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This study aimed to characterize the anatomical and physiological features of pits and fissures in primary and permanent molars by microtomographic (micro-CT) examination and three-dimensional (3D) printing. The occlusal surfaces of 84 primary molars and 60 permanent third molars were examined. The samples were scanned with micro-CT and the occlusal surface separated. The areas of the crown, its occlusal part, and fissures and pits were calculated. Digital impression of the occlusal surface was created and 3D printed. The frequency of different fissure types was determined by direct observation. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using Mann-Whitney U Test and chi-square test (p < 0.05). There was statistically significant difference between the ratio of occlusal surface and the crown area for the molars in primary and permanent dentitions (24.78% and 28.85% respectively, p < 0.05). In terms of the percentage ratio of the fissure area to the occlusal surface (24.24% and 22.30%) and the fissure area to the crown (6.02% and 6.52%), no significant difference was observed (p > 0.05). V-shaped fissures were predominant in both primary and permanent teeth, with a higher occurrence in primary dentition (59.48%, p < 0.05). Permanent molars exhibited a higher prevalence of I-type and U-type fissure configurations compared to primary molars (p < 0.05), with I-type fissures being the least common in primary molars. In both dentitions there was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of IK-configuration (p > 0.05). The fissure depth was significantly greater in permanent molars than primary molars (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study revealed remarkable diversity in fissure morphology among primary and permanent molars.

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Introduction/background: The preventive benefits of pit and fissure sealants rely on their retention and sealing ability. The drawback of the conventional pit and fissure sealant is its poor retention due to the presence of moisture. Among the numerous pit and fissure sealants available, newer hydrophilic sealants are ideal for children. This study evaluates and compares the sealing ability of hydrophilic sealant Embrace WetBond with conventionally used glass ionomer sealant under a stereomicroscope. Materials and methods: A total of 48 extracted human premolars were randomly divided into two groups (N = 24) and sealed with Embrace WetBond and GC Fuji VII as per manufacturers' instructions. Following thermocycling, the sectioned samples were evaluated for sealant penetration, unfilled space, and total length of fissure under a stereomicroscope at magnifications 2.5×, 4×, and 5×. The values were measured in microns and in various fissure types using the "ImageJ app" to measure the sealant penetrability and sealing ability. The data recorded were statistically evaluated. Results: The penetrability of moisture-tolerant sealant was better (87.8 ± 10.7) compared to that of glass ionomer sealant (73.8 ± 15.5) (p = 0.002). Among the samples, U-type fissure patterns displayed greater penetrability (94.2 ± 6.2), whereas IK-type fissures revealed the lowest degree of penetrability (67.5 ± 7.3). Conclusion: Embrace WetBond is better than glass ionomer sealant with respect to penetrability and sealing ability under stereomicroscope hence recommended as a better sealant for pediatric clinical practice. How to cite this article: Priscilla S, Shivashankarappa PG, Mohandoss S, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Sealing Ability of Moisture-tolerant Sealant and Glass Ionomer Sealant Using Stereomicroscope: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-1):S67-S71.

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AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the depth of penetration as well as the microleakage of three different pit and fissure sealant materials employing the dye penetration method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty healthy human mandibular premolar teeth without dental caries that were extracted for orthodontic treatment constituted the study samples. These 60 premolar samples were subjected to an equal division (20 in every group) into three groups. Group I: self-adhering flowable composite, group II: flowable nanocomposites, group III: classical pit and fissure sealants. Every sample tooth underwent thermocycling amid 4°C ± 2°C and 60°C ± 2°C for 1,000 cycles. The samples were placed in 1% methylene blue solution for 24 hours to permit diffusion of the dye into probable gaps in between the restoration and the tooth. The teeth were sectioned and evaluated below a stereomicroscope at 10× magnification with image analysis software. RESULTS: Flowable nanocomposites (3.69 ± 0.10) exhibited a slightly greater mean depth of penetration as compared to classical pit and fissure sealants (3.58 ± 0.16) and self-adhering flowable composites (3.51 ± 0.13) in that order. This difference between the three sealants was not significant statistical. Amid the three sealant study groups, the lowest mean marginal microleakage was exhibited by the flowable nanocomposites (1.06 ± 0.03), followed by self-adhering flowable composites (1.98 ± 0.06), and classical pit and fissure sealants (2.74 ± 0.11). Analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences among the three sealants that were studied. CONCLUSION: This study concludes that flowable nanocomposites depicted enhanced penetration and reduced marginal leakage as compared to the self-adhering flowable composites and classical pit and fissure sealants. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: An efficient approach to preventing dental caries on the occlusal surfaces of teeth is the use of pit and fissure sealants. The efficiency of sealants chiefly depends on the morphological characteristics of the fissures and properties of dental materials used.

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BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to compare the adaptation of resin-based sealants with that of Resin modified glass ionome-based sealants in various tooth fissure morphologies. METHODS: It was an in vitro experimental study done at the Dow University and NED University, Karachi, Pakistan. Ten extracted human molars were randomly assigned to two groups, (n=5) each. Fissure sealant material (Resin based sealant or resin modified glass ionomer-based sealant) was applied on the occlusal surface of the tooth according to manufacturer's recommendations. Specimens were thermocycled and then sectioned into three longitudinal parts in the bucco- lingual direction. Specimens were examined using scanning electron microscope for the adaptation of the sealant in the occlusal fissure. Mann-Whitney -U test and Kruskall-Wallis test were applied to compare the adaptability scores of sealant materials in the tooth fissure. Level of significance was kept at 0.05. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the adaptability scores among U-shaped (p-value=0.35), V-shaped (p-value=0.89), IK-shaped (p-value=0.52), I-shaped (p-value- =0.41) and Y-shaped (p-value=1.00) fissure patterns. Similarly, there were no significant differences observed between the resin-based sealant (p-value=0.95) versus RMGIC based sealant (p-value=0.63) for the adaptability scores in various tooth fissure morphologies. CONCLUSIONS: No significant difference was found between resin-based sealants and resin modified glass ionomerbased sealants for the adaptation in various tooth fissure patterns.

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This study aimed to evaluate the association between the fissure depth (tooth morphology) of permanent molars and dental caries incidence with a five-year follow-up period. In total, 110 Mexican schoolchildren aged seven years were recruited at baseline, of which 88 children completed the follow-up assessments. The fissure depths of the first permanent lower molars were recorded, and dental caries [decayed, missing, and filled deciduous surfaces (dmfs) and decayed, missing, and filled permanent surfaces (DMFS)] was evaluated annually. A generalized estimating equation model was constructed for evaluating the association between dental caries and fissure depth. The initial and final DMFS scores were 0.02 (±0.2) and 1.55 (±2.49), respectively. The generalized estimating equation model showed that children with deep molar fissures were more likely to develop caries lesions, (Odds Ratio OR = 3.15, p = 0.028) compared to children with shallow fissures. Moreover, dental caries in primary teeth (OR = 1.07, p = 0.005) was associated with the development of carious lesions in the permanent dentition. Fissure depth was a useful predictor of dental caries, according to this five-year follow-up study. The detection of deep occlusal fissures in the lower first permanent molars could contribute to the identification of children at high risk of dental caries. Tooth morphology may be used to identify children at a higher caries risk, particularly in settings with limited resources.

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PURPOSE: The objective was to assess the effect of fissure depth and enamel surface preparation protocols on penetration of resin-based, giomer and glass-ionomer fissure sealants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety extracted third molars were assigned into three groups according to the material used. All three groups were subsequently divided depending on tooth preparation: no pretreatment or surface preparation with 10% polyacrylic acid, 37% phosphoric acid, or self-etching adhesive. In addition, Er,Cr:YSGG laser or air abrasion were employed in all subgroups. The penetration was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: The groups that were pretreated with an appropriate acid resulted in superior penetration of glass-ionomer and resin-based sealants when compared with other surface preparation protocols (p < 0.05). The exception was teeth treated with both air abrasion and acid etching. Both preparation protocol and fissure depth significantly affected the sealant penetration (p < 0.05), but fissure depth had a greater impact on fissure penetration than did enamel surface pretreatment. CONCLUSION: All investigated materials exhibit similar properties regarding sealant penetration. Penetration of a fissure sealant is significantly influenced by the fissure depth. In regard to enamel surface preparation protocol, a pretreatment with phosphoric acid in resin-based and polyacrylic acid in glass-ionomers appears to be essential in obtaining the adequate penetration of a sealing material.

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