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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women and the vertical transmission of the disease. METHODS: Observational studies were identified from eight electronic databases, and details on study design, population and prevalence of Chagas disease were extracted. The data were pooled using a random-effects model, and choropleth maps were created based on geopolitical regions and countries. RESULTS: The search identified 7788 articles, of which 50 were eligible. We observed a 9% prevalence of Chagas disease among pregnant women in the Americas (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8-10, I2 = 99.96%). High disease prevalence was identified in pregnant women in South American countries (12%, 95% CI: 11-13), while lower values were identified in pregnant women in North America (2%, 95% CI: 1-3). Countries with medium Human Development Index (HDI) had a higher prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women (15%, 95% CI: 13-16, I2 = 99.98%) than countries with high HDI (3%, 95% CI: 2-3). The rate of vertical transmission in the continent was 2% (95% CI: 1-2). The statistical analysis showed that this heterogeneity was explained by the study design, region of the Americas and mean income of the country. CONCLUSION: South and Central American countries have a high prevalence and vertical transmission of Chagas disease. Therefore, systematic screens for this disease during the prenatal period are necessary in addition to the diagnosis and treatment of children at risk for Trypanosoma cruzi infection.
OBJECTIF: Estimer la prévalence de la maladie de Chagas chez les femmes enceintes et la transmission verticale de la maladie. MÉTHODES: Des études d'observation ont été identifiées à partir de huit bases de données électroniques et des détails sur la concept de l'étude, la population et la prévalence de la maladie de Chagas ont été extraits. Les données ont été regroupées à l'aide d'un modèle à effets aléatoires et des cartes choroplèthes ont été créées en fonction des régions et des pays géopolitiques. RÉSULTATS: La recherche a identifié 7.788 articles, dont 50 étaient éligibles. Nous avons observé une prévalence de 9% de la maladie de Chagas chez les femmes enceintes dans les Amériques (intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95%: 8-10, I2 = 99,96%). Une prévalence élevée de la maladie a été identifiée chez les femmes enceintes dans les pays d'Amérique du Sud (12%, IC95%: 11-13), tandis que des valeurs plus faibles ont été identifiées chez les femmes enceintes d'Amérique du Nord (2%, IC95%: 1-3). Les pays à indice de développement humain (IDH) moyen présentaient une prévalence plus élevée de la maladie de Chagas chez les femmes enceintes (15%, IC95%: 13-16, I2 = 99,98%) que les pays à IDH élevé (3%, IC95%: 2 -3). Le taux de transmission verticale sur le continent était de 2% (IC95%: 1-2). L'analyse statistique a montré que cette hétérogénéité s'expliquait par le concept d'étude, la région des Amériques et le revenu moyen du pays. CONCLUSION: Les pays d'Amérique du Sud et d'Amérique centrale ont une prévalence élevée et de transmission verticale de la maladie de Chagas. Par conséquent, des dépistages systématiques de cette maladie pendant la période prénatale sont nécessaires en plus du diagnostic et du traitement des enfants à risque d'infection par Trypanosoma cruzi.
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Enfermedad de Chagas/epidemiología , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/epidemiología , Américas/epidemiología , Enfermedad de Chagas/congénito , Enfermedad de Chagas/transmisión , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Embarazo , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/etiología , Trypanosoma cruziRESUMEN
Resumen: Objetivo: Identificar el déficit de conocimiento y los factores de finalización de la lactancia materna en mujeres que acuden al Centro de Salud de Arroyo Blanco en Xalapa, Veracruz. Material y Métodos: Investigación descriptiva, transversal, muestreo no probabilístico a conveniencia en una muestra integrada por 31 mujeres embarazadas. Resultados: El 96.8% menciona tener conocimiento sobre la LM, sin embargo el 12.9% desconoce la técnica adecuada para lactar a su bebé y el 22.6% desconoce la posición correcta de amamantar. Algunos factores de finalización son: poca producción de leche materna (19.4%) y la incorporación a su trabajo (9.7%). Conclusiones: Aunque la mayoría de las mujeres menciona tener el conocimiento sobre la LM, una proporción considerada manifestó tener déficit de conocimiento, ya que desconocen la técnica y posición adecuada para lactar. La información insuficiente sobre la LM, coincide con lo encontrado por Ulunque y cols., los cuales señalan que el conocimiento en las mujeres de su estudio era insuficiente e inadecuado.
Abstract: Objetive: Identify the lack of knowledge and completion factors of breastfeeding in women who come to the Health Center of Arroyo Blanco in Xalapa, Veracruz. Materials and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study, non-probabilistic sampling at convenience in a sample composing of 31 pregnant women. Results: Results: 96.8% mentioned having knowledge about breastfeeding. However, 12.9% do not know the proper technique for breastfeeding their baby and 22.6% do not know the correct position to perform it. Some factors of completion are: low breast milk production (19.4%) and incorporation into their work (9.7%). Conclusions: Although most women mentioned having knowledge about BF, a considerate proportion reported having lack of knowledge about it, because they do not know the technique and proper position to breastfeed. Insufficient information on breastfeeding, agrees with what was found by Ulunque et al, who point out that the knowledge about breastfeeding in their study by women was insufficient and inadequate.
Résumé: Objectif: Identifier le manque de connaissances et les facteurs d'achèvement de l'allaitement chez les femmes qui vont au centre de santé d'Arroyo Blanco à Xalapa, Veracruz. Matériel et méthodes: Recherche descriptive, transversale échantillonnage de commodité non-probabilité dans un échantillon constitué de 31 femmes enceintes. Résultats: 96,8% ont déclaré avoir des connaissances en matière d'allaitement. Cependant, 12,9% ne connaissent pas la technique appropriée pour allaiter leur bébé et 22,6% ne connaissent pas la bonne position pour l'exécuter. Certains facteurs d'achèvement sont: une faible production de lait maternel (19,4%) et l'intégration dans leur travail (9,7%). Conclusions: Bien que la plupart des femmes mentionnent avoir des connaissances en matière d'allaitement, une proportion considérée ont déclaré avoir un manque de connaissances à ce sujet, car ils ne connaissent ni la technique ni la position pour allaiter. L'Information insuffisant sur l'allaitement, est d'accord avec les conclusions d'Ulunque et al, qui soulignent que les connaissances sur l'allaitement des femmes dans leur étude étaient insuffisantes et inadéquate.
Resumo: Objetivo: Identificar o déficit de conhecimento e os fatores de completude da amamentaçâo em mulheres atendidas no Centro de Saúde Arroyo Blanco, em Xalapa, Veracruz. Materiais e métodos: Pesquisa descritiva, transversal, amostragem nao probabilística, por conveniência, em uma amostra composta por 31 gestantes. Resultados: 96,8% referiram ter conhecimento sobre a MM, porém 12,9% desconhecem a técnica adequada para amamentar e 22,6% desconhecem a posiçâo correta da amamentaçâo. Alguns fatores de conclusao sao: baixa produçâo de leite materno (19,4%) e incorporaçâo em seu trabalho (9,7%). Conclusao: Embora a maioria das mulheres mencionasse ter conhecimento sobre o AM, uma proporçâo considerou ter déficit de conhecimento, uma vez que desconhecem a técnica e a posiçâo para amamentar. A informaçâo insuficiente sobre o ML, concorda com a encontrada por Ulunque et al., Que indicam que o conhecimento nas mulheres de seu estudo era insuficiente e inadequado.
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OBJECTIVES: To determine the seroprevalence of Chagas disease among pregnant women and estimate the risk factors for Chagas disease during pregnancies. METHODS: Community-based serological tests on Trypanosoma cruzi and structured interviews on socio-demographic and socio-economic status were conducted with pregnant women registered at three health centres in Sonsonate province, El Salvador. RESULTS: Of 797 pregnant women participating in the study, 29 (3.6%) were infected with Chagas disease. None had clinical symptoms. The results of bivariate analyses showed the significant association between seropositivity and maternal age ≥35 years, anaemia, illiteracy, having no formal school education and having knowledge on Chagas disease (P < 0.05). The results of multivariate analysis indicate that age ≥35 years and anaemia were significantly associated with being infected with Chagas disease among pregnant women (OR = 3.541 and 5.197, respectively). CONCLUSION: We recommend that the national Chagas disease control programme be better coordinated with the national maternal and child health programme to introduce blood screening for T. cruzi during antenatal visits. If financial constraint allows systematic blood screening to be only partially implemented, resources should be focused on pregnant women ≥35 years and women who have anaemia.
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Enfermedad de Chagas/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anemia/complicaciones , Enfermedad de Chagas/transmisión , Estudios Transversales , El Salvador/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Embarazo , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women and the risk of congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Brazil, through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: We searched electronic databases, grey literature and reference lists of included publications to identify epidemiological studies on the prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women and on the congenital transmission rate of T. cruzi infection in Brazil published between January 1980 and June 2013. Pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using fixed- and random-effects models. RESULTS: Sixteen articles were included - 12 studies on the prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women (549,359 pregnant women) and nine on congenital transmission rates (1687 children born to infected mothers). Prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women ranged from 0.1% to 8.5%, and congenital transmission rates from 0% to 5.2%. The pooled prevalence of Chagas disease among pregnant women across studies was 1.1% (95% CI: 0.6-2.0); the pooled congenital transmission rate was 1.7% (95% CI: 0.9-3.1). In 2010, 34,629 pregnant women were estimated to be infected with T. cruzi, and 312-1073 children born (mean: 589 cases) with congenital infection. CONCLUSION: Congenital Chagas disease is a neglected public health problem in Brazil. Systematic congenital Chagas disease control programs through routine prenatal screening for T. cruzi should be widely implemented in Brazil's endemic areas, to identify infected pregnant women and newborns at risk of congenital infection.