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In this study, the effects of Ball milling (BM) pretreatment (0-240 min) on the microstructure, physicochemical properties and subsequent methanogenesis performance of corn straw (CS) were explored, and the feasibility analysis was carried out. The results showed that BM pretreatment destroyed the dense structure of the CS, and the particle size was significantly reduced (D50: 13.85 µm), transforming it into a cell-scale granular form. The number of mesopores increased, the pore volume (PV) (0.032 cm3/g) and specific surface area (SSA) (4.738 m2/g) considerably increased, and the water-absorbent property was improved. The crystalline order of cellulose was disrupted and the crystallinity (CrI) (8.61 %) and crystal size (CrS) (3.37) were remarkably reduced. The cross-links between lignocelluloses were broken, and the relative content and functional groups did not alter obviously. The bulk density (BD), repose angle (RA) and slip angle (SA) dramatically increased. As a result, CS was more readily accessible, attached and utilized by microorganisms and enzymes, causing the hydrolysis and acidification of AD to be greatly facilitated. Compared with the untreated group, the cumulative methane production (CMP) increased by 35.83 %-101.97 %, and the lag phase time (λ) was shortened by 33.04 %-71.17 %. The results of redundancy analysis, Pearson analysis and Mantel test showed that BM pretreatment affects the process of AD by changing the physicochemical factors of CS. The normalization analysis showed that particle size (D90) and BD can be used as direct indicators to evaluate the performance of AD and predict the threshold of biodegradation of CS. Energy analysis and energy conversion assessment showed that BM is a green and efficient AD pretreatment strategy. This result provides a theoretical basis for the industrial application of BM pretreatment towards more energy-efficient and sustainable development.

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Climate change-induced saline intrusion into both surface and groundwater, extreme weather events, and unregulated water usage are serious threats to the drinking water supply in coastal areas worldwide, especially in least-developed countries. This research developed a data-driven decision-making methodology to evaluate the performance of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in the saline-prone southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh. Twenty-five community managed RWH systems, recently piloted in two major coastal districts, were considered the case study to develop and validate this evaluation tool. The evaluation methodology integrates daily water models, lifetime cost analysis, Geographic Information System (GIS)-based parameters supported by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and field observation. While the meteorological parameters as well as the hydrological and economic performance were found to be highly suitable, 36 % of the systems showed moderate performance, as challenges remain in ensuring proper operation and maintenance practices at the community level. However, 40 % of the systems showed high performance, with two systems showing very high suitability, which suggests community managed RWH systems as a sustainable adaptation for coastal water supply.

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Objective: To develop an early economics evaluation (EEE) to assess the cost-effectiveness of the GS in reducing the RoF and FoF. Methods: A cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) with a return on investment (RoI) estimation was performed. CEA used the most relevant parameters, such as increased gait speed and decreased FoF, to estimate the reduction in the RoF, the impact on health care resources used and financial implications for the National Health System in the United Kingdom. Outcomes were measured as incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained based on the reduction of the RoF and FoF. Uncertainties around the main parameters used were evaluated by probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Results: The CEA results showed that the GS is a dominant strategy over the standard of care to improve the movements of older persons who have suffered a fall or are afraid of falling (incremental QALYs based on FoF = 0.77 and QALYs based on RoF = 1.07, cost of FoF = -£4479.57 and cost of RoF = -£2901.79). By implementing the GS, the ROI results suggest that every pound invested in the GS could result in cost savings of £1.85/patient based on the RoF reduction and £11.16/patient based on the FoF reduction. The probability of being cost saving based on the number of iterations were 79.4 percent (based on FoF) and 100 percent (based on RoF). Conclusion: The EEE supports the main hypothesis that the GS is an effective intervention to avoid falls and is potentially cost saving.

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Globally, more than half of the world's regions and populations inhabit psychrophilic and seasonally cold environments. Lower temperatures can inhibit the metabolic activity of microorganisms, thereby restricting the application of traditional biological treatment technologies. Bioelectrochemical systems (BES), which combine electrochemistry and biocatalysis, can enhance the resistance of microorganisms to unfavorable environments through electrical stimulation, thus showing promising applications in low-temperature environments. In this review, we focus on the potential application of BES in such environments, given the relatively limited research in this area due to temperature limitations. We select microbial fuel cells (MFC), microbial electrolytic cells (MEC), and microbial electrosynthesis cells (MES) as the objects of analysis and compare their operational mechanisms and application fields. MFC mainly utilizes the redox potential of microorganisms during substance metabolism to generate electricity, while MEC and MES promote the degradation of refractory substances by augmenting the electrode potential with an applied voltage. Subsequently, we summarize and discuss the application of these three types of BES in low-temperature environments. MFC can be employed for environmental remediation as well as for biosensors to monitor environmental quality, while MEC and MES are primarily intended for hydrogen and methane production. Additionally, we explore the influencing factors for the application of BES in low-temperature environments, including operational parameters, electrodes and membranes, external voltage, oxygen intervention, and reaction devices. Finally, the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility analyses reveal that the application of BES in low-temperature environments has great potential for development.

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Objective:On the basis of summarizing the previous studies on the access and pricing strategies of multi-indication drugs,based on the actual situation in China,it develops the access and pricing strategies of multi-indication drugs applicable to the adjustment mechanism of China's health insurance catalog and carry out feasibility analysis,with a view to providing methodological support for the national health insurance department in the adjustment of the health insurance catalog in the future.Methods:First,through literature review and expert survey,it sorts out the medical insurance access and pricing strategies for multi-indication drugs that may be applicable in China.Secondly,a feasibility evaluation framework for National Drug Insurance List(NRDL)access and pricing strategies for multi-indication drugs is constructed through literature review,and various stakeholders in the NRDL process are invited to conduct feasibility scores based on the questionnaire.In addition,9 pathways are identified through expert research,and various stakeholders in NRDL process are invited to conduct path analysis based on questionnaires.Finally,relevant recommendations are formed based on the research results.Results:According to the results of the feasibility evaluation the direct access is less feasi-ble,while negotiated access and simplified negotiated access are comparable;pricing by weighted average was less feasible,pricing by primary indication and pricing by minimum value are comparable.The results of the pathway analysis show that differences in health insurance access and pricing strategies for selecting drugs with multiple indications under different pathways.Conclusion:It is needed to refine the medical insurance access and price calculation methods for drugs with multiple indications;improve the database construction to support refined calculation of medical insurance;and actively explore the innovative payment methods for medical insurance with multiple indications.

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The identification of process Design Space (DS) is of high interest in highly regulated industrial sectors, such as pharmaceutical industry, where assurance of manufacturability and product quality is key for process development and decision-making. If the process can be controlled by a set of manipulated variables, the DS can be expanded in comparison to an open-loop scenario, where there are no controls in place. Determining the benefits of control strategies may be challenging, particularly when the available model is complex and computationally expensive - which is typically the case of pharmaceutical manufacturing. In this study, we exploit surrogate-based feasibility analysis to determine whether the process satisfies all process constraints by manipulating the process inputs and reduce the effect of uncertainty. The proposed approach is successfully tested on two simulated pharmaceutical case studies of increasing complexity, i.e., considering (i) a single pharmaceutical unit operation, and (ii) a pharmaceutical manufacturing line comprised of a sequence of connected unit operations. Results demonstrate that different control actions can be effectively exploited to operate the process in a wider range of inputs and mitigate uncertainty.

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Utilizing anaerobic metabolisms for the production of biotechnologically relevant products presents potential advantages, such as increased yields and reduced energy dissipation. However, lower energy dissipation may indicate that certain reactions are operating closer to their thermodynamic equilibrium. While stoichiometric analyses and genetic modifications are frequently employed in metabolic engineering, the use of thermodynamic tools to evaluate the feasibility of planned interventions is less documented. In this study, we propose a novel metabolic engineering strategy to achieve an efficient anaerobic production of poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in the model organism Escherichia coli. Our approach involves re-routing of two-thirds of the glycolytic flux through non-oxidative glycolysis and coupling PHB synthesis with NADH re-oxidation. We complemented our stoichiometric analysis with various thermodynamic approaches to assess the feasibility and the bottlenecks in the proposed engineered pathway. According to our calculations, the main thermodynamic bottleneck are the reactions catalyzed by the acetoacetyl-CoA ß-ketothiolase (EC 2.3.1.9) and the acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.1.1.36). Furthermore, we calculated thermodynamically consistent sets of kinetic parameters to determine the enzyme amounts required for sustaining the conversion fluxes. In the case of the engineered conversion route, the protein pool necessary to sustain the desired fluxes could account for 20% of the whole cell dry weight.

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With the development of fermentation technology and the improvement of efficiency, anaerobic digestion (AD) has been playing an increasingly primary role in waste treatment and resource recovery. Temperature is undoubtedly the most important factor because it shapes microbial habitats, changes the composition of the microbial community structure, and even affects the expression of related functional genes. More than half of the biosphere is in a long-term or seasonal low-temperature environment (<20 °C), which makes psychrophilic AD have broad application prospects. Therefore, this review discusses the influencing factors and enhancement strategies of psychrophilic AD, which may provide a corresponding reference for future research on low-temperature fermentation. First, the occurrence of AD has been discussed. Then, the adaptation of microorganisms to the low-temperature environment was analyzed. Moreover, the challenges of psychrophilic AD have been reviewed. Meanwhile, the strategies for improving psychrophilic AD are presented. Further, from technology to application, the current situation of psychrophilic AD in pilot-scale tests is described. Finally, the economic and environmental feasibility of psychrophilic AD has been highlighted. In summary, psychrophilic AD is technically feasible, while economic analysis shows that the output benefits cannot fully cover the input costs, and the large-scale practical application of psychrophilic AD is still in its infancy. More research should focus on how to improve fermentation efficiency and reduce the investment cost of psychrophilic AD.

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This article aims to investigate the feasibility of using discrete element software EDEM 2022.0 to simulate the trajectory of artificial marble patterns in a dual horizontal shaft mixer. Research was conducted on the mixing uniformity of particles in the mixing chamber, and the optimal speed range for particle mixing was established. By simulating the trajectory of pigment particles, the trajectories of the particles at different positions of the stirring paddle were obtained, and the trajectories were compared with the measured results. In the study of uniform particle mixing, the Lacey index at different speeds was compared, and the optimal speed range was established between 40 RPM and 60 RPM. Based on this, the particle trajectory simulation found that the motion trajectories of particles at different positions of the stirring paddle varied significantly. The particles in the stirring paddle rod exhibit a gradual trend, in which they gradually decrease as they approach the head of the stirring paddle. Finally, the feasibility of this method was established by comparing the simulated and actual patterns through proportional replication of the mixing process, and it was discovered that the two were similar.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of using an intrarectal Foley catheter during ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (US-HIFU) in patients with benign uterine diseases of the posterior wall beyond the HIFU therapeutic range. METHODS: Patients were treated with US-HIFU and lesion changes were monitored using contrast-enhanced MRI from June 2020 to September 2021. A Foley catheter was inserted into the rectum to facilitate a successful US-HIFU ablation. Complications and lesion responses were recorded during the treatment and follow-up. RESULTS: Thirteen patients with 14 lesions beyond the device's treatable area were enrolled. The average placement time and insertion depth of the intrarectal Foley catheter was 7.6 ± 2.7 min and 23.2 ± 7.6 cm, respectively. A median of 50 mL degassed water was injected into the Foley catheter balloon. All 14 lesions were successfully pushed into a treatable area and subjected to HIFU. The average treatment time, irradiation time, and total therapeutic energy of HIFU were 44.2 ± 17.3 min, 394.4 ± 295.7 s, and 73.3 ± 46.6 kJ, respectively. The mean non-perfusion volume (NPV) in all treated lesions was 23.2 ± 19.2 cm3, and the mean NPV ratio was 57.8 ± 16.9%. Major complications were not observed. CONCLUSION: Intrarectal Foley catheter-assisted US-HIFU is effective and safe. Its clinical application could benefit patients with benign uterine diseases outside the HIFU therapeutic range.

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BACKGROUND: Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is a major pest of tomato produced in glasshouses and open field, causing severe damages to crops, reducing the quality of tomato fruits. The current maintenance of the pest populations below the economic threshold is not achieved by natural and classical control, thus requiring the continuous application of biological control agents (BCAs), under an augmentative or inoculative approach. The present study aims to develop an economic and financial model to evaluate the commercial viability of a continuous mass production of Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur), a BCA commonly used against the tomato moth, Tuta absoluta, in protected culture. The estimations for our model were based on two approaches: the farm-level impact analysis and the benefit-cost analysis. RESULTS: The results of the farm-level analysis show that the adoption of a more sustainable biological control approach is profitable for farmers and the benefit-cost analysis provides evidence that the investment on a new factory dedicated to the mass rearing of M. pygmaeus to control tomato moth populations generates a positive net present value (NPV) of 7.2 million euros, corresponding to an internal rate of return (IRR) of 28.4% per year. CONCLUSION: Our results are in line with (i) the more recent European Commission proposals for a new Regulation on sustainable use of plant protection products, which includes the reduction of 50% the use and risk of chemical pesticides by 2030 and (ii) most of the existing literature which conclude that new projects on BCA production are worth investments. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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OBJECTIVE: To observe the feasibility of roleplay simulation in improving the quality management of nursing services. METHOD: In this retrospective study, 80 nursing staff were enrolled as the study subjects from January 2019 to December 2020. They were divided into a study group (n=40, trained in roleplay simulation) and a control group (n=40, trained in conventional nursing skills) according to different training methods. The self-efficacy and quality of nursing services of the staff in the two groups were assessed retrospectively. Spearman's correlation analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between the self-efficacy score and nursing service. RESULTS: After training, the self-efficacy scores of the nursing staff in the study group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). After training, the nursing staff in the study group had significantly higher service quality scores than those in the control group (P<0.05). Spearman's analysis showed that the self-efficacy scores were positively correlated with the quality of nursing scores (r=0.7091, P<0.0001). After training, the scores of the condition assessment of the nursing staff in the study group was higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Roleplay simulation for nursing staff is helpful to improve the quality of nursing and the ability to deal with emergencies. This can be related to the improvement of self-efficacy in nursing staffs.

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In this study, the feasibility of fabricating protein-based bionanocomposite films (PBBFs) was analysed by applying capsicum leaf protein (CLP) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as raw materials. The effects of different amounts of CNF (solid content 2%) on physicochemical and material properties of PBBFs were investigated. The results showed nanoscale CNFs exhibited good interfacial compatibility with CLP. The hydroxyl groups on the CNF surface promoted the association of hydrogen bonds between CLP, glycerol and CNF, which improved the crystal structure and thermal stability of PBBFs. Concurrently, the mechanical properties and hydrophobicity of PBBFs are also enhanced. PBBFs with 60% CNF content have maximum flexibility and hydrophobicity. All PBBFs exhibited ultraviolet barrier performance, indicating that PBBFs had potential application prospects in the development of degradable food packaging materials. The results of the present study can provide a theoretical basis for the efficient utilisation of capsicum planting waste while improving the ecosystem.

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The microwave heating/healing technique is regarded as a green maintenance approach for asphalt pavements thanks to its promising environmental and economic benefits. However, the main concern about this technology is represented by the possible aging effect generated on bituminous binders. Currently, there is a significant lack of studies dealing with this topic. Based on these premises, the main purpose of this study is to appraise the feasibility of implementing microwave-based maintenance operations considering the associated aging effect. The assessment of fatigue life after cyclic microwave heating (MH) based on a linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test and the changes in the chemical groups detected through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy document the aging phenomenon. The results indicate that the microwave aging degree on bituminous binder is nonlinear with MH cycles. The microwave radiation causes a distinct aging impact on binders during the first 10 cycles, then the values become constant. Furthermore, a feasibility analysis of MH technology is developed, encompassing four main multidisciplinary aspects: evaluation of microwave aging degree, working mechanism of MH equipment, safety assessment, and economic and ecological considerations. Despite the associated aging issue, the MH method is an efficient technology, considering its various advantages (i.e., rapidity of execution, uniform and non-pollutant treatment, and deep penetration). Meanwhile, the use of steel slag as a microwave absorber bolsters the sustainability of MH technology. This study provides a new perspective to evaluate the microwave heating technique in road engineering comprising the generated aging effect. Practice-oriented recommendations are also formulated regarding the safe implementation of MH technical operations.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of perioperative continuous humidification on patients with laryngeal cancer undergoing tracheotomy. METHODS: Eighty patients with laryngeal cancer underwent tracheotomy in our hospital were selected as the subjects and divided into the observation group and the control group according to random table method. Patients in the control group were given routine tracheotomy care, including regular open endotracheal suction, tracheotomy nursing, oral care, dietary intervention, etc., while those in the observation group were given continuous airway humidification on the basis of the control group. The differences in sputum pH, viscosity, comfort, cough frequency, and respiratory ventilation were compared between the two groups at three postoperative time points. The incidence of complications such as pulmonary infection, bloody sputum and sputum crust, and the improvement of clinical symptoms were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The sputum pH of patients in the observation group was higher than that in the control group at the 4th and 7th postoperative days (P<0.001). The observation group showed significantly lower percentage of grade 3 viscous sputum and higher comfort scores than the control group at the 7th postoperative day (P=0.020, P<0.001). The observation group showed lower cough frequency and higher airway patency than the control group at the 4th and 7th postoperative days (P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.007). CONCLUSION: Perioperative continuous airway humidification in patients with laryngeal cancer undergoing tracheotomy could reduce sputum consistency and cough frequency, improve comfort and respiratory patency of patients, and has positive significance in accelerating their postoperative rehabilitation.

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Tanzania has the second largest livestock population in Africa and livestock keeping is an integral part of most people's livelihoods. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a transboundary disease, affecting cloven-hoofed animals, that is currently endemic in Tanzania. The Tanzania Development Vision 2025 aspires to make the livestock sector more competitive. Part of this plan foresees establishing a FMD-free zone in the Rukwa region to be able to increase the export of animals and animal products. The aim of this study was to assess the economic efficiency and feasibility of establishing such an FMD-free zone and to advise policy makers on the profitability of the investment. A stochastic benefit-cost model, set-up in Palisade @Risk for Excel for a time frame of ten years, was developed to assess whether the benefits of establishing a FMD-free zone would outweigh the costs. Data were collated from reviewing literature, government statistics, and key informant interviews with farmers, traders and veterinarians in Tanzania, and complemented by informed assumptions and expert opinion. Moreover, feasibility aspects including underlying infrastructure, market structures and resource availability were discussed based on key informant interviews, literature review and historical analyses. The net present value for the establishment of a FMD-free zone was negative and the benefit-cost ratio was below one (mean 0.09, min 0.05 - max 0.15 in the scenario considering vaccination of all susceptible domestic animals, and mean 0.11, min 0.06 - max 0.20 when considering vaccinating cattle only), excluding potential benefits from trade. The sensitivity analysis showed that variables related to the cost of vaccination had the largest negative impact on the net present value. The proposed FMD-free zone in Rukwa region is unlikely to be cost-effective with the current FMD status and export trade prospects in Tanzania. Interviews with stakeholders revealed that vaccine availability, funding, farmers' willingness to participate, and lack of staff continuity in key roles were the main barriers to establish a reliable FMD control programme in the country. Recommendations towards FMD control and potential short and middle term strategies are discussed.

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Multi-column periodic counter-current chromatography (PCC) has attracted wide attention for the primary capture for the purpose of achieving continuous biomanufacturing. Consequently, determining the design space of the continuous capture process is very important to facilitate process understanding and improving product quality. In this work, we proposed a novel approach to identify the design space of continuous chromatography to balance the computational complexity and model predictions. Specifically, surrogate-based feasibility analysis with adaptive sampling is applied to establish the design space of twin-column CaptureSMB process. The surrogate model is constructed based on the developed mechanistic model for the identification of the design space. The effects of process variables (including interconnected loading time, interconnected flowrate, and batch flowrate) on the design space are comprehensively examined based on an active set strategy. Besides, essential factors like recovery-regeneration time and constraints of column performance parameters (yield, productivity, and capacity utilization) are thoroughly investigated. The impact of design variables such as column length is also studied.

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Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) comprise many variants obtained by adding to the original problem constraints representing diverse system characteristics. Different variants are widely studied in the literature; however, the impact that these constraints have on the structure of the search space associated with the problem is unknown, and so is their influence on the performance of search algorithms used to solve it. This article explores how assignation constraints (such as a limited vehicle capacity) impact VRP by disturbing the network structure defined by the solution space and the local operators in use. This research focuses on Fitness Landscape Analysis for the multiple Traveling Salesman Problem (m-TSP) and Capacitated VRP (CVRP). We propose a new Fitness Landscape Analysis measure that provides valuable information to characterize the fitness landscape's structure under specific scenarios and obtain several relationships between the fitness landscape's structure and the algorithmic performance.

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The political upheaval and the civil war in Libya had a painful toll on the operational reliability of the electric energy supply system. With frequent power cuts and crumbling infrastructure, mainly due to the damage inflicted upon several power plants and grid assets as well as the lack of maintenance, many Libyans are left without electricity for several hours a day. As the country has a staggeringly immense potential of solar energy, it is inevitable to exploit such potential, to avert system-wide blackouts. This paper investigates the use of small-scale PV systems in local communities as non-wires alternative (NWA), offering excess energy exchange within local/neighboring microgrids (MGs) for reliable electric power supply. Different combinations of PV/storage/diesel distributed generations (DGs), with grid-interface options, were applied on a case study of a typical dwelling in the Eastern Libyan city of Benghazi. Technical and financial feasibility assessments were carried out to contrast between various supply combinations. Sensitivity analysis of the PV-grid system was also conducted using Net Present Value (NPV) and the payback time indicators to determine the impacts of Feed-in Tariff (FiT) rates, financial incentives, electricity tariff, and inflation rate on the economic viability of the PV grid system. Results show that the PV-grid system has a promising potential under reasonable set of varying system parameters. On top of its social and environmental-friendly advantages, the PV-battery system is found to be more economical when adopted as a standalone NWA solution as compared to the diesel generator option, even at the lowest diesel price. The PV-grid system does not only provide a short-term remedy to the rolling blackouts in Libya but also enhances system operational reliability by providing a NWA to rundown or shattered grid infrastructure, thus bolstering energy provision in residential neighborhoods.

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BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence is gaining traction in automated medical imaging analysis. Development of more accurate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) predictors of successful clinical outcomes is necessary to better define indications for surgery, improve clinical outcomes with targeted minimally invasive and endoscopic procedures, and realize cost savings by avoiding more invasive spine care. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the ability for deep learning neural network models to identify features in MRI DICOM datasets that represent varying intensities or severities of common spinal pathologies and injuries and to demonstrate the feasibility of generating automated verbal MRI reports comparable to those produced by reading radiologists. METHODS: A 3-dimensional (3D) anatomical model of the lumbar spine was fitted to each of the patient's MRIs by a team of technicians. MRI T1, T2, sagittal, axial, and transverse reconstruction image series were used to train segmentation models by the intersection of the 3D model through these image sequences. Class definitions were extracted from the radiologist report for the central canal: (0) no disc bulge/protrusion/canal stenosis, (1) disc bulge without canal stenosis, (2) disc bulge resulting in canal stenosis, and (3) disc herniation/protrusion/extrusion resulting in canal stenosis. Both the left and right neural foramina were assessed with either (0) neural foraminal stenosis absent, or (1) neural foramina stenosis present. Reporting criteria for the pathologies at each disc level and, when available, the grading of severity were extracted, and a natural language processing model was used to generate a verbal and written report. These data were then used to train a set of very deep convolutional neural network models, optimizing for minimal binary cross-entropy for each classification. RESULTS: The initial prediction validation of the implemented deep learning algorithm was done on 20% of the dataset, which was not used for artificial intelligence training. Of the 17,800 total disc locations for which MRI images and radiology reports were available, 14,720 were used to train the model, and 3560 were used to validate against. The convergence of validation accuracy achieved with the deep learning algorithm for the foraminal stenosis detector was 81% (sensitivity = 72.4.4%, specificity = 83.1%) after 25 complete iterations through the entire training dataset (epoch). The accuracy was 86.2% (sensitivity = 91.1%, specificity = 82.5%) for the central stenosis detector and 85.2% (sensitivity = 81.8%, specificity = 87.4%) for the disc herniation detector. CONCLUSIONS: Deep learning algorithms may be used for routine reporting in spine MRI. There was a minimal disparity among accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, indicating that the data were not overfitted to the training set. We concluded that variability in the training data tends to reduce overfitting and overtraining as the deep neural network models learn to focus on the common pathologies. Future studies should demonstrate the accuracy of deep neural network models and the predictive value of favorable clinical outcomes with intervention and surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Feasibility, clinical teaching, and evaluation study.