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OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the experience of adolescents and young adults (AYA) with disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) who transition from pediatric to adult gastroenterology care. In this two-part study, we used quantitative and qualitative methods to: (1) assess incidence of optimal versus suboptimal transitions of care for AYA with DGBI, (2) characterize health and quality of life effects of the transition, and (3) identify barriers and facilitators for optimal transition of care. METHODS: In Part 1, we conducted a retrospective review of AYA referrals to our adult neurogastroenterology clinic who had transitioned from pediatric gastroenterology care (N = 109, 17-23 years, 72% female). We collected demographic, psychosocial, and healthcare utilization data to determine rate and risk factors for suboptimal transitions. In Part 2, we recruited 24 AYA and parents (n = 19 AYA, n = 5 parents) for completion of a survey and semistructured interview, which was analyzed using validated rapid qualitative analysis method. RESULTS: In Part 1, 20% (22/109) of AYA met the criteria for suboptimal transition of care, which was associated with treatment adherence concern and functional impairment. In Part 2, we identified two principal themes: (1) AYA's health and quality of life are impacted during the transition, and (2) parental involvement and collaboration with pediatric gastrointestinal (GI) are facilitators to successful transitions, whereas access to care and practice style change are barriers. CONCLUSION: AYA with DGBI have high rates of suboptimal care transitions, affecting their health and quality of life. Our study highlights the need for a comprehensive approach that incorporates parents and pediatric providers.

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OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare symptom frequency and severity in children with functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) and to evaluate anxiety, quality of life (QoL) and global health during Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related quarantine and after 17 months. METHODS: Children diagnosed with FAPDs between October 2019 and February 2020 at 5 different centers were enrolled and prospectively interviewed during the COVID-19 quarantine and 17 months later when schools, hospital services, and routine activities had re-opened to the public. The patients were asked to complete the Rome IV questionnaire, the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 (PedsQL 4.0) Generic Core Scale, the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) anxiety and global health questionnaires. Data about COVID-19 infection and its clinical outcome were also collected. RESULTS: Ninety-nine out of 180 (55%) children completed the follow-up. The number of patients reporting a worsening of their symptoms was significantly higher at follow-up when compared to the quarantine period (24/99 [24.2%] vs. 12/99 [12.1%]; p = 0.04). The PedsQL 4.0 subtotal score at follow-up significantly decreased at 17 months of follow-up (65.57 [0-100]) when compared to the quarantine (71 [0-100], p = 0.03). Emotional functioning was the most significantly reduced (Follow-up: 64.7 [0-100] vs. Quarantine: 75 [0-100]; p = 0.006). We did not identify significant differences in symptoms and QoL between COVID-19 infected children and the remaining cohort at the two time points. CONCLUSIONS: An improvement of symptoms and QoL was observed during the quarantine, followed by a worsening at-follow-up. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that the nest effect overweighted COVID-19 fears during the quarantine and highlight the importance of psychological factors in symptom exacerbation.

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OBJECTIVES: Rumination syndrome (RS) beginning in early childhood or infancy is understudied and challenging to treat. Our objective is to compare the characteristics and outcomes of early-onset (EO) and adolescent-onset (AO) patients with RS. METHODS: We conducted an ambidirectional cohort study of children diagnosed with RS at our institution. Patients were included in two groups: EO (RS symptom onset ≤5 years and diagnosis ≤12 years) and AO (onset >12 years). Patient characteristics, severity, and outcomes were compared between the groups. RESULTS: We included 49 EO and 52 AO RS patients. The median ages of symptom onset and diagnosis in EO were 3.5 and 6 years, respectively; AO, 14.5 and 15 years. EO RS had a slight male predominance while AO was predominantly female (p = 0.016). EO patients were more likely to have developmental delay (24% vs. 8%, p = 0.029) and less likely to have depression (0% vs. 23%, p < 0.001) or anxiety (14% vs. 40%, p = 0.004). At baseline, EO RS was less severe than AO RS: EO RS had greater regurgitation frequency (p < 0.001) but lower vomiting frequency (p = 0.001), resulting in less meal skipping (p < 0.001), reliance on tube feeding or parenteral nutrition (p < 0.001), and weight loss (p = 0.035). EO RS symptoms improved over time: at follow-up, patients had lower regurgitation (p < 0.001) and vomiting frequency (p < 0.001) compared to baseline. CONCLUSION: EO RS is clinically distinct from AO RS, with differences in sex distribution, comorbid conditions, and severity of initial presentation. The pathogenesis and natural history of EO RS may be distinct from that of AO RS.

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BACKGROUND: Numerous individual and environmental factors including diet may play an important role in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It is unclear to what degree dietary intake is affected in individuals with IBS. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize dietary intake of adults with IBS and to compare dietary intake between adults with IBS and non-IBS controls. METHODS: Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Scopus were searched through February 2023 for clinical trials and observational studies measuring usual diet in adults with IBS. Pooled weighted averages were estimated for total energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient data. Mean differences (MD) in nutrient intake were estimated for adults with IBS versus non-IBS controls using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed by the inconsistency index (I2). KEY RESULTS: Sixty-three full-text articles were included in the review of which 29 studies included both IBS and control subjects. Nutrients not meeting the recommended intake level for any dietary reference values in the IBS population were fiber and vitamin D. Meta-regression by female proportion was positively correlated with total fat intake and negatively correlated with carbohydrate intake. Comparisons between participants with IBS and controls showed significantly lower fiber intake in participants with IBS with high heterogeneity (MD: -1.8; 95% CI: -3.0, -0.6; I2 = 85%). CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: This review suggests that fiber and vitamin D intake is suboptimal in IBS; however, overall dietary intake does not appear to be comprised. Causes and consequences of reduced fiber in IBS deserve further study. Results of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that fiber and vitamin D intake is suboptimal in IBS. However, overall intake of other macro- and micronutrients does not appear to be compromised. Causes and consequences of reduced fiber and Vitamin D intake in IBS deserve further study.

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Purpose: Patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) experience abdominal pain with altered bowel movements. Plecanatide is indicated as IBS-C treatment in adults. This integrated analysis further characterizes plecanatide efficacy and safety in IBS-C. Patients and Methods: Data pooled from 2 identically designed phase 3 trials included adults with IBS-C randomized to plecanatide 3 mg or 6 mg, or placebo once daily for 12 weeks. A daily diary recorded stool frequency/symptoms, with abdominal pain, bloating, cramping, discomfort, fullness, and straining intensity individually rated. Overall response (primary endpoint) was defined as ≥30% improvement from baseline in average worst abdominal pain severity and increase of ≥1 complete spontaneous bowel movement, during same week (composite), for ≥6 of 12 weeks. Secondary endpoints included sustained response (overall response, plus meeting weekly composite criteria during ≥2 of last 4 treatment weeks) and changes from baseline in individual symptoms. Safety assessments included adverse event monitoring. Results: Overall, 2176 patients (74.0% female; mean [SD] age, 43.5 [14.1] years) were included in efficacy analyses (plecanatide 3 mg [n = 724], 6 mg [n = 723], placebo [n = 729]). A significantly greater percentage of patients achieved overall response with plecanatide 3 mg (25.6%) and 6 mg (26.7%) versus placebo (16.0%; both P < 0.001 vs placebo). A significantly greater percentage of patients were sustained responders with plecanatide 3 mg (24.3%) and 6 mg (25.6%) versus placebo (15.6%; both P < 0.001 vs placebo). Significant improvements from baseline in abdominal discomfort, abdominal fullness, abdominal pain, bloating, and cramping occurred as early as Week 1 (Week 2 for abdominal pain) with plecanatide and were maintained through Week 12 versus placebo. Diarrhea, the most common adverse event, occurred in 4.3% (3 mg), 4.0% (6 mg) and 1.0% (placebo) of patients, leading to study discontinuation in 1.2%, 1.4%, and 0 patients, respectively. Conclusion: Plecanatide is safe and effective for treating global and individual IBS-C symptoms.

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BACKGROUND: Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), are associated with psychological abnormalities, such as anxiety and depression. Though the data on this are plenty in global literature, Indian data are sparse. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of Indian data on anxiety and depression among patients with IBS to estimate their pooled prevalence and to identify the shortcomings so that future areas of research can be identified. METHOD: A comprehensive literature search was performed for studies applying tests for psychological issues in patients with IBS. After applying prospectively decided exclusion criteria, the eligible papers were examined using a meta-analysis approach for the prevalence of anxiety and depression in IBS patients using different tests. The odds ratios (OR) of anxiety and depression among subjects with IBS were calculated compared to controls. RESULTS: Of seven studies (590 IBS patients and 1520 controls) included in the meta-analysis, the pooled OR of anxiety was 8.060 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.007-16.213) as compared to controls (random-effect model). The pooled OR of depression was 7.049 (95% CI 3.281-15.147) compared to controls (random-effect model). There was significant heterogeneity in the included studies. CONCLUSION: The current meta-analysis shows that the patients with IBS from India have eightfold greater risks of anxiety and sevenfold greater risks of depression than the controls. However, most of these data were from tertiary urban centers, and hence, there might be recruitment bias over-estimating the frequency.

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BACKGROUND: Functional gastrointestinal disorders are a common but challenging set of conditions to treat. Gastroenterology practices often struggle to meet the needs of patients with functional disorders given the need for careful monitoring, frequent communication, and management of stressors that occur outside of the clinical setting. In recent years, applications in digital health have created a new set of tools that can improve the care of these patients, including through improved symptom tracking, physiologic monitoring, direct provision of care, and patient support. PURPOSE: The purpose of this review is to evaluate how digital applications are being used to manage functional gastrointestinal disorders today, with several examples of relevant technologies and organizations. It also the shortcomings of current treatment strategies and how they can be overcome.

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Objective: Abdominal pain-related Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction (DGBIs) in children are best understood from a biopsychosocial model, including particular attention to the child's environment. Interventions have begun to increasingly target parents as important agents of change in this population. The purpose of this manuscript is to summarize the evolution of parent-targeted interventions for pediatric pain-related DGBIs and provide recommendations for application of the model to clinical practice. Methods: A topical review of literature regarding parent-targeted interventions and related factors in the treatment of pediatric pain-related DGBIs was conducted, followed by a discussion of these findings to clinical practice settings. Results: A growing body of research has supported parent-targeted interventions in the treatment of pediatric pain-related disorders of gut-brain interactions (DGBI), although translation of these findings to practice settings is complicated by numerous factors. Strategies for obtaining physician buy-in and parental engagement are discussed, as are potential logistical considerations of multiple caregivers, child age, and billing considerations. Conclusions: There is a promising and growing evidence-base for parent-targeted interventions for pain-related DGBIs, which have not yet been widely adopted into clinical practice recommendations. Engaging all stake-holders and attending to the nuances of this approach are recommended to successfully apply parent-targeted interventions into clinical practice settings.

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The concept that sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) can cause attacks of biliary-type pain in postcholecystectomy patients and those with unexplained recurrent acute pancreatitis, and that endoscopic sphincterotomy can ameliorate symptoms, remains unproven. The Evaluating Predictors and Interventions in Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction (EPISOD) study of patients without objective evidence for biliary obstruction showed no difference in outcomes between those who underwent sphincterotomy or sham treatment.1 To date, there have been no studies examining the characteristics of patients who still are being offered endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for SOD since the EPISOD publication, although the absolute number appears to have declined.2.

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This article offers a framework in history taking for functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). Clinicians rely on history taking and knowledge of the latest 'Rome IV criteria' rather than biomarkers to make a positive diagnosis of FGIDs. Improving one's history-taking skills is imperative, as early diagnosis can improve patient outcomes by avoiding over investigation and/or chronicity.Our suggested structure for history taking adopts the bio-psycho-social model of disease. We describe the assessment of gastrointestinal symptoms with open and closed questions, the importance of ruling out 'alarm' signs or symptoms, the use of a multi-system approach to identify coexisting functional disorders and eliciting patients' nutritional history. We explore the increased psychological comorbidity present in FGIDs and the significance of the social history in identify predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating and protective factors, which will ultimately guide treatment recommendations.We believe history taking should be used to build rapport with patients while, at the same time, validating their problems and reducing stigma. Reattribution of symptoms is then achieved through education of the gut-brain axis and can be used to provide reassurance to patients at the first encounter. Success of treatment depends on engagement and acceptance of such explanations.

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BACKGROUND & AIMS: Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States. We investigated the prevalence of postinfection irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) in a cohort with culture-confirmed Campylobacter cases; risk factors for PI-IBS based on clinical factors; and shifts in IBS patterns postinfection in patients with pre-existing IBS. METHODS: The Minnesota Department of Health collects data on symptoms and exposures upon notification of Campylobacter cases. From 2011 through 2019, we sent surveys (the Rome III and IBS symptom severity surveys) to 3586 patients 6 to 9 months after Campylobacter infection. The prevalence of PI-IBS was estimated and risk factors were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 1667 responders to the survey, 249 of whom had pre-existing IBS. Of the 1418 responders without pre-existing IBS, 301 (21%) subsequently developed IBS. Most of these individuals had IBS-mixed (54%), followed by IBS-diarrhea (38%), and IBS-constipation (6%). The mean IBS symptom severity score was 218 (indicating moderate severity). Female sex, younger age, bloody stools, abdominal cramps, and hospitalization during acute enteritis were associated with increased risk, whereas fever was protective for the development of PI-IBS. Antibiotic use and exposure patterns were similar between PI-IBS and control groups. Among patients with IBS-mixed or IBS-diarrhea before infection, 78% retained their subtypes after infection. In contrast, only 50% of patients with IBS-constipation retained that subtype after infection, whereas 40% transitioned to IBS-mixed. Of patients with pre-existing IBS, 38% had increased frequency of abdominal pain after Campylobacter infection. CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort of patients with Campylobacter infection in Minnesota, 21% developed PI-IBS; most cases reported mixed IBS or diarrhea of moderate severity. Demographic and clinical factors during acute enterocolitis are associated with PI-IBS development. Campylobacter infection also can result in a switch of a pre-existing IBS phenotype.

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BACKGROUND: A Giardia outbreak in Bergen, Norway, caused postinfectious functional gastrointestinal disorders (PI-FGIDs). Despite the devastating effects of this outbreak, it presented a unique chance to investigate the implication on the dysregulation of genetic pathways in PI-FGID. METHODS: We performed the first comparative expression profiling of miRNAs and their potential target genes in microdissected rectal biopsies from 20 Giardia-induced PI-FGID patients vs 18 healthy controls by nCounter analysis. Subsequently, candidates were validated on protein level by immunostaining. KEY RESULTS: miRNA profiling on rectal biopsy samples from 5 diarrhea-predominant PI-IBS cases compared to 10 healthy controls revealed differential expression in the epithelial layer. The top five regulated miRNAs were implicated in GI disease, inflammatory response, and immunological disease. Subsequently, these miRNAs and 100 potential mRNA targets were examined in 20 PI-FGID cases and 18 healthy controls in both the mucosal epithelium and the lamina propria. Although deregulation of the selected miRNAs could not be verified in the larger sample set, mRNAs involved in barrier function were downregulated in the epithelium. Pro-inflammatory genes and genes implicated in epigenetic modifications were upregulated in the lamina propria. Immunostaining for selected candidates on 17 PI-FGID cases and 16 healthy controls revealed increased tryptase levels as well as a decreased and aberrant subcellular expression of occludin. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: Genes relevant to immune and barrier function as well as stress response and epigenetic modulation are differentially expressed in PI-FGIDs and may contribute to disease manifestation.

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BACKGROUND: The symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) lead to considerable impairment of health-related quality of life and high health care costs. Available therapies are not efficient in treating the symptoms of IBS. Studies have shown the beneficial effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856. Therefore, this study was done to evaluate the efficacy and safety of S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 in the treatment of IBS. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. One hundred newly diagnosed subjects with IBS were subgrouped into IBS-D, IBS-C, and IBS-M and then randomized to the S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 and placebo groups. Saccharomyces cerevisiae/placebo was administered in addition to standard treatment for a period of 8 weeks. Subjects were assessed for improvement of abdominal pain and change in stool consistency using a 7-point Likert scale and Bristol stool scale respectively. RESULTS: The mean reduction of abdominal pain score in the S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 group was statistically significant when compared with the placebo group (p < 0.001). Similar improvement was also seen in the subgroups. Improvement in stool consistency in IBS-D subgroup at the end of treatment period was found to be statistically significant in S. cerevisiae group when compared to that of placebo (p < 0.001). A similar improvement was seen in the IBS-C and IBS-M subgroups. No serious adverse events were recorded in both groups. CONCLUSION: The use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 in IBS at a dose of 2 billion CFU twice daily for 8 weeks has shown to have an improvement in abdominal pain and stool consistency due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in subjects with IBS.

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Introduction: Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is an under recognized entity causing significant impact on patient's lifestyle. CVS is characterized by recurrent episodes of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting leading to many emergency department presentations prior to diagnosis. Patients often have lengthy delays in starting appropriate therapy leading to significant physical and financial hardship. Most cases of cyclic vomiting syndrome are reversible by managing risk factors and starting on appropriate treatment.Areas covered: This review covers the diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatment for CVS and provides a valuable resource for clinicians to review and help with managing this challenging syndrome. The latest literature regarding the diagnosis and management of CVS is summarized.Expert Opinion: The direction for future research in CVS and insights to managing CVS are summarized. The role of pain that can be frequently controlled by tricyclic antidepressants and lorazepam suggests a central nervous system (CNS) origin. A standardized treatment regimen for CVS must be implemented as patients do respond to current therapies but there is often a significant delay in initiation of treatment. Reviewed recent data looking at MRI brain changes in patients with CVS that may lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease.

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BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is associated with reduced quality of life and high healthcare costs. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors for IBS in a general adult population. METHODS: The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) is a population-based cohort study in northeastern Germany. SHIP-Trend-0 participants enrolled from 2008 to 2012 were grouped according to Rome III criteria (main criteria: abdominal discomfort or crampy or bloating pain for at least six months plus 2/3 additional criteria). Factors associated with IBS were assessed using survey-weighted backward stepwise logistic regression. KEY RESULTS: The final data set included 4194 records. IBS prevalence was 3.5% (3.0%-4.2%). Unemployment (OR: 2.02, 1.26-3.21), headaches (OR: 2.37, 1.59-3.52), mental quality of life (OR: 0.95 per unit increase, 0.93-0.97), and interactions between gender and physical quality of life (P = 0.004) and gender and alexithymia (P = 0.002) predicted IBS probability. The model resulted in a good discrimination (area under the curve = 75.4%) and model fit (F = 0.72, P = 0.69). History of depression (OR: 2.77, 1.94-3.95), back pain (OR: 2.38, 1.69-3.35), early trauma (OR: 1.03, 1.02-1.04), and duration of inpatient treatment within the last twelve months (OR: 1.02, 1.01-1.04) lost their significance in multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: IBS prevalence was relatively low compared to other studies. Factors predicting IBS were of biological, psychological, and social nature. The association between IBS and pain in different areas of the body indicates a potential underlying complex somatic symptom disorder.

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Alterations in fractional anisotropy (FA) have been considered to reflect microstructural white matter (WM) changes in disease conditions; however, no study to date has examined WM changes using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The objective of the present study was two-fold: (1) to determine whether differences in FA, and other non-FA metrics, were present in adolescents with IBS compared to healthy controls using whole-brain, region of interest (ROI)-restricted tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and canonical ROI DTI analyses for the cingulum bundle, and (2) to determine whether these metrics were related to clinical measures of disease duration and pain intensity in the IBS group. A total of 16 adolescents with a Rome III diagnosis of IBS (females = 12; mean age = 16.29, age range: 11.96-18.5 years) and 16 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (females = 12; mean age = 16.24; age range: 11.71-20.32 years) participated in this study. Diffusion-weighted images were acquired using a Siemens 3-T Trio Tim Syngo MRI scanner with a 32-channel head coil. The ROI-restricted TBSS and canonical ROI-based DTI analyses revealed that adolescents with IBS showed decreased FA in the right dorsal cingulum bundle compared to controls. No relationship between FA and disease severity measures was found. Microstructural WM alterations in the right dorsal cingulum bundle in adolescents with IBS may reflect a premorbid brain state or the emergence of a disease-driven process that results from complex changes in pain- and affect-related processing via spinothalamic and corticolimbic pathways.

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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: While dietary and medical treatments are beneficial for specific GI symptoms for some IBS patients, they have an unsatisfactory track record for the full range of GI symptoms for more severe patients. A number of psychological interventions have been developed over the past two decades to help patients' self-manage symptoms. This review discusses the last 5 years of research on psychological treatments, with a focus on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and hypnosis. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent systematic reviews indicate that psychological interventions are efficacious and their gains are maintained long-term. Treatment gains are not a function of the number of sessions. Psychological interventions are at least moderately efficacious treatments for IBS symptoms. Of different psychotherapies, CBT and hypnosis appear efficacious in minimal-contact formats (e.g., fewer sessions, phone contact). Research is still needed to identify theoretically relevant active ingredients that underlie treatment effects.

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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of the review was to provide an update of the Rome IV criteria for colorectal disorders with implications for clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS: The Rome diagnostic criteria are expert consensus criteria for diagnosing functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The current version, Rome IV, was released in May of 2016 after Rome III had been in effect for a decade. It is the collective product of committees that included more than 100 leading functional GI experts. For functional bowel and anorectal disorders, the majority of changes relative to Rome III are relatively minor and will have little impact on clinical practice. However, notable changes with potential impact on clinical practice and research include the changes in the diagnostic criteria for IBS, the modified approach for subtyping of IBS, the view on functional bowel disorders as a spectrum of disorders, and the new definition of fecal incontinence. New features in the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for functional bowel and anorectal disorders will likely have modest influence on clinical practice, with a few exceptions.

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BACKGROUND: It is unknown why functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) overlap and limited information exists on risk factors for those with overlap. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence of combinations of FGIDs including reflux (FGIDs-gastroesophageal reflux [GER]), and evaluate potential risk factors for people with multiple disorders in a representative US community. METHODS: A population-based study was conducted by mailing a valid GI symptom questionnaire to an age- and gender-stratified random sample of residents of Olmsted County, MN. Rome III definitions were used to identify people with FGIDs, and GER was defined by weekly or more frequent heartburn or acid regurgitation. The prevalence of people meeting multiple symptom complexes was estimated. Moreover, potential risk factors for people with multiple disorders were evaluated. KEY RESULTS: A total of 3548 people provided data for each of the necessary symptom questions (mean age: 61±16 years, 54% female). Among these 3548 subjects, 2009 (57%) had no FGIDs-GER, 906 (26%) had a pure FGID-GER, 372 (10%) had 2 FGIDs-GER, and 261 (7%) had 3 or more FGIDs-GER. Somatization as assessed by a higher Somatic Symptom Checklist score (OR=3.3, 95% CI [2.7,4.1]) was associated with an increased odds for those with 3 or more FGIDs-GER compared to subjects with a pure FGID-GER adjusting for age and gender. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: Symptom complex overlap is common rather than rare in the community. GER is an integral symptom complex associated with both upper and lower FGIDs. Somatization is a strong risk factor for multiple FGIDs.

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BACKGROUND AND AIM: Information on real world treatment experiences of patients with functional bowel disorders is lacking from Asia. This study aimed to describe the medication exposure and treatment satisfaction of patients presenting to gastroenterology clinics across a sampling of Asian cities. METHODS: From March 2011 to October 2013, adult patients presenting to hospital-based gastroenterology outpatient clinics in 11 cities across Asia, who fulfilled screening criteria for any functional gastrointestinal disorder, were asked to complete a validated culturally adapted translation of the Rome III diagnostic questionnaire, a checklist of medications received in the preceding 3 months and questions on treatment satisfaction. RESULTS: A total of 1376 patients (female 755, male 621, 41.36 ± 13.25 years) comprising irritable bowel (621, 45.1%), unspecified functional bowel disorder (372, 27.8%), functional constipation (202, 14.7%), functional bloating (144, 10.5%), and functional diarrhea (56, 4.1%) completed the study. Of 1105 patients with a previous consultation, 509 (46.1%) were dissatisfied with their treatment, with ineffective treatment being the commonest reason. Satisfaction with previous consultation was lowest by diagnosis for functional constipation (29.2%), and the most bothersome symptom was straining (37.5%). Of 1046 patients who had taken medications for their gastrointestinal symptoms in the last 3 months, 793 (75.8%) had received two or more drugs. For irritable bowel syndrome patients, treatment with proton pump inhibitors and antispasmodics was recorded in 57% and 31%, with overlapping epigastric pain and heartburn predicting proton pump inhibitors use. CONCLUSIONS: More attention should be given to treatment gaps with regards to possible under-treatment with antispasmodics in irritable bowel syndrome and to critically evaluating the efficacy of constipation management.

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