RESUMEN

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Aspergillus oryzae inclusion on ruminal fermentation, feed intake and dry matter (DM) apparent digestibility in cows fed Cenchrus purpureus forage and concentrate. Cows were randomly assigned in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, into four treatments: control and three doses of A. oryzae culture (1, 2 and 3 g/d). Experimental periods had 21 days, in which 14 days were allowed for treatment adaptation and 7 days for sampling. Addition of 2 g/d increased (p = 0.0054) total anaerobic bacteria. For cellulolytic bacteria and fungal populations increases (p < 0.0001) with all doses were observed. Highest concentrations of total short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetate, isovalerate and valerate were observed with 2 g/d of additive. Propionate concentration and acetate: propionate (Ac:Pr) ratio were unaffected by treatments. A. oryzae addition did not modify ruminal pH. A decrease of ammonia-N was observed with 2 g/d of additive. Dry matter intake and apparent digestibility of DM were increased (p = 0.0171 and p = 0.0023, respectively) with the fungal culture addition. It is concluded that Aspergillus oryzae strain H/6.28.1 stimulates ruminal fermentation and improves feed intake and dry matter apparent digestibility in cows feeding with Cenchrus purpureus forage and concentrate.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Pirarucu is one of the main fish species for the development of aquaculture in the Amazon. In this study, the optimal feeding frequency for juvenile pirarucu was assessed based on growth and feed efficiency. Juvenile pirarucu weighing ca. 80 g were fed once, twice, three or four times daily until apparent satiation for 63 days. Fish fed three or four times per day presented higher growth, feed intake, and fat body content than those fed once or twice per day. There was no significant difference for feed conversion ratio, and protein and energy retention rates among treatments, suggesting that increased feeding frequency did not affect feed utilization efficiency. Mean feed intake per meal was higher when fish were fed once per day, possibly causing hyperphagic behavior. Results suggest that feeding three times per day was sufficient to secure adequate feeding and growth of juvenile pirarucu.(AU)

O pirarucu é uma das principais espécies de peixe para o desenvolvimento da aquicultura na região amazônica. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a frequência de alimentação ideal para juvenis de pirarucu com base em crescimento e eficiência alimentar. Juvenis de aproximadamente 80 g foram alimentados uma, duas, três ou quatro vezes ao dia até a saciedade aparente durante 63 dias. Maior crescimento, ingestão alimentar e gordura corporal foram observados nos peixes alimentados três ou quatro vezes ao dia em comparação com aqueles alimentados uma ou duas vezes ao dia. Não houve diferença significativa para as taxas de conversão alimentar, retenção proteica e retenção energética entre os tratamentos, indicando que o aumento da frequência de alimentação não resultou em prejuízo da eficiência de utilização do alimento. O consumo médio de alimento por refeição foi maior nos peixes alimentados apenas uma vez ao dia, que provavelmente desenvolveram comportamento hiperfágico. Os resultados sugerem que três refeições diárias foram suficientes para garantir o consumo de alimento e crescimento adequados nessa fase.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Pirarucu is one of the main fish species for the development of aquaculture in the Amazon. In this study, the optimal feeding frequency for juvenile pirarucu was assessed based on growth and feed efficiency. Juvenile pirarucu weighing ca. 80 g were fed once, twice, three or four times daily until apparent satiation for 63 days. Fish fed three or four times per day presented higher growth, feed intake, and fat body content than those fed once or twice per day. There was no significant difference for feed conversion ratio, and protein and energy retention rates among treatments, suggesting that increased feeding frequency did not affect feed utilization efficiency. Mean feed intake per meal was higher when fish were fed once per day, possibly causing hyperphagic behavior. Results suggest that feeding three times per day was sufficient to secure adequate feeding and growth of juvenile pirarucu. (AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The poultry nutritionists constantly attempt to identify and alleviate the factors responsible for adverse effects on nutrient utilization and production performance in avian species, which are necessary for successful productivity of poultry. Enhanced feed utilization can reduce levels of some nutrients in the diet with concomitant mitigation in nutrient excretion into the environment, reduction of eutrophication and acidification potentials of excreta. Commercial enzymes have been used to improve feed efficiency and utilization in poultry. Among many anti-nutritional factors, the existence of ß-mannans in poultry feed ingredients including soybean and other leguminous seeds has been associated with negative effects on nutrient digestibility and high intestinal viscosity that adversely affects innate immunity and microbial proliferation in poultry gut. The ß-mannanase (a commercial product named as Hemicell) can hydrolyze ß-mannan, an anti-nutritional fiber present in many poultry feed ingredients. Supplement of ß-mannanase to ß-mannan-rich diets may boost the population of intestinal beneficial bacteria, increase the digestibility of mannans, enhance the immunity, suppresses the growth of harmful intestinal bacteria, enhance the digestion and absorption of nutrients in intestinal tracts and reduce the environmental pollution due to poultry excreta. Supplementation of -mannanase at the level of 200 and 400 mg/kg in poultry diets has positively improved blood glucose and anabolic hormone homeostasis, FCR, digestible energy, and digestible amino acids. This review describes the promising beneficial effects of -mannanase, which may be used in the poultry feed industry for economic benefits. Another objective of this review is to explore the underlying mechanisms of ß-mannanase that can influence growth, digestion coefficients of nutrients, health and metabolism of nutrients in poultry birds and also the knowledge regarding the useful application of this feed enzyme in the commercial poultry feed industry.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The poultry nutritionists constantly attempt to identify and alleviate the factors responsible for adverse effects on nutrient utilization and production performance in avian species, which are necessary for successful productivity of poultry. Enhanced feed utilization can reduce levels of some nutrients in the diet with concomitant mitigation in nutrient excretion into the environment, reduction of eutrophication and acidification potentials of excreta. Commercial enzymes have been used to improve feed efficiency and utilization in poultry. Among many anti-nutritional factors, the existence of ß-mannans in poultry feed ingredients including soybean and other leguminous seeds has been associated with negative effects on nutrient digestibility and high intestinal viscosity that adversely affects innate immunity and microbial proliferation in poultry gut. The ß-mannanase (a commercial product named as Hemicell) can hydrolyze ß-mannan, an anti-nutritional fiber present in many poultry feed ingredients. Supplement of ß-mannanase to ß-mannan-rich diets may boost the population of intestinal beneficial bacteria, increase the digestibility of mannans, enhance the immunity, suppresses the growth of harmful intestinal bacteria, enhance the digestion and absorption of nutrients in intestinal tracts and reduce the environmental pollution due to poultry excreta. Supplementation of -mannanase at the level of 200 and 400 mg/kg in poultry diets has positively improved blood glucose and anabolic hormone homeostasis, FCR, digestible energy, and digestible amino acids. This review describes the promising beneficial effects of -mannanase, which may be used in the poultry feed industry for economic benefits. Another objective of this review is to explore the underlying mechanisms of ß-mannanase that can influence growth, digestion coefficients of nutrients, health and metabolism of nutrients in poultry birds and also the knowledge regarding the useful application of this feed enzyme in the commercial poultry feed industry.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: farming of hybrid catfish is relatively recent in Brazil; consequently, it is necessary to develop practical diet formulations for this fish. Objective: to evaluate the influence of different carbohydrate/lipid ratios (CHO:L) on growth performance, body composition and nutrient utilization of hybrid catfish (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus). Methods: four isonitrogenous diets were formulated with increasing lipid levels, using the following CHO:L ratios: 1.3:1 (diet 1); 1.1:1 (diet 2); 0.9:1 (diet 3), and 0.8:1 (diet 4). Fish were fed 5% of BW/day (dry-weight basis) in triplicate groups of 6 fish each (18 ± 1.5 g) for 2 months. Results: though final weight and absolute weight gain decreased with increasing dietary lipid (p<0.05), there was no significant difference in daily feed consumption among treatments (p>0.05). Moreover, viscerosomatic index and hepatosomatic index showed no statistical difference among dietary treatments. Body lipid increase for fish fed diet 4. Lipid and energy efficiency retentions were higher at 0.8:1 CHO:L group. Conclusion: CHO:L ratios around 1.3:1 produced large benefit by best growth performance in the studied hybrid model.

Antecedentes: el cultivo del bagre híbrido es relativamente reciente en Brasil, con lo cual se hace necesario desarrollar dietas prácticas para este pez. Objetivo: evaluar la influencia de la relación carbohidratos/ lípidos (CHO:L) en el crecimiento, composición corporal, y utilización de nutrientes por el bagre híbrido (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus). Métodos: cuatro dietas isonitrogenadas fueron formuladas con niveles incrementales de lípidos, utilizando la siguiente relación CHO/L: 1,3:1 (dieta 1); 1,1:1 (dieta 2); 0,9:1 (dieta 3), y 0,8:1 (dieta 4). Los peces fueron alimentados con 5% de BW/día (en base a peso seco), en triplicado con 6 peces/grupo (18 ± 1,5 g) por grupo, por un tiempo de 2 meses. Resultados: aunque el peso final y la ganancia de peso absoluto disminuyó con el aumento de lípidos en la dieta (p<0,05), no hubo diferencia significativa en el consumo diario de alimento entre los tratamientos (p>0,05). Por otra parte, para el índice viscerosomático e índice hepatosomático no hubo diferencias estadísticas entre los tratamientos. Se ha observado el aumento de los lípidos corporales de peces alimentados con la dieta 4. La eficiencia de retención de lípidos y energética fueron mayores en el grupo 0,8:1 CHO:L. Conclusión: la relación CHO:L alrededor de 1,3:1 produce un gran beneficio al mejorar el crecimiento del modelo del pez híbrido estudiado.

Antecedentes: o cultivo de bagre híbrido com características favoráveis ao crescimento é relativamente recente no Brasil, consequentemente é necessária a formulação de dietas práticas para essa espécie. Objetivo: se avaliou a influência da relação carboidrato/lipídio (CHO:L) no crescimento, composição corporal e utilização de nutrientes pelo bagre híbrido (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus). Métodos: quatro dietas isonitrogenadas foram formuladas com o aumento dos níveis de lipídios na dieta, utilizando a seguinte relação CHO/L: 1,3:1 (dieta 1); 1,1:1 (dieta 2); 0,9:1 (dieta 3), y 0,8:1 (dieta 4). Os peixes foram alimentados a 5% de BW/dia (base de peso seco), sendo triplicatas de 6 peixes (18 ± 1,5 g) por grupo por um período de 2 meses. Resultados: apesar do peso final e do ganho de peso absoluto decrescerem com o aumento da dieta lipídica (p<0,05), não houve diferença significativa no consumo diário de alimento entre os tratamentos (p>0,05). Contudo, os índices viscerossomático e hepatossomático não demonstraram diferença estatística entre os tratamentos. Foi registrado aumento dos lipidios corporais para os peixes alimentados com a dieta 4. A eficiência de retenção de lipídios e a eficiência de retenção energética foram maiores para o grupo 0,8 CHO:L. Conclusão: a relação ao redor de 1,3 produziu grandes benefícios por melhorar o crescimento do modelo de peixe híbrido estudado.

RESUMEN

This study aimed to evaluate differences in efficiency of feed utilization between young Nellore males and females by comparing growth traits, feed intake, blood parameters, and ingestive behavior of the animals. Data from 768 Nellore males and females that participated in eight performance tests for individual feed intake evaluation were used. Performance and feed efficiency measures, efficiency-related hematological, metabolic and hormonal variables, and data regarding ingestive behavior were collected. Feed efficiency measures were defined by the relationship between performance and feed intake. Data were analyzed using mixed models that included the fixed effects of sex, herd, and the covariate age within sex and the random effects of facility within year, year, and residual. Significant differences between males and females were observed for traits related to weight gain and feed intake. Although individual dynamics of feed efficiency measures differed between males and females, no significant differences in residual feed intake, feed efficiency, or relative growth rate were observed between sexes. Significant differences between sexes were found for platelets, red blood cells, hemoglobin, creatinine, glucose, urea, triglycerides, insulin, cortisol, and IGF-I. Females spent more time feeding and less time ruminating when compared to males. However, males exhibited higher feeding efficiency and lower rumination efficiency than females. Growing Nellore males and females are efficient in feed utilization, and the differences in blood variables observed are probably due to differences in body size and feed intake. Males spend less time eating, consume more food, and spend more time ruminating than females.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

A growth experiment was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein requirement for juvenile cachama, Piaractus brachypomus. Six semi-purified isoenergetic experimental diets using casein and gelatin as protein sources were formulated to contain graded levels of protein (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36 percent). Fish initially averaging 15.52±0.33g (mean±SD) were randomly distributed into the tanks (500L) as groups of 20 fish and fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 60 days. The results showed that feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, fish weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value were affected by dietary protein level (P<0.05) . No significant differences were observed in proximal composition of carcass (P<0.05) in response to dietary protein. Analysis of dietary protein level x WG with a second order polynomial regression suggested a requirement of 31.6 percent CP for optimum growth.

O presente experimento foi realizado para determinar o requerimento ótimo de proteína em dietas para juvenis de pirapitinga, Piaractus brachypomus. Foram formuladas seis dietas experimentais semi-purificadas, iso-energéticas e com diferentes níveis de proteína (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 e 36 por cento de PB) usando caseína e gelatina como fontes de proteína. Os peixes com peso inicial 15,52±0,33g (média±SD) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos de 20 animais por tanque; foram alimentados durante 60 dias, duas vezes/dia até aparente saciedade. Os resultados mostraram que o consumo de alimento, taxa de conversão de alimento, ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de eficiência de proteína e valores produtivos da proteína e da energia foram significativamente afetados pelos níveis de proteína das dietas (P<0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na composição proximal da carcaça (P<0,05) entre tratamentos. A análise do ganho de peso em função dos níveis de proteína da dieta, realizada utilizando regressão polinomial de segundo grau, deu um requerimento de 31,6 por cento de proteína para ótimo crescimento de juvenis de pirapitinga.

RESUMEN

A growth experiment was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein requirement for juvenile cachama, Piaractus brachypomus. Six semi-purified isoenergetic experimental diets using casein and gelatin as protein sources were formulated to contain graded levels of protein (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36%). Fish initially averaging 15.52±0.33g (mean±SD) were randomly distributed into the tanks (500L) as groups of 20 fish and fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 60 days. The results showed that feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, fish weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value were affected by dietary protein level (P 0.05) . No significant differences were observed in proximal composition of carcass (P 0.05) in response to dietary protein. Analysis of dietary protein level x WG with a second order polynomial regression suggested a requirement of 31.6% CP for optimum growth.

O presente experimento foi realizado para determinar o requerimento ótimo de proteína em dietas para juvenis de pirapitinga, Piaractus brachypomus. Foram formuladas seis dietas experimentais semi-purificadas, iso-energéticas e com diferentes níveis de proteína (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 e 36% de PB) usando caseína e gelatina como fontes de proteína. Os peixes com peso inicial 15,52±0,33g (média±SD) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos de 20 animais por tanque; foram alimentados durante 60 dias, duas vezes/dia até aparente saciedade. Os resultados mostraram que o consumo de alimento, taxa de conversão de alimento, ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de eficiência de proteína e valores produtivos da proteína e da energia foram significativamente afetados pelos níveis de proteína das dietas (P 0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na composição proximal da carcaça (P 0,05) entre tratamentos. A análise do ganho de peso em função dos níveis de proteína da dieta, realizada utilizando regressão polinomial de segundo grau, deu um requerimento de 31,6% de proteína para ótimo crescimento de juvenis de pirapitinga.

RESUMEN

A growth experiment was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein requirement for juvenile cachama, Piaractus brachypomus. Six semi-purified isoenergetic experimental diets using casein and gelatin as protein sources were formulated to contain graded levels of protein (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36%). Fish initially averaging 15.52±0.33g (mean±SD) were randomly distributed into the tanks (500L) as groups of 20 fish and fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 60 days. The results showed that feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, fish weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value were affected by dietary protein level (P 0.05) . No significant differences were observed in proximal composition of carcass (P 0.05) in response to dietary protein. Analysis of dietary protein level x WG with a second order polynomial regression suggested a requirement of 31.6% CP for optimum growth.

O presente experimento foi realizado para determinar o requerimento ótimo de proteína em dietas para juvenis de pirapitinga, Piaractus brachypomus. Foram formuladas seis dietas experimentais semi-purificadas, iso-energéticas e com diferentes níveis de proteína (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 e 36% de PB) usando caseína e gelatina como fontes de proteína. Os peixes com peso inicial 15,52±0,33g (média±SD) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos de 20 animais por tanque; foram alimentados durante 60 dias, duas vezes/dia até aparente saciedade. Os resultados mostraram que o consumo de alimento, taxa de conversão de alimento, ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de eficiência de proteína e valores produtivos da proteína e da energia foram significativamente afetados pelos níveis de proteína das dietas (P 0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na composição proximal da carcaça (P 0,05) entre tratamentos. A análise do ganho de peso em função dos níveis de proteína da dieta, realizada utilizando regressão polinomial de segundo grau, deu um requerimento de 31,6% de proteína para ótimo crescimento de juvenis de pirapitinga.

RESUMEN

Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing different protein sources (fish, squid and mussel meals and their combinations at the proportions of 40, 30 and 30% or 60, 20 and 20%) were fed for 28 days to Farfantepenaeus paulensis. Growth performance and feed utilization of shrimp fed the fish meal-based diet was comparatively inferior to those fed other protein sources or their combinations. This indicates that fish meal may not be the best protein source for F. paulensis. Feeds containing a mixture of protein sources are better utilized by F. paulensis and therefore result in significantly higher growth than those containing a single protein source.

Cinco dietas iso-protéicas e iso-energéticas contendo diferentes fontes de proteína marinhas (farinhas de peixe, lula e mexilhão e suas misturas nas proporções de 40, 30 e 30% ou 60, 20 e 20%) foram oferecidas durante 28 dias para o camarão Farfantepenaeus paulensis. O crescimento e a taxa de conversão alimentar dos camarões arraçoados com a dieta a base de farinha de peixe tendeu a ser inferior àqueles alimentados com as outras fontes de proteína e/ou suas combinações. Estes resultados indicam que a farinha de peixe pode não ser a melhor fonte protéica para F. paulensis. Dietas contendo uma mistura de fontes protéicas foram mais bem utilizadas por F. paulensis e, portanto, resultaram em taxas de crescimento superiores àquelas contendo uma única fonte de proteína.

RESUMEN

Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing different protein sources (fish, squid and mussel meals and their combinations at the proportions of 40, 30 and 30% or 60, 20 and 20%) were fed for 28 days to Farfantepenaeus paulensis. Growth performance and feed utilization of shrimp fed the fish meal-based diet was comparatively inferior to those fed other protein sources or their combinations. This indicates that fish meal may not be the best protein source for F. paulensis. Feeds containing a mixture of protein sources are better utilized by F. paulensis and therefore result in significantly higher growth than those containing a single protein source.

Cinco dietas iso-protéicas e iso-energéticas contendo diferentes fontes de proteína marinhas (farinhas de peixe, lula e mexilhão e suas misturas nas proporções de 40, 30 e 30% ou 60, 20 e 20%) foram oferecidas durante 28 dias para o camarão Farfantepenaeus paulensis. O crescimento e a taxa de conversão alimentar dos camarões arraçoados com a dieta a base de farinha de peixe tendeu a ser inferior àqueles alimentados com as outras fontes de proteína e/ou suas combinações. Estes resultados indicam que a farinha de peixe pode não ser a melhor fonte protéica para F. paulensis. Dietas contendo uma mistura de fontes protéicas foram mais bem utilizadas por F. paulensis e, portanto, resultaram em taxas de crescimento superiores àquelas contendo uma única fonte de proteína.