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Romantic rejections are a hurtful yet common occurrence in online dating. While research in this area is growing, there is a need for a comprehensive and comparative overview to understand these rejection experiences better. This article presents the results of two cross-sectional survey studies that aimed to create a more comprehensive overview of multiple facets of rejections in online dating, particularly the types of rejections used, the (provided) reasons for rejecting, and the painfulness of being rejected. Results of Study 1 (n = 177) show that ghosting was the most often experienced rejection type, even when a considerable number of messages was exchanged before the rejection. Unmatching/blocking and rejections with an explanation occurred less but equally often. Moreover, individuals who experienced rejections with an explanation reported the highest painfulness rates, which raised important questions about the reasons behind such explicit rejections. Study 2 further unpacked the provided rejection reasons, from the rejecter and the rejectee perspective. Five categories were identified among the reasons, such as (lack of) attraction and reasons related to relationship investment. Several interesting discrepancies that emerged between reasons provided by rejecters versus rejectees are discussed. Our work underlines the multifaceted nature of rejection experiences in online dating and sets directions for future research that further explores the relationships between rejection types, reasons, and painfulness in detail.

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In cases where multiple footprints are found at a crime scene, it is unusual that all are static, and some are likely dynamic. Depending on how the footprint was made, we distinguish between dynamic and static footprints. A distinguishing feature that has only recently been associated with dynamic footprints is the fact that dynamic footprints differ from static footprints by the presence of additional markings around the back of the heel and the tops of the toe prints, the so-called ghosting phenomenon. The present study aims to analyse the ghosting phenomenon on dynamic footprints - its occurrence in relation to sex, laterality, and different areas of footprints as well as length features. Additionally, it aims to investigate the assessment of the ghosting phenomenon on dynamic footprints when estimating stature for biological profiling in the forensic field. The study sample comprised of 170 young adults aged 18 - 30 years of both biological sexes. Stature was measured and dynamic footprints were obtained where the ghosting phenomenon was analysed together with length measurements of the same footprint with and without ghosting. In the first and second toes of footprints, the ghosting phenomenon occurred most frequently in both sexes and in the sex-mixed group. Sex differences were not significant in ghosting occurrence on right and left footprints (p > 0.05), except for the area of the left fifth toe (p = 0.045). All the footprints' lengths with ghosting were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those without ghosting. Statures calculated from footprint length measurements with ghosting predicted stature more accurately than statures calculated from the same footprint length measurements without ghosting. In the case of finding dynamic footprints at crime scenes, it is necessary to correctly identify and evaluate ghosting of the footprint. This comparison can be helpful in interpreting how ghosting should be taken into account when estimating a person's stature.

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BACKGROUND: "Ghosting" refers to the practice of abruptly cutting off all contact with a person with whom you have been in constant correspondence. The break comes without warning and without understandable provocation. The term most commonly applies to online romantic relationships. The motives for and effects of ghosting have been studied, and validated research questionnaires have been developed; however, there are no such questionnaires available for Urdu speakers. The purpose of this study was to adapt the "Ghosting Questionnaire (GQ)" for use in Pakistan and India, two of the world's most populous countries-a process that involves translation, adaptation, and validation. METHODS: The study's methodology involved translating the GQ into Urdu using both forward and backward translation techniques. Convergent validity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, confirmatory factor analysis, and goodness of fit were all components of the psychometric analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The Urdu version of the GQ demonstrated a good internal consistency, with the Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega both exceeding 0.90. It also showed a high test-retest reliability-(0.96). The one-factor structure was confirmed by the confirmatory factor analysis, which agreed with the original English version of the GQ.

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Ghosting, professionally and personally, occurs when there is an abrupt end to communication between 2 individuals without any explanation or when an individual does not follow through on commitments to others associated with their communication. The increase in the available communication channels and speed at which messages can now be transmitted between individuals is resulting in a greater incidence of ghosting or perceived ghosting in our colleges/schools of pharmacy. The impact of ghosting is the disruption of effective communication and communication strategies that are essential to the development of positive and thriving cultures and subcultures in our institutions. The causes of ghosting (real or perceived) in our pharmacy academy could be attributed to increased workload and speed of communication, increased workload and productivity expectations, and increased workload and information volume. The consequences of ghosting in our colleges/schools can result in decreased psychological safety in our cultures, adversely impacting individual well-being, resiliency, grit, and satisfaction and adversely impacting student academic performance and success. There are simple steps that individuals and institutions can implement to minimize ghosting or the perception of ghosting that may occur with online communication channels used by our faculty, staff, students, and outside individuals.

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PURPOSE: To investigate whether spatiotemporal magnetic field monitoring can correct pronounced eddy current-induced artifacts incurred by strong diffusion-sensitizing gradients up to 300 mT/m used in high b-value diffusion-weighted (DW) EPI. METHODS: A dynamic field camera equipped with 16 1 H NMR field probes was first used to characterize field perturbations caused by residual eddy currents from diffusion gradients waveforms in a 3D multi-shot EPI sequence on a 3T Connectom scanner for different gradient strengths (up to 300 mT/m), diffusion directions, and shots. The efficacy of dynamic field monitoring-based image reconstruction was demonstrated on high-gradient strength, submillimeter resolution whole-brain ex vivo diffusion MRI. A 3D multi-shot image reconstruction framework was developed that incorporated the nonlinear phase evolution measured with the dynamic field camera. RESULTS: Phase perturbations in the readout induced by residual eddy currents from strong diffusion gradients are highly nonlinear in space and time, vary among diffusion directions, and interfere significantly with the image encoding gradients, changing the k-space trajectory. During the readout, phase modulations between odd and even EPI echoes become non-static and diffusion encoding direction-dependent. Superior reduction of ghosting and geometric distortion was achieved with dynamic field monitoring compared to ghosting reduction approaches such as navigator- and structured low-rank-based methods or MUSE followed by image-based distortion correction with the FSL tool "eddy." CONCLUSION: Strong eddy current artifacts characteristic of high-gradient strength DW-EPI can be well corrected with dynamic field monitoring-based image reconstruction.

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Resumen Las investigaciones en torno a una ruptura de pareja plantean medir las estrategias y conductas que las personas llevan a cabo para terminar sus relaciones románticas. Se propone entender la separación de pareja a partir del Modelo de Inversión de Rusbult (1979). Resulta relevante probar el modelo incluyendo elementos psicométricos que permitan comprender su validez al evaluar las conductas de separación. De esta forma el propósito de este estudio fue someter a prueba, un análisis exploratorio y confirmatorio de una escala que mida las conductas que las personas realizan para terminar su relación de pareja. Para ello se creó una escala de Conductas ante la separación de pareja a partir de un estudio exploratorio. La escala en su versión inicial contó con 50 reactivos en escala tipo Likert, aplicados en línea a 230 adultos de la Ciudad de México y Área Metropolitana. Al inicio del Análisis Factorial Exploratorio se obtuvo una escala final de 18 reactivos distribuidos en 4 factores (alejamiento, confrontación, depresión por separación e infidelidad) que explican el 68,47% de la varianza explicada con una confiabilidad de α = .871. Esta estructura fue corroborada por un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio. Se encuentra una escala robusta y confiable, y se concluye que las conductas de separación evaluadas a partir del alejamiento con la expareja, que puede ser por medio de la comunicación o de ejercer conductas que transgreden como una infidelidad, afectan principalmente el estado emocional de las personas que lo viven.

Abstract Research on a couple's breakup aims to measure the strategies and behaviors that people carry out to end their romantic relationships. We propose to understand couple separation based on Rusbult's Reversal Model (1979). It is revealing to test the model including psychometric elements that allow us to understand its validity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to test an exploratory and confirmatory analysis of a scale that measures the behaviors that people perform to end their relationship. The initial version of the scale had 50 items on a Likert scale, applied online to 230 adults in Mexico City and Metropolitan Area. At the beginning of the exploratory factor analysis, a final scale of 18 items distributed in 4 factors (distancing, confrontation, depression due to separation and infidelity) was obtained, explaining 68.47% of the variance explained with a reliability of α = .871. This structure was corroborated by a Confirmatory Factor Analysis. A robust and reliable scale is found, and it is concluded that the separation behaviors evaluated from the distance with the ex-partner, which can be through communication or exercising behaviors that transgress such as infidelity, mainly affect the emotional state of the people who live it.

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Their widespread presence throughout the vasculature, coupled with their reactivity, and thereby to their potential to release reactive oxidative species, or to utilize their anti-oxidative capacities, has promoted much discussion of the role(s) of red blood cells (RBCs) in the progression of health or, alternatively, a wide range of disease states. Moreover, these role(s) have been linked to the development of adhesiveness and, in fact, thereby to the essential pathway to their eventual clearance, e.g., by macrophages in the spleen. These disparate roles coupled with the mechanisms involved are reviewed and given. Following an analysis, novel perspectives are provided; these perspectives can lead to novel assays for identifying the potential for RBC adhesiveness as suggested herein. We describe this paradigm, that involves RBC adhesiveness, hemolysis, and ghost formation, with examples including, inter alia, the progression of atherosclerosis and the suppression of tumor growth along with other disease states.

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Ghosting is the phenomenon that exists when a footprint has a lighter area around the tip of one or more toes or a shadow-like area at the back of the heel. To date, ghosting has been considered primarily a finding of dynamic (walking) footprints, rather than static (standing) footprints. The prevalence of ghosting in static footprints is unknown, and research on its presence in static and dynamic footprints from the same participant is sparse, as are studies on its occurrence in different geographic populations. This study is among the first to evaluate the occurrence of ghosting in the static and dynamic footprints from a particular individual with participants in two geographic populations. A combination of both inkless and ink footprint collection systems were used to obtain a total of 206 bare footprints from 103 adult participants from the United States and India. The data comprised 103 static and 103 dynamic footprints. Ghosting occurred significantly in static footprints, though less frequently than in dynamic footprints. Ghosting in static footprints was seen most often at the first toe, followed by the third and second respectively. This aspect appeared least at the heel. In dynamic footprints, it occurred most at the first toe, followed by the second and fourth toes, and then the third toe and the heel. The prevalence of ghosting in footprints from the United States and India differed in their locations, notably at the first and second toes in the static footprints and at the heel in the dynamic footprints.

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Ghosting has become a way to end abruptly short/casual relationships. It is the practice of ending a personal relationship suddenly and without explanation withdrawing from all communication. Nowadays at family courts, the quality of psychology expert witness reports is limited to transcribe the interviewed person words, without applying any professional method tending to elaborate a diagnosis.On the other side, usually the formal procedures mandated by the law are not followed, may be due to the excessive amount of work. These two reasons lead to impose home exclusion or different kind of restrictions to see one or more members of the family, measures that facilitate de abrupt termination of the family bond, developing serious psychological consequences to the excluded person. Attempts are made to warn about the need for real expert reports that help judges to improve decision-making, to not facilitate long term family relationships ending.

El ghosting (fantasmeo o desaparición) se estableció como una forma de terminación de relaciones breves y sin compromiso. Consiste simplemente en cortar todo tipo de comunicación y no dar señales de vida de forma abrupta. Por otro lado, los informes psicológicos en los tribunales de familia, habitualmente se limitan a transcribir los dichos de las partes entrevistadas, sin efectuar ningún otro acto profesional que no sea el mero relato. Esto, sumado al no seguimiento de los procedimientos de la ley, terminan facilitando el cese abrupto no de relaciones cortas, sino parejas de larga data, o hasta inclusive matrimonios, mediante exclusiones de hogares o imposición de perímetros de exclusión, con las innumerables consecuencias para la persona ghosteada y la familia. Se intenta advertir, sobre la necesidad de la realización de verdaderos informes periciales, que ayuden a los magistrados a mejorar la toma de decisiones, que no faciliten la finalización abrupta de relaciones familiares de larga data.

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Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) of whole ex vivo human brain specimens enables three-dimensional (3D) mapping of structural connectivity at the mesoscopic scale, providing detailed evaluation of fiber architecture and tissue microstructure at a spatial resolution that is difficult to access in vivo. To account for the short T2 and low diffusivity of fixed tissue, ex vivo dMRI is often acquired using strong diffusion-sensitizing gradients and multishot/segmented 3D echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequences to achieve high spatial resolution. However, the combination of strong diffusion-sensitizing gradients and multishot/segmented EPI readout can result in pronounced ghosting artifacts incurred by nonlinear spatiotemporal variations in the magnetic field produced by eddy currents. Such ghosting artifacts cannot be corrected with conventional correction solutions and pose a significant roadblock to leveraging human MRI scanners with ultrahigh gradients for ex vivo whole-brain dMRI. Here, we show that ghosting-correction approaches that correct for either polarity-related ghosting or shot-to-shot variations in a separate manner are suboptimal for 3D multishot diffusion-weighted EPI experiments in fixed human brain specimens using strong diffusion-sensitizing gradients on the 3-T Connectom MRI scanner, resulting in orientationally biased dMRI estimates. We apply a recently developed advanced k-space reconstruction method based on structured low-rank matrix (SLM) modeling that handles both polarity-related ghosting and shot-to-shot variation simultaneously, to mitigate artifacts in high-angular resolution multishot dMRI data acquired in several fixed human brain specimens at 0.7-0.8-mm isotropic spatial resolution using b-values up to 10,000 s/mm2 and gradient strengths up to 280 mT/m. We demonstrate the improved mapping of diffusion tensor imaging and fiber orientation distribution functions in key neuroanatomical areas distributed across the whole brain using SLM-based EPI ghost correction compared with alternative techniques.

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Although ghosting (i.e., unilaterally ending a relationship by ceasing communication) has only recently entered the lexicon, it is a regularly used form of relationship dissolution. However, little research has examined the emotional experiences of ghosting, particularly the experiences of those on both sides of the ghosting process. In a multi-method study, participants who had both ghosted and been ghosted in previous romantic relationships (N = 80) provided narratives of their experiences and completed questionnaires. The narrative responses were analyzed by coders and by using LIWC. Ghosters and ghostees used similar overall levels of positively and negatively valenced words to describe their experiences, but ghosters were more likely to express guilt and relief, whereas ghostees were more likely to express sadness and hurt feelings. Ghostees also experienced more of a threat to their fundamental needs - control, self-esteem, belongingness, meaningful existence - than ghosters.

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To solve the ghosting artifacts problem in dynamic scene multi-scale exposure fusion, an improved multi-exposure fusion method has been proposed without ghosting based on the exposure fusion framework and the color dissimilarity feature of this study. This fusion method can be further applied to power system monitoring and unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring. In this study, first, an improved exposure fusion framework based on the camera response model was applied to preprocess the input image sequence. Second, the initial weight map was estimated by multiplying four weight items. In removing the ghosting weight term, an improved color dissimilarity feature was used to detect the object motion features in dynamic scenes. Finally, the improved pyramid model as adopted to retain detailed information about the poor exposure areas. Experimental results indicated that the proposed method improves the performance of images in terms of sharpness, detail processing, and ghosting artifacts removal and is superior to the five existing multi-exposure image fusion (MEF) methods in quality evaluation.

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BACKGROUND: Cyber dating abuse (CDA) refers to physical, verbal, and psychological violence perpetrated towards a romantic partner via technology and social media. Another emerging form of online abuse is ghosting, a silent strategy to dissolve undesired relationships without openly having to break them up. The aims of the current study were (i) to explore the relationship between CDA and ghosting behaviours in romantic relationships and (ii) to investigate the roles of gender and personality traits (conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion, emotional stability, openness) in prediction of CDA (perpetration and victimization). PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE: A sample of 409 participants (64.8% females), aged between 18 and 53 years (Mage = 26.40, SD = 6.06), took part in the study. RESULTS: CDA and ghosting behaviours are interrelated, and women were more prone than men were to use ghosting strategies, such as stopping messages abruptly and punishing the partner through silence. Moreover, gender and personality traits differently predicted direct aggression and control/monitoring perpetration and direct aggression victimization, but they were not significant predictors of control/ monitoring victimization. CONCLUSIONS: The findings are discussed in light of gender differences to improve our understanding of the psychological factors involved in cyber dating violence.

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Researchers have extensively explored the early and middle stages of romantic and sexual relationships for those high on the Dark Triad traits (i.e., psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism) but they have generally missed the termination stage of relationships. In this study we examined (N = 341) the role these traits play in one termination strategy, ghosting. Ghosting is when a person discontinues a relationship through silence; it is considered an indirect form of relationship termination. We found that (1) those who reported ghosting someone in the past (vs. those who did not) found ghosting to be acceptable and were more Machiavellian and psychopathic, (2) ghosting was most acceptable in the short-term (vs. long-term) context especially for those who had previously ghosted someone, and (3) those high in the Dark Triad traits rated ghosting more acceptable to terminate short-term relationships, but not long-term ones. We also found that the correlations between acceptability and ghosting short-term partners and the Dark Triad traits was localized to narcissistic men with a similar-yet-weak effect for psychopathy. Results are discussed in relation to how ghosting may be primarily committed by people who are interested in casual sex where investment is low and may be part of the fast life history strategies linked to the Dark Triad traits.

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American football is an appealing field of research for the use of information technology. While much effort is made to analyze the offensive team in recent years, reasoning about defensive behavior is an emergent topic. As defensive performance and positioning largely contribute to the overall success of the whole team, this study introduces a method to simulate defensive trajectories. The simulation is evaluated by comparing the movements in individual plays to a simulated league average behavior. A data-driven ghosting approach is proposed. Deep neural networks are trained with a multi-agent imitation learning approach, using the tracking data of players of a whole National Football League (NFL) regular season. To evaluate the quality of the predicted movements, a formation-based pass completion probability model is introduced. With the implementation of a learnable order invariant model, based on insights of molecular dynamical machine learning, the accuracy of the model is increased to 81%. The trained pass completion probability model is used to evaluate the ghosted trajectories and serves as a metric to compare the true trajectory to the ghosted ones. Additionally, the study evaluates the ghosting approach with respect to different optimization methods and dataset augmentation. It is shown that a multi-agent imitation learning approach trained with a dataset aggregation method outperforms baseline approaches on the dataset. This network and evaluation scheme presents a new method for teams, sports analysts, and sports scientists to evaluate defensive plays in American football and lays the foundation for more sophisticated data-driven simulation methods.

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BACKGROUND: Blood flow velocity and pulsatility of small cerebral perforating arteries can be measured using 7T quantitative 2D phase contrast (PC) MRI. However, ghosting artifacts arising from subject movement and pulsating large arteries cause false positives when applying a previously published perforator detection method. PURPOSE: To develop a robust, automated method to exclude perforators located in ghosting artifacts. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective. SUBJECTS: Fifteen patients with vascular cognitive impairment or carotid occlusive disease and 10 healthy controls. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 7T/cardiac-gated 2D PC MRI. ASSESSMENT: Perforators were automatically excluded from ghosting regions, which were defined as bands in the phase-encoding direction of large arteries. As reference, perforators were manually excluded by two raters (T.A., J.J.M.Z.), based on perforator location with respect to visible ghosting artifacts. The performance of both censoring methods was assessed for the number of (Nincluded ), mean velocity (Vmean ), and pulsatility index (PI) of the included perforators. STATISTICAL TESTS: For within-method comparisons, inter- and intrarater reliability were assessed for the manual method, and test-retest reliability was assessed for both methods from repeated 2D PC scans (without repositioning). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined for Nincluded , Vmean , and PI for all within-method comparisons. The ICC to compare between the two methods was determined with the use of both (test-retest) scans using a multilevel nonlinear mixed model. RESULTS: The automated censoring method showed a moderate to good ICC (95% CI) vs. manual censoring for Nincluded (0.73 [0.58-0.87]) and Vmean (0.90 [0.84-0.96]), and a moderate ICC for PI (0.57 [0.37-0.76]). The test-retest reliability of the manual censoring method was considerably lower than the interrater and intrarater reliability, indicating that scanner noise dominates the uncertainty of the analysis. DATA CONCLUSION: The proposed automated censoring method can reliably exclude small perforators affected by ghosting artifacts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3. TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.

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Ghosting is a phenomenon that has been identified in dynamic (walking) footprints. There is sparse research on the occurrence of ghosting; however, due to the forensic value of footprints and their use in other scientific fields, the phenomenon of ghosting warrants further study. Ghosting can be used to determine if a footprint is static (standing) or dynamic, which can help forensic investigators create a sequence of events at a crime scene. Furthermore, this can help in footprint comparisons from this determination, as "like versus like" comparisons of dynamic or static footprints can be made. The purpose of this research was to determine the prevalence and locations of the ghosting phenomena in dynamic footprints. 136 dynamic footprints from 68 volunteers were collected using an inkless collection system. Each footprint was visually inspected for ghosting as well as examined using software. Ghosting was present on at least one location in all footprints. The highest prevalence occurred at the tip of the great toe, followed by the second digit and the heel. To a lesser extent, ghosting appeared at the tips of the other three digits. Ghosting often occurred at two or more areas in a given footprint.

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The present study aimed to examine differences in three psychological constructs (satisfaction with life, loneliness, and helplessness) among adults experiencing ghosting and breadcrumbing. A sample of 626 adults (303 males and 323 females), aged from 18 to 40 years, completed an online survey asking to indicate whether someone they considered a dating partner had ghosted or breadcrumbed them in the last year and to complete three different scales regarding satisfaction with life, loneliness, and helplessness. The results showed than those participants who had indicated experiencing breadcrumbing or the combined forms (both breadcrumbing and ghosting) reported less satisfaction with life, and more helplessness and self-perceived loneliness. The results from the regression models showed that suffering breadcrumbing would significantly increase the likelihood of experiencing less satisfaction with life, and of having more feelings of loneliness and helplessness. However, no significant relation was found between ghosting and any of the examined psychological correlates.

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BACKGROUND: Augmented reality (AR) is still a primarily theoretical concept in areas such as bowel, liver, gallbladder, and jaw surgeries because of the limitation of visualization accuracy of hidden organs and internal structures. This paper aims to improve the cutting accuracy, visualizing accuracy, and processing time of the augmented video. METHODOLOGY: The proposed system consists of an enhanced block-matching algorithm (BMA) with ghosting map technique. RESULTS: Results proved that proposed system reduced the visualization error, which ranges from 1.48 to 1.83 mm against the existing system visualization error 1.67 to 2.0. Similarly, the processing time also improved 59 to 72 ms/frame over the 50 to 58 ms/frame. CONCLUSION: This study showed the improvement and solved the problem soft tissue reconstruction and visualization on the AR video that used in bowel and gallbladder surgeries.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop an automated method for performing quality control (QC) tests in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, investigate the effect of different definitions of QC parameters and its sensitivity with respect to variations in regions of interest (ROI) positioning, and validate the reliability of the automated method by comparison with results from manual evaluations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Magnetic Resonance imaging MRI used for acceptance and routine QC tests from five MRI systems were selected. All QC tests were performed using the American College of Radiology (ACR) MRI accreditation phantom. The only selection criterion was that in the same QC test, images from two identical sequential sequences should be available. The study was focused on four QC parameters: percent signal ghosting (PSG), percent image uniformity (PIU), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and SNR uniformity (SNRU), whose values are calculated using the mean signal and the standard deviation of ROIs defined within the phantom image or in the background. The variability of manual ROIs placement was emulated by the software using random variables that follow appropriate normal distributions. RESULTS: Twenty-one paired sequences were employed. The automated test results for PIU were in good agreement with manual results. However, the PSG values were found to vary depending on the selection of ROIs with respect to the phantom. The values of SNR and SNRU also vary significantly, depending on the combination of the two out of the four standard rectangular ROIs. Furthermore, the methodology used for SNR and SNRU calculation also had significant effect on the results. CONCLUSIONS: The automated method standardizes the position of ROIs with respect to the ACR phantom image and allows for reproducible QC results.