy-seven patients (81.1%) had advanced clinical-stage tumors. GSK-3ß was positive in 75 tumors (78%) and GSK3-positive tumors tended to be diagnosed at advanced stages. Among stage III/IV tumors, 84% showed GSK3 positivity (p= 0.007). We identified a statistically significant association between GSK-3ß and PTEN in the qualitative analysis (p 0.021); and when comparing PTEN to GSK-3ß intensity 2+ (p 0.001) or 3+ expression (> 50%) - p 0.013. GSK-3ß positive tumors with a high histological score had a worse overall survival. CONCLUSION: We identified the histological patterns of GSK-3ß expression and evaluated its potential as marker for overall survival, establishing a simple histological score to measure the evaluated status in resected tissues. The use of GSK-3ß expression as an immune response biomarker remains a challenge. Future studies will seek to explain the role of its interaction with PTEN.

RESUMEN

ABSTRACT Purpose: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major cause of death and disability with a huge economic burden worldwide. Cerebrolysin (CBL) has been previously used as a nootropic drug. Necroptosis is a programmed cell death mechanism that plays a vital role in neuronal cell death after ICH. However, the precise role of necroptosis in CBL neuroprotection following ICH has not been confirmed. Methods: In the present study, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects and potential molecular mechanisms of CBL in ICH-induced early brain injury (EBI) by regulating neural necroptosis in the C57BL/6 mice model. Mortality, neurological score, brain water content, and neuronal death were evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, Evans blue extravasation, Western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The results show that CBL treatment markedly increased the survival rate, neurological score, and neuron survival, and downregulated the protein expression of RIP1 and RIP3, which indicated that CBL-mediated inhibition of necroptosis, and ameliorated neuronal death after ICH. The neuroprotective capacity of CBL is partly dependent on the Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. Conclusions: CBL improves neurological outcomes in mice and reduces neuronal death by protecting against neural necroptosis.

Asunto(s)

Animales , Ratones , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Necroptosis , Transducción de Señal , Hemorragia Cerebral/tratamiento farmacológico , Apoptosis , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Neuroprotección , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/farmacología , Aminoácidos , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Neuronas/metabolismo

RESUMEN

The possibility that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) could modulate α1A-adrenergic receptor (α1A-AR) function and regulation was tested employing LNCaP and HEK293 cells transfected to express the enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged human α1A-AR. Receptor phosphorylation and internalization, intracellular free calcium, α1A-AR-GSK3 colocalization, and coimmunoprecipitation were studied. The effects of the pharmacological GSK3 inhibitor, SB-216763, and the coexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of this kinase, as well as the signaling, desensitization, and internalization of receptors with S229, S258, S352, and S381 substitutions for alanine or aspartate, were also determined. SB-216763 inhibited agonist- and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-mediated α1A-AR phosphorylation, reduced oxymetazoline-induced desensitization, and magnified that induced by PMA. Agonists and PMA increased receptor-GSK3 colocalization and coimmunoprecipitation. Expression of a dominant-negative GSK3 mutant reduced agonist- but not PMA-induced receptor internalization. α1A-AR with the GSK3 putative target sites mutated to alanine exhibited reduced phosphorylation and internalization in response to agonists and increased PMA-induced desensitization. Agonist-induced, but not PMA-induced, receptor-ß arrestin intracellular colocalization was diminished in cells expressing the GSK3 putative target sites mutated to alanine. Our data indicated that GSK3 exerts a dual action on α1A-AR participating in agonist-mediated desensitization and internalization and avoiding PMA-induced desensitization.

Asunto(s)

Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3/uso terapéutico , Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 1/efectos de los fármacos , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3/farmacología , Humanos

RESUMEN

Several research groups around the world have studied diverse aspects of energy metabolism in arthropod disease vectors, with the aim of discovering potential control targets. As in all oviparous organisms, arthropod embryonic development is characterized by the mobilization of maternally-derived metabolites for the formation of new tissues and organs. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine-threonine kinase described as an important regulator of metabolism and development in a wide range of organisms. GSK-3 was first identified based on its action upon glycogen synthase, a central enzyme in glycogen biosynthesis. Currently, it is recognized as a key component of multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription, cell migration, and immune response. The present review will describe the current knowledge on GSK-3 activation and its role in morphogenesis and embryonic metabolism in arthropods. Altogether, the information discussed here can spark new approaches and strategies for further studies, enhancing our understanding of these important arthropod vectors and strengthening the resources in the search for novel control methods.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas de Artrópodos/genética , Artrópodos/genética , Desarrollo Embrionario/genética , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3/genética , Morfogénesis/genética , Animales , Proteínas de Artrópodos/metabolismo , Artrópodos/embriología , Artrópodos/metabolismo , Embrión no Mamífero/metabolismo , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3/metabolismo

RESUMEN

A enzima glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK3) atua em várias vias de sinalização pela fosforilação e desfosforilação de proteínas, participando de várias funções celulares. Poucos estudos descrevem sua participação na maturação in vitro (MIV) de oócitos bovinos, mas sabe-se que sua inibição inespecífica tem um impacto negativo nesse processo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de CHIR99021, inibidor específico da GSK3, em diferentes aspectos da MIV de complexos de cumulusoócito (CCOs) bovino e seu impacto na produção in vitro. Os CCOs foram aspirados de ovários de vacas abatidas e maturados em meio suplementado com 0; 1,5; 3,0 e 6,0 μM de CHIR99021. A análise estatística dos resultados por regressão linear (p≤0,01) mostrou que após 22 h de MIV, o tratamento causou redução dose-dependente no grau de expansão das células cumulus; na viabilidade de oócitos avaliada por coloração com calceína-AM e iodeto de propídio; nas taxas de maturação nuclear, e migração de grânulos corticais avaliadas por marcação com orceína acética a 2% e com lectina Lens culinaris-FITC (LCA), respectivamente, além de uma redução na produção de blastocistos. Assim, conclui-se que o CHIR99021 interfere negativamente, de forma dose-dependente na MIV de oócitos bovinos, sugerindo a importância da GSK3 na maturação nuclear e citoplasmática, com consequente impacto para a produção in vitro de embriões bovinos.

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The enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) acts in several signaling pathway through phosphorylation and protein dephosphorylation, participating in various cellular functions. Few studies describe its participation in the in vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine oocytes, but its nonspecific inhibition is known to have a negative impact on this process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of CHIR99021, specific inhibition of GSK3, on different aspects of the in vitro maturation of bovine cumulus-oocyte (COCs) complexes. COCs were aspirated from ovaries of slaughtered cows and matured in medium supplemented with0; 1.5; 3.0 and 6.0 μM CHIR99021. Statistical analysis of the results by linear regression (p≤0.01) showed that after 22 hours of IVM the treatment caused dose-dependent reduction in the degree of cumulus cell expansion; oocyte viability evaluated by staining with calcein-AM and propidium iodide; rates of nuclear maturation and migration of cortical granules evaluated by labeling with 2% acetic orcein and Lens culinaris-FITC (LCA), respectively; and a reduction in the of blastocyst rate. It is concluded that CHIR99021 interferes negatively, in a dose-dependent manner in the IVM of bovine oocytes, suggesting the importance of GSK3 in nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, with a consequent impact on the in vitro bovine embryos production.

Asunto(s)

Femenino , Animales , Bovinos , Blastocisto , Bovinos/embriología , /análisis , /química , Técnicas de Maduración In Vitro de los Oocitos/veterinaria

RESUMEN

A enzima glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK3) atua em várias vias de sinalização pela fosforilação e desfosforilação de proteínas, participando de várias funções celulares. Poucos estudos descrevem sua participação na maturação in vitro (MIV) de oócitos bovinos, mas sabe-se que sua inibição inespecífica tem um impacto negativo nesse processo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de CHIR99021, inibidor específico da GSK3, em diferentes aspectos da MIV de complexos de cumulusoócito (CCOs) bovino e seu impacto na produção in vitro. Os CCOs foram aspirados de ovários de vacas abatidas e maturados em meio suplementado com 0; 1,5; 3,0 e 6,0 μM de CHIR99021. A análise estatística dos resultados por regressão linear (p≤0,01) mostrou que após 22 h de MIV, o tratamento causou redução dose-dependente no grau de expansão das células cumulus; na viabilidade de oócitos avaliada por coloração com calceína-AM e iodeto de propídio; nas taxas de maturação nuclear, e migração de grânulos corticais avaliadas por marcação com orceína acética a 2% e com lectina Lens culinaris-FITC (LCA), respectivamente, além de uma redução na produção de blastocistos. Assim, conclui-se que o CHIR99021 interfere negativamente, de forma dose-dependente na MIV de oócitos bovinos, sugerindo a importância da GSK3 na maturação nuclear e citoplasmática, com consequente impacto para a produção in vitro de embriões bovinos.(AU)

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The enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) acts in several signaling pathway through phosphorylation and protein dephosphorylation, participating in various cellular functions. Few studies describe its participation in the in vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine oocytes, but its nonspecific inhibition is known to have a negative impact on this process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of CHIR99021, specific inhibition of GSK3, on different aspects of the in vitro maturation of bovine cumulus-oocyte (COCs) complexes. COCs were aspirated from ovaries of slaughtered cows and matured in medium supplemented with0; 1.5; 3.0 and 6.0 μM CHIR99021. Statistical analysis of the results by linear regression (p≤0.01) showed that after 22 hours of IVM the treatment caused dose-dependent reduction in the degree of cumulus cell expansion; oocyte viability evaluated by staining with calcein-AM and propidium iodide; rates of nuclear maturation and migration of cortical granules evaluated by labeling with 2% acetic orcein and Lens culinaris-FITC (LCA), respectively; and a reduction in the of blastocyst rate. It is concluded that CHIR99021 interferes negatively, in a dose-dependent manner in the IVM of bovine oocytes, suggesting the importance of GSK3 in nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, with a consequent impact on the in vitro bovine embryos production.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Femenino , Bovinos , Técnicas de Maduración In Vitro de los Oocitos/veterinaria , Bovinos/embriología , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/análisis , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/química , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 , Blastocisto

RESUMEN

Purpose: The research is intended for clarification of the efficacy as well as the underlying mechanism of GSK-3β inhibitors on the advancement of acute lung injuries in acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) in rats. Methods: Seventy-two rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: (1)ANP-vehicle; (2)ANP-TDZD-8;(3)ANP-SB216763;(4)Sham-vehicle;(5)Sham-TDZD-8;(6)Sham-SB216763; Blood biochemical test, histopathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis of rats pancreas and lung tissues were performed. The protein expression of GSK-3β, phospho-GSK-3β (Ser9), iNOS, ICAM-1, TNF-α, and IL-10 were detected in lung tissues by Western-blot. Results: The outcomes revealed that the intervention of GSK-3β inhibitors alleviated the pathological damage of pancreas and lung (P<0.01), reduced serum amylase, lipase, hydrothorax and lung Wet-to-Dry Ratio, attenuated serum concentrations of IL-1β and IL-6 (P<0.01), inhibited the activation of NF-κB, and abated expression of iNOS, ICAM-1 and TNF-α protein, but up-regulated IL-10 expression in lung of ANP rats (P<0.01). The inflammatory response and various indicators in ANP-TDZD-8 groups were lower than those in ANP-SB216763 groups. Conclusions: Inhibition of GSK-3β weakens acute lung injury related to ANP via the inhibitory function of NF-κB signaling pathway. Different kinds of GSK-3β inhibitors have different effects to ANP acute lung injury.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/sangre , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/clasificación , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/prevención & control , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/fisiopatología , Pancreatitis Aguda Necrotizante/sangre , Pancreatitis Aguda Necrotizante/complicaciones , Pancreatitis Aguda Necrotizante/fisiopatología , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/administración & dosificación , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/análisis , China , Ratas Wistar

RESUMEN

The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway has many key roles in the development of animals, including a conserved and central role in the specification of the primary (antero-posterior) body axis. The posterior expression of Wnt ligands and the anterior expression of secreted Wnt inhibitors are known to be conserved during the larval metamorphosis of tapeworms. However, their downstream signaling components for Wnt/beta-catenin signaling have not been characterized. In this work, we have studied the core components of the beta-catenin destruction complex of the human pathogen Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis. We focused on two Axin paralogs that are conserved in tapeworms and other flatworm parasites. Despite their divergent sequences, both Axins could robustly interact with one E. multilocularis beta-catenin paralog and limited its accumulation in a heterologous mammalian expression system. Similarly to what has been described in planarians (free-living flatworms), other beta-catenin paralogs showed limited or no interaction with either Axin and are unlikely to function as effectors in Wnt signaling. Additionally, both Axins interacted with three divergent GSK-3 paralogs that are conserved in free-living and parasitic flatworms. Axin paralogs have highly segregated expression patterns along the antero-posterior axis in the tapeworms E. multilocularis and Hymenolepis microstoma, indicating that different beta-catenin destruction complexes may operate in different regions during their larval metamorphosis.

Asunto(s)

Proteína Axina/genética , Complejo de Señalización de la Axina/genética , Echinococcus multilocularis/genética , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3/genética , Proteínas del Helminto/genética , Hymenolepis/genética , beta Catenina/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Proteína Axina/química , Proteína Axina/metabolismo , Complejo de Señalización de la Axina/química , Echinococcus multilocularis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Echinococcus multilocularis/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3/metabolismo , Proteínas del Helminto/química , Humanos , Hymenolepis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hymenolepis/metabolismo , Larva/metabolismo , Filogenia , Alineación de Secuencia , beta Catenina/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Abstract Purpose The research is intended for clarification of the efficacy as well as the underlying mechanism of GSK-3β inhibitors on the advancement of acute lung injuries in acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) in rats. Methods Seventy-two rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: (1)ANP-vehicle; (2)ANP-TDZD-8;(3)ANP-SB216763;(4)Sham-vehicle;(5)Sham-TDZD-8;(6)Sham-SB216763; Blood biochemical test, histopathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis of rats pancreas and lung tissues were performed. The protein expression of GSK-3β, phospho-GSK-3β (Ser9), iNOS, ICAM-1, TNF-α, and IL-10 were detected in lung tissues by Western-blot. Results The outcomes revealed that the intervention of GSK-3β inhibitors alleviated the pathological damage of pancreas and lung (P<0.01), reduced serum amylase, lipase, hydrothorax and lung Wet-to-Dry Ratio, attenuated serum concentrations of IL-1β and IL-6 (P<0.01), inhibited the activation of NF-κB, and abated expression of iNOS, ICAM-1 and TNF-α protein, but up-regulated IL-10 expression in lung of ANP rats (P<0.01). The inflammatory response and various indicators in ANP-TDZD-8 groups were lower than those in ANP-SB216763 groups. Conclusions Inhibition of GSK-3β weakens acute lung injury related to ANP via the inhibitory function of NF-κB signaling pathway. Different kinds of GSK-3β inhibitors have different effects to ANP acute lung injury.

Asunto(s)

Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Pancreatitis Aguda Necrotizante/complicaciones , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/prevención & control , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/antagonistas & inhibidores , Fosforilación , Inmunohistoquímica , Transducción de Señal , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Ratas Wistar , Pancreatitis Aguda Necrotizante/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/etiología , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/metabolismo , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/patología

RESUMEN

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a constitutive enzyme implicated in the regulation of cytokine expression and the inflammatory response during bacterial infections. Mammals have two GSK3 isoforms named GSK3α and GSK3ß that plays different but often overlapping functions. Although the role of GSK3ß in cytokine regulation during the inflammatory response caused by bacteria is well described, GSK3α has not been found to participate in this process. Therefore, we tested if GSK3α may act as a regulatory isoform in the cytokine expression by bovine endothelial cells infected with Staphylococcus aureus because this bacterium is one of the major pathogens that cause tissue damage associated with inflammatory dysfunction. Interestingly, although both isoforms were phosphorylated-inactivated, we consistently observed a higher phosphorylation of GSK3α at Ser21 than that of GSK3ß at Ser9 after bacterial challenge. During a temporal course of infection, we characterized a molecular switch from pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-8), promoted by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), at an early stage (2 h) to an anti-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-10), promoted by cAMP response element binding (CREB), at a later stage (6 h). We observed an indirect effect of GSK3α activity on NF-κB activation that resulted in a low phosphorylation of CREB at Ser133, a decreased interaction between CREB and the co-activator CREB-binding protein (CBP), and a lower expression level of IL-10. Gene silencing of GSK3α and GSK3ß with siRNA indicated that GSK3α knockout promoted the interaction between CREB and CBP that, in turn, increased the expression of IL-10, reduced the interaction of NF-κB with CBP, and reduced the expression of IL-8. These results indicate that GSK3α functions as the primary isoform that regulates the expression of IL-10 in endothelial cells infected with S. aureus.

Asunto(s)

AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Elementos de Respuesta , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/metabolismo , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Staphylococcus aureus/fisiología , Animales , Bovinos , Proteína de Unión a Elemento de Respuesta al AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales/microbiología , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Fosforilación , Isoformas de Proteínas , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/genética

RESUMEN

Sepsis survivors frequently develop late cognitive impairment. Because little is known on the mechanisms of post-septic memory deficits, there are no current effective approaches to prevent or treat such symptoms. Here, we subjected mice to severe sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and evaluated the sepsis-surviving animals in the open field, novel object recognition (NOR), and step-down inhibitory avoidance (IA) task at different times after surgery. Post-septic mice (30 days post-surgery) failed in the NOR and IA tests but exhibited normal performance when re-evaluated 45 days after surgery. Cognitive impairment in post-septic mice was accompanied by reduced hippocampal levels of proteins involved in synaptic plasticity, including synaptophysin, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), CREB phosphorylated at serine residue 133 (CREBpSer133), and GluA1 phosphorylated at serine residue 845 (GluA1pSer845). Expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was increased and brain insulin signaling was disrupted, as indicated by increased hippocampal IRS-1 phosphorylation at serine 636 (IRS-1pSer636) and decreased phosphorylation of IRS-1 at tyrosine 465 (IRS-1pTyr465), in the hippocampus 30 days after CLP. Phosphorylation of Akt at serine 473 (AktpSer473) and of GSK3 at serine 9 (GSK3ßpSer9) were also decreased in hippocampi of post-septic animals, further indicating that brain insulin signaling is disrupted by sepsis. We then treated post-septic mice with liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist with insulinotropic activity, or TDZD-8, a GSK3ß inhibitor, which rescued NOR memory. In conclusion, these results establish that hippocampal inflammation and disrupted insulin signaling are induced by sepsis and are linked to late memory impairment in sepsis survivors.

Asunto(s)

Encéfalo/metabolismo , Disfunción Cognitiva/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Sepsis/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Animales , Encéfalo/patología , Disfunción Cognitiva/etiología , Disfunción Cognitiva/patología , Conducta Exploratoria/fisiología , Masculino , Ratones , Sepsis/complicaciones , Sepsis/patología

RESUMEN

Purpose: To investigate whether the neuroprotective effect of TSA on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury is mediated by the activation of Akt/GSK-3 signaling pathway. Methods: Mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=15): sham group (S); ischemia reperfusion group (IR); ischemia reperfusion and pretreated with TSA group (IR+T); ischemia reperfusion and pretreated with TSA and LY294002 group (IR+T+L). The model of cerebral ischemia reperfusion was established by 1h of MCAO following 24h of reperfusion. TSA (5mg/kg) was intraperitoneally given for 3 days before MCAO, Akt inhibitor, LY294002 (15 nmol/kg) was injected by tail vein 30 min before the MCAO. Results: TSA significantly increased the expression of p-Akt, p-GSK-3 proteins and the levels of SOD, Bcl-2, reduced the infarct volume and the levels of MDA, ROS, TNF-, IL-1, Bax, Caspase-3, TUNEL and attenuated neurological deficit in mice with transient MCAO, LY294002 weakened such effect of TSA dramatically. Conclusions: TSA could significantly decrease the neurological deficit and reduce the cerebral infarct volume, oxidative stress, inflammation, as well as apoptosis during cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, which was achieved by activation of the Akt/GSK-3 signaling pathway.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Ratas , Histona Desacetilasa 1/administración & dosificación , Histona Desacetilasa 1/inmunología , Ratones/anomalías , Isquemia Encefálica/clasificación , Isquemia Encefálica/veterinaria