RESUMEN

RESUMO Neste artigo, empregou-se um equipamento de monitoramento contínuo da floculação (EMCF) para melhor compreensão da coagulação e da floculação no tratamento de águas sintéticas sob diferentes mecanismos de coagulação, em escala de bancada. A água de estudo utilizada nos ensaios foi preparada em laboratório com a adição de uma solução de caulinita em água. Como agente coagulante foi utilizado sulfato de alumínio (SA) líquido, isento de ferro. A resposta do sinal com o tempo mostra três regiões distintas: uma região de crescimento, uma região de patamar e uma região de decaimento. Ao longo do presente trabalho, constatou-se que o índice de floculação (IF) se mostrou adequado para otimizar a floculação tanto pela seleção do pH quanto pela dosagem do coagulante. O pH e as dosagens ótimas, obtidos por meio do ensaio de jarros, estiveram relacionados às maiores variações de IF. O IF médio ( IF ) mostrou-se adequado para antecipar a dosagem ótima a partir de 3 minutos de floculação, e a inclinação da reta de melhor ajuste mostrou-se adequada para estimar a cinética da floculação.

ABSTRACT In this article, a continuous flocculation-monitoring equipment (CFME) was employed to better understand coagulation and flocculation in the treatment of synthetic water under different coagulation mechanisms, on a bench scale. The study water used in the tests was prepared in the laboratory with the addition of a solution of kaolinite in water. Liquid aluminum sulfate, free from iron, was used as a coagulant agent. The flocculation index (FI) measured over time was able to identify the regions of floc growth, plateau and decay. FI was found to be an adequate parameter for optimizing flocculation pH and coagulant dosage. Optimum pH and dosage, obtained in jar tests, were related to the largest variations in FI. The mean FI was found to be adequate for predicting optimum coagulant dosage in the first three minutes after flocculation, whereas the slope of the best-fit FI line was found to be suited for predicting flocculation kinetics.

RESUMEN

Although the treatment of natural surface waters by coagulation has been investigated extensively, the detailed interaction between natural organic matter and alum is still not adequately understood or predictable, owing to the complexity of different components of the organic matrix and the conditions during coagulation. In this paper, we present the results of a novel approach to the study of the topic, which involved the progressive separation of organic components according to size, followed by coagulation of the filtrate solution, in order to expose the influence of particular organic fractions. Using two natural water sources, representative of lake and river waters, solutions of different organic content were obtained by progressively filtering the source waters using membranes of decreasing pore size; viz. microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), and two grades of nanofiltration (NF). While MF had little impact on the range of organics present, UF was able to separate biopolymers (MW > 100 kDa), and NF had a substantially impact on the separation of medium-high MW (1-10 kDa) substances. The results of the coagulation tests showed that the size of flocs was substantially greater when biopolymers were present, suggesting their beneficial role in bridging precipitated Al(OH)3 nanoparticles. For the smaller organic fractions (<10 kDa), the results showed a trend of increasing floc size with decreasing organic MW and concentration, but the trend was minor and may be explained by charge effects. Very similar results were found with both water sources, which support the main finding that biopolymers have an important influence on floc formation.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

In this study, papermaking sludge was used as the raw biomass material to produce the lignin-based flocculant (LBF) by grafting quaternary ammonium groups and acrylamide. LBF was used as a coagulant aid with polyaluminum chloride (PAC) to treat reactive and disperse dyes wastewater. Effects of dosing method, pH, hardness and stirring speed on the coagulation behavior and floc properties were studied. Results showed that the superior coagulation efficiency and recovery factor were achieved by PAC+LBF compared with PAC and LBF+PAC. The primary mechanisms of LBF in the treatment of disperse and reactive dye solutions were charge neutralization and bridging effect, respectively. In the dual-coagulation, the impact of pH on the coagulation efficiency was weak during pH range of 5-9. Moderate hardness could enhance the floc properties due to the decrease of electrostatic repulsion and the chelation of Ca(II) and LBF. Besides, flocs coagulated by PAC+LBF had a stronger anti-crush ability.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

In full scale water treatment operation, the rapid filtration process, as the last step of solid-liquid separation, is largely influenced by floc characteristics. In this study, aluminium sulphate (alum) and nano-Al13 were investigated to understand the influence of coagulant species on the formation and filterability of flocs. At neutral pH, it was found that nano-Al13, a high MW polymer, showed better floc filterability than alum. This is because of the densely compacted and well-distributed size flocs from nano-Al13, even though floc sizes of alum were generally bigger. Al specie distributions of the two coagulants at different pH levels were compared by using electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) to further elucidate the reasons for the superiority of nano-Al13 in floc filterability. Depolymerisation/re-polymerisation of nano-Al13 occurred as pH changed, and Al species from nano-Al13were more abundant than that from alum, especially for the high molecular weight (MW) oligomers such as Al11, Al12, Al13 and Al14. Under the charge neutralisation mechanism, higher MW Al species was found to improve coagulation performance and floc filterability. In addition, breakage resistance and regrowth ability of nano-Al13 was better than alum, at weak acid condition. Flocs formed by the charge neutralisation mechanism readily regenerated after being thoroughly broken up. The floc regrowth ability of nano-Al13 at high shear rates (200 rpm and 300 rpm) was much better than at low shear and better than any shear applied to alum., and the flocs after breakage at 200 rpm and 300 rpm also showed better filterability than other conditions.

Asunto(s)