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After studying a list of words that are semantically associated to a critical lure, participants are more likely to attribute a falsely recognised critical lure to the context of its strong than weak semantic associates. This is known as the source-strength effect. The current study investigated the roles of automatic and controlled processing in context retrieval in false recognition that is demonstrated by the source-strength effect. The results revealed that the source-strength effect was impervious to forewarning (Experiment 1) and remained intact when attentional resources at encoding were reduced (Experiment 2), suggesting that context retrieval in false recognition is based on automatic processes that are not amenable to conscious control and do not require many attentional resources. This interpretation is consistent with the associative activation theory, which proposes that context retrieval in false recognition is based on memory associations between contexts and critical lures that are automatically created when critical lures become automatically activated via spreading activation process.

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People often continue to rely on certain information in their reasoning, even if this information has been retracted; this is called the continued influence effect (CIE) of misinformation. One technique for reducing this effect involves explicitly warning people that there is a possibility that they might have been misled. The present study aimed to investigate these warnings' effectiveness, depending on when they were given (either before or after misinformation). In two experiments (N = 337), we found that while a forewarning did reduce reliance on misinformation, retrospectively warned participants (when the warning was placed either between the misinformation and the retraction or just before testing) relied on the misinformation to a similar degree as unwarned participants. However, the protective effect of the forewarning was not durable, as shown by the fact that reliance on the misinformation increased for over 7 days following the first testing, despite continued memory of the retraction.

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BACKGROUND: Serum anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO) and anti-thyroglobulin antibody (anti-Tg) levels are key indicators for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, especially autoimmune thyroiditis. Before the thyroid autoantibodies turn from negative to positive, it is unknown whether any clinical indicators in the body play a warning role. PURPOSE: To establish an early prediction model of seroconversion to positive thyroid autoantibodies. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study collected information based on clinical laboratory data. A logistic regression model was used to analyse the risk factors associated with a change in thyroid autoantibodies to an abnormal status. A machine-learning approach was employed to establish an early warning model, and a nomogram was used for model performance assessment and visualisation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analyses were used for internal and external validation. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis revealed that albumin to globulin ratio, triglyceride levels, and Glutamic acid levels among liver function and some metabolism-related indicators, high density lipoprotein C among metabolism-related indicators, and cystatin C among renal function indicators were all risk factors for thyroid antibody conversion (P < 0.05). In addition, several indicators in the blood count correlated with thyroid conversion (P < 0.05). Changes in the ratio of free thyroxine to free triiodothyronine were a risk factor for positive thyroid antibody conversion (ORfT4/fT3 = 1.763; 95% confidence interval 1.554-2.000). The area under the curve (AUC) of the early warning model based on the positive impact of clinical laboratory indicators, age, and sex was 0.85, which was validated by both internal (AUC 0.8515) and external (AUC 0.8378) validation. CONCLUSIONS: The early warning model of anti-TPO and anti-Tg conversion combined with some clinical laboratory indicators in routine physical examination has a stable warning efficiency.

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OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effect of online comments on smokers' attitude toward trying e-cigarettes. It also explored the effect of an unobtrusive forewarning in increasing smokers' resistance to online review fraud. DESIGN: 739 adult smokers participated in an experiment with a 2 comment valence (supportive vs. oppositional) x 3 comment deception warning (no warning vs. early warning vs. late warning) + 1 control (no comment) factorial design. Smokers watched two e-cigarette commercials. The control group received only the ads. The treatment groups saw 10 to 12 comments following each ad.Main Outcome Measure: E-cigarette attitude. RESULTS: Smokers who read supportive (M = 5.28, SD = 1.37), oppositional (M = 4.96, SD = 1.53), and no comment (M = 5.44, SD = 1.20) showed significant difference on their e-cigarettes attitude, p = .004. When the comment climate was overly in favor of e-cigarettes, warning smokers of review fraud could raise their awareness of comment deception, increase defensive processing, decrease their social identification with commenters, and eventually lower their interest in trying e-cigarettes. CONCLUSION: The overall opinion climate in the form of aggregated valence of comments could sway smokers' e-cigarette attitude. Smokers could benefit from warnings of online review fraud.

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ABSTRACT Background: Athletics plays a very important role in competitive sports. The strength of track and field directly represents the level of a country's sports competition. Objective: This work aimed to study the track and field sports forewarning model based on radial basis function (RBF) neural networks. One hundred outstanding athletes were taken as the research objects. The questionnaire survey method was adopted to count athletes' injury risk factors, and coaches were consulted to evaluate the questionnaire's overall quality, structure, and content. Methods: A track and field early warning model based on RBF neural network is established, and the results are analyzed. Results: The results showed that the number of people who thought the questionnaire was relatively complete (92%) was considerably higher than that of very complete (2%) and relatively complete (6%) (P<0.05). The number of people who thought that the questionnaire structure was relatively perfect (45%) was notably higher than that of the very perfect (18%) (P<0.05). The semi-reliability test result suggested that the questionnaire reliability was 0.85. Tests on ten samples showed that the RBF neural network model error and the actual results were basically controlled between −0.04~0.04. Conclusions: After the sample library test, the track and field sports forewarning model under RBF neural network can obtain relatively favorable results. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Antecedentes: O atletismo desempenha um papel muito importante nos esportes competitivos. A força do atletismo representa diretamente o nível de competição esportiva de um país. Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o modelo de advertência em esportes de atletismo baseado em redes neurais de função de base radial (RBF). 100 atletas de destaque foram tomados como objetos de pesquisa. O método de pesquisa por questionário foi adotado para contar os fatores de risco de lesões dos atletas e os treinadores foram consultados para avaliar a qualidade geral, estrutura e conteúdo do questionário. Métodos: Um modelo de alerta precoce de pista e campo baseado na rede neural RBF é estabelecido e os resultados são analisados. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que o número de pessoas que consideraram o questionário relativamente completo (92%) foi consideravelmente maior do que o de muito completo (2%) e relativamente completo (6%) (P <0,05). O número de pessoas que pensaram que a estrutura do questionário era relativamente perfeita (45%) foi notavelmente maior do que a das muito perfeitas (18%) (P <0,05). O resultado do teste de semifiabilidade sugeriu que a confiabilidade do questionário foi de 0,85. Testes em 10 amostras mostraram que o erro entre o modelo de rede neural RBF e os resultados reais foi basicamente controlado entre −0,04 ~ 0,04. Conclusões: Após o teste da biblioteca de amostras, o modelo de advertência em esportes de atletismo sob a rede neural RBF pode obter resultados relativamente favoráveis. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos- investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: el atletismo juega un papel muy importante en los deportes competitivos. La fuerza de la pista y el campo representa directamente el nivel de competición deportiva de un país. Objetivo: Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar el modelo de alerta de los deportes de pista y campo basado en redes neuronales de función de base radial (RBF). Se tomaron como objeto de investigación 100 atletas destacados. Se adoptó el método de encuesta de cuestionario para contar los factores de riesgo de lesiones de los atletas y se consultó a los entrenadores para evaluar la calidad general, la estructura y el contenido del cuestionario. Métodos: Se establece un modelo de alerta temprana de pista y campo basado en la red neuronal RBF y se analizan los resultados. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que el número de personas que pensaban que el cuestionario era relativamente completo (92%) era considerablemente mayor que el de muy completo (2%) y relativamente completo (6%) (P <0,05). El número de personas que pensaba que la estructura del cuestionario era relativamente perfecta (45%) fue notablemente superior al de los muy perfectos (18%) (P <0,05). El resultado de la prueba de semifiabilidad sugirió que la confiabilidad del cuestionario era 0,85. Las pruebas en 10 muestras mostraron que el error entre el modelo de red neuronal RBF y los resultados reales se controló básicamente entre −0,04 ~ 0,04. Conclusiones: Después de la prueba de la biblioteca de muestras, el modelo de advertencia de deportes de pista y campo bajo la red neuronal RBF puede obtener resultados relativamente favorables. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos- investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

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BACKGROUND: Cancer is one of the most common causes of death. The period of time between receiving a terminal diagnosis of cancer and the death of a loved one has been operationalized as pre-loss grief and, more recently, as preparedness for death. Originally, grief before loss was thought to have positive effects on the bereavement outcome, but some studies have revealed contradictory findings. This systematic review investigates definitions and measurement tools of pre-loss grief and preparedness for death, as well as the associations of both constructs with caregiver characteristics, pre-loss psychological aspects and post-loss adjustment among caregivers of people living with terminal cancer. METHODS: PubMed/Medline, PsycINFO and Web of Science were searched for studies published up until October 2020. Quantitative empirical studies from peer reviewed journals were included if a measurement tool for pre-loss grief or preparedness for death was used and if they focused on adult caregivers of adult people with cancer in an end-of-life trajectory and were excluded when they were not written in English or were descriptive/qualitative studies. Quality assessment of all studies was performed. RESULTS: Most studies used convenience samples and had a mean number of 725 participants. Overall, 16,326 participants in 35 articles were included and narratively synthesized. High levels of pre-loss grief, as well as low levels of perceived preparedness for death, were associated with poor post-loss adjustment (e.g., prolonged grief, depressive symptoms, etc.). CONCLUSIONS: Caregivers with high levels of pre-loss grief and low levels of preparedness for the death of their loved one would benefit from targeted support for post-loss adjustment. Results are limited by an inconsistent operationalization of both constructs.

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Animal disease surveillance encompasses systematic collection of long-term data on disease events, risk factors and other relevant parameters followed by analyzing the same with reference to temporal and spatial characteristics to arrive at a conclusion so that necessary preventive measures can be taken. In India, the animal disease surveillance is done through National Animal Disease Reporting System, which is a web-based information technology system for disease reporting from States and Union Territories with the aim to record, monitor livestock disease situation and to initiate the preventive and curative action in a swift manner during disease emergencies. National Animal Disease Referral Expert System is a dynamic geographic information system and remote sensing-enabled expert system that captures an incidence of 13 economically important livestock diseases from all over the country and also provides livestock disease forecasting. The laboratories under State and Central governments, several research institutes under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and veterinary colleges are involved in livestock disease diagnosis including zoonotic diseases. An integrated surveillance system is necessary for early detection of emerging/zoonotic diseases in humans. This review provides information on disease reporting and surveillance systems in animal health sector and the need for One Health approach to improve and strengthen the zoonotic disease surveillance system in India.

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Objective:To construct the forewarning model of drug shortage in Shanxi province, so as to realize the early prediction of drug shortage.Methods:According to the drug shortage of data of each monitoring station in Shanxi province, from the four dimensions of drug factors, policy attributes, supplier factors and demander factors, 14 factors were selected for grey correlation analysis, for example whether they were urgent drugs for women and children, shortage types, etc. The main factors affecting the degree of drug shortage were selected, and the early warning analysis model based on two-step cluster analysis method was established.Results:A total of six factors with the highest correlation with the degree of drug shortage were determined in this study, in order: whether they were urgent drugs for women and children, shortage types, low-price drugs, the number of moving annual total monitoring enterprises in sale in the current month, shortage reasons, and whether they were basic drugs. Based on the two-step cluster analysis, a model of drug shortage forewarning in Shanxi Province was established, which was divided into four optimal clusters and the warning level was determined.Conclusions:This study establishes the early warning model of drug shortage in Shanxi province, which is helpful to find the risk of drug shortage as soon as possible, objectively predict the risk level, and assist the drug regulatory department to realize layered implementation and collaborative response.

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In mass media, the positions of science deniers and scientific-consensus advocates are repeatedly presented in a balanced manner. This false balance increases the spread of misinformation under the guise of objectivity. Weight-of-evidence strategies are an alternative, in which journalists lend weight to each position that is equivalent to the amount of evidence that supports the position. In public discussions, journalists can invite more advocates of scientific consensuses than science deniers (outnumbering) or they can employ warnings about the false-balance effect prior to the discussions (forewarning). In three pre-registered laboratory experiments, we tested the efficacy of outnumbering and forewarning as weight-of-evidence strategies to mitigate science deniers' influence on individuals' attitudes towards vaccination and their intention to vaccinate. We explored whether advocates' responses to science deniers (rebuttal) and audiences' issue involvement moderate the efficacy of these strategies. A total of N = 887 individuals indicated their attitudes towards vaccination and their intention to vaccinate before and after watching a television (TV) discussion. The presence and absence of forewarning, outnumbering and rebuttal were manipulated between subjects; participants also indicated their individual issue involvement. We obtained no evidence that outnumbering mitigates damage from denialism, even when advocates served as multiple sources. However, forewarning about the false-balance effect mitigated deniers' negative effects. Moreover, the protective effect was independent of rebuttal and issue involvement. Thus, forewarnings can serve as an effective, economic and theory-driven strategy to counter science denialism in public discussions, at least for highly educated individuals such as university students.

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Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), is the most serious pest of Rapeseed-Mustard which is known to be responsible for a tremendous loss in yield and oil content, under various agro-climatic conditions of India. Information support on aphid occurrence and intensity is necessary for effective management by the farmers in the mustard-growing belt. In this study, an effort is made to develop forewarning model using the field data on aphid for 12 consecutive rabi seasons from 2003-2004 to 2014-2015 under different agro-climatic locations in India. Three main components of aphid-related stages were identified for which necessary forewarnings were needed to be issued: (1) severity, (2) the time of reaching the economic threshold level (ETL) for decision-making on pesticide application, and (3) time of occurrence of peak population. To address these, three different models were developed/used and validated using incident field dataset. Those field observations when the infestation level were below severe category (< 60) during rising phase of the aphid population were found to indicate highest R sqr. (0.82) for the model-I during validation. When model-II was used, 11 out of 14 locations (78.57%) stood validated. The assumptions made in model-III also got validated when humidity thermal ratio (HTR) of the week of peak population ranged between 1.5 and 4 (lowest among the weeks considered), and population reached severe category. The models showed better results during real-time validation in seasons 2016-2017 and 2017-2018, thus suggesting that these three models can be used to ascertain the severity, week of ETL, and week of peak aphid population for Brassica juncea varieties all over the mustard belt in India and can be operationalized spatially to forewarn against the aphid pest population in future under Gramin Krishi Mausam Sewa (GKMS) scheme.

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Percheron infarction, arising from occlusion of the Artery of Percheron, is few, which can result in bilateral thalamic and mesencephalic infarctions. We herein showcase a confirmed case of the Percheron infarction at the admission day, in which the patient advanced into severe multiple posterior circulation infarcts, along with petechial hemorrhage within the infarcts, even given the right therapy without delay. It reminds us that whether we could or should take this special infarction as a forewarning of more harmful infarcts getting in the way, or at least a precaution of poor vessel condition.

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Cadmium (Cd) pollution of rice grain caused by Cd-contaminated soils is a common problem in southwest and central south China. In this study, utilizing the advantages of the Bayes classification statistical method, we established a risk forewarning model for rice grain Cd pollution, and put forward two parameters (the prior probability factor and data variability factor). The sensitivity analysis of the model parameters illustrated that sample size and standard deviation influenced the accuracy and applicable range of the model. The accuracy of the model was improved by the self-renewal of the model through adding the posterior data into the priori data. Furthermore, this method can be used to predict the risk probability of rice grain Cd pollution under similar soil environment, tillage and rice varietal conditions. The Bayes approach thus represents a feasible method for risk forewarning of heavy metals pollution of agricultural products caused by contaminated soils.

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As heavy media users, adolescents are frequently exposed to embedded advertising formats such as brand placements. Because this may lead to unwitting persuasion, regulations prescribe disclosure of brand placements. This study aimed to increase our understanding of the effects of disclosing television brand placements and disclosure duration on adolescents' persuasion knowledge (i.e., recognition of brand placement as being advertising, understanding that brand placement has a persuasive intent and critical attitude toward brand placement) and brand responses (i.e., brand memory and brand attitude). To do so, an earlier study that was conducted among adults was replicated among adolescents aged 13-17 years (N = 221, 44 % female). The present study shows that brand placement disclosure had limited effects on adolescents' persuasion knowledge as it only affected adolescents' understanding of persuasive intent, did not mitigate persuasion, but did increase brand memory. These findings suggest that brand placement disclosure has fundamentally different effects on adolescents than on adults: the disclosures had less effects on activating persuasion knowledge and mitigating persuasion among adolescents than among adults. Implications for advertising disclosure regulation and consequences for advertisers are discussed.

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This study investigated whether a forewarning of advertising's intent can increase children's (N = 159, 8-10 years old) defenses against television commercials to lower their desire for advertised products. Two different forewarnings were tested, one for advertising's commercial intent or warning for the promotional nature, and one for advertising's manipulative intent or warning for the deceptive nature. Results showed that only the warning of manipulative intent prior to advertising exposure was successful in increasing children's advertising defenses. This forewarning activated children's attitudinal advertising literacy (i.e., skepticism toward the commercial), which in turn led to lower advertised product desire. The forewarning of commercial intent was not effective in strengthening children's advertising defenses. These findings have important implications for interventions that aim to lower children's desire for (unhealthy) advertised products by activating their advertising literacy.

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OBJECTIVE: Caregivers of terminally ill patients may experience anticipatory grief or low levels of preparedness for the patient's impending death. Both concepts are related to a forewarning of the impending loss. Anticipatory grief has been suggested to be grief work before the loss, which would improve bereavement outcome, but recent studies indicate a negative impact. Hence, this review systematically investigates key issues relating to anticipatory grief and preparedness for the death; definitions, measurement tools, and potential effects on caregiver outcome. METHODS: We used a systematic approach (PRISMA statement). Databases were searched for publications during 1990-2015. Studies on adult caregivers of terminally ill adult patients were included if anticipatory grief or preparedness was assessed by a measurement tool. RESULTS: Anticipatory grief was captured in the definition "pre-loss grief." High levels of grief and low levels of preparedness during caregiving were associated with poor bereavement outcome such as complicated grief. CONCLUSIONS: The assumptions that grief work before the loss would alleviate bereavement outcome was not confirmed. Thus, the concept of anticipatory grief is questioned. High preparedness was associated with improved caregiver outcome. Additional support should be given to caregivers with pre-loss grief and low preparedness.

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Telemarketing fraud is pervasive and older consumers are disproportionally targeted. Given laboratory research showing that forewarning can effectively counter influence appeals, we conducted a field experiment to test whether forewarning could protect people who had been victimized in the past. A research assistant with prior experience as a telemarketer pitched a mock scam two or four weeks after participants were warned about the same scam or an entirely different scam. Both warnings reduced unequivocal acceptance of the mock scam although outright refusals (as opposed to expressions of skepticism) were more frequent with the same scam warning than the different scam warning. The same scam warning, but not the different scam warning, lost effectiveness over time. Findings demonstrate that social psychological research can inform effective protection strategies against telemarketing fraud.

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OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of qulity control in hospital infection management.METHODS The data were collected in 2005-2007.The mean,standard deviation s,95% confidence interval(? 1.96 s) and 99% confidence intervals(? 2.58 s) were calculated to determine the forewarning threshold value.RESULTS The burn department was under the threshold value(85.95) lower than the respiratory department(87.85) and neurosurgery department(86.90).After intervention,the management improved.CONCLUSIONS With the help of quality control to forewarning and regulation of hospital infection management the problems can be found out in time.It is valuable for preventing hospital infection outbreac.