RESUMEN
Introduction Lateral ankle sprain is a common musculoskeletal pathology. Functional exercise progression is vital to restore full function. Aim The aim of this study was to compare the electromyographical response to a standard balance task on one stable and four unstable surfaces. Participants Twenty subjects (5 male, 15 females; age at 23 ± 7.1 years) were recruited to participate in the study. Methods A gym-based single session cross over design was used to compare peak and mean surface EMG (sEMG) activity of the Peroneus Longus, Tibilais Anterior and medial head of the gastrocnemius muscles whilst performing a standardized balance task on one stable surface and four unstable surfaces stable surface. Results A significant main effect for surface was found. Post-hoc testing revealed that the Floor and Trampoline (Trampet) elicited similar mean sEMG response. Discussion The results of the study propose a safe and stepwise progressive rehabilitation regime following ankle injury whilst considering the healing process of the injured structure.
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Traumatismos del Tobillo , Inestabilidad de la Articulación , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Joven , Tobillo/fisiología , Articulación del Tobillo/fisiología , Electromiografía/métodos , Extremidad Inferior , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Estudios CruzadosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To evaluate functional progression in preperimetric glaucoma (PPG) with disc hemorrhage (DH) and to determine the time interval between the first-detected DH and development of glaucomatous visual field (VF) defect. METHODS: A total of 87 patients who had been first diagnosed with PPG were enrolled. The medical records of PPG patients without DH (Group 1) and with DH (Group 2) were reviewed. When glaucomatous VF defect appeared, the time interval from the diagnosis of PPG to the development of VF defect was calculated and compared between the two groups. In group 2, the time intervals from the first-detected DH to VF defect of the single- and recurrent-DH were compared. RESULTS: Of the enrolled patients, 45 had DH in the preperimetric stage. The median time interval from the diagnosis of PPG to the development of VF defect was 73.3 months in Group 1, versus 45.4 months in Group 2 (P = 0.042). The cumulative probability of development of VF defect after diagnosis of PPG was significantly greater in Group 2 than in Group 1. The median time interval from first-detected DH to the development of VF defect was 37.8 months. The median time interval from DH to VF defect and cumulative probability of VF defect after DH did not show a statistical difference between single and recurrent-DH patients. CONCLUSIONS: The median time interval between the diagnosis of PPG and the development of VF defect was significantly shorter in PPG with DH. The VF defect appeared 37.8 months after the first-detected DH in PPG.
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Glaucoma de Ángulo Abierto/complicaciones , Disco Óptico/irrigación sanguínea , Células Ganglionares de la Retina/patología , Hemorragia Retiniana/complicaciones , Escotoma/etiología , Campos Visuales/fisiología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Glaucoma de Ángulo Abierto/diagnóstico , Glaucoma de Ángulo Abierto/fisiopatología , Humanos , Presión Intraocular , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fibras Nerviosas/patología , Disco Óptico/patología , Hemorragia Retiniana/diagnóstico , Hemorragia Retiniana/fisiopatología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Escotoma/diagnóstico , Escotoma/fisiopatología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Glaucoma is a progressive disease due to damage in the optic nerve with associated functional losses. Although the relationship between structural and functional progression in glaucoma is well established, there is disagreement on how this association evolves over time. In addressing this issue, we propose a new class of non-Gaussian linear-mixed models to estimate the correlations among subject-specific effects in multivariate longitudinal studies with a skewed distribution of random effects, to be used in a study of glaucoma. This class provides an efficient estimation of subject-specific effects by modeling the skewed random effects through the log-gamma distribution. It also provides more reliable estimates of the correlations between the random effects. To validate the log-gamma assumption against the usual normality assumption of the random effects, we propose a lack-of-fit test using the profile likelihood function of the shape parameter. We apply this method to data from a prospective observation study, the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study, to present a statistically significant association between structural and functional change rates that leads to a better understanding of the progression of glaucoma over time.