RESUMEN
Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is distributed worldwide, with geographical variations regarding prevalence of the different genotypes. The aim of this study was to determine the HBV genotypes and subgenotypes circulating in Southeast Brazil and compare the genetic sequences found with HBV sequences previously described in the world. Sequences from 166 chronic HBV carriers were analyzed using the fragment constituted by 1306 base pairs comprising surface and polymerase regions of the HBV genome. The sequences obtained were submitted to phylogenetic analysis. HBV subgenotypes A1, A2, D1-D4, F2a, and F4 were found. HBV genotype D was the most frequent, found in 99 patients (58.4%). Within this group, subgenotype D3 was the most prevalent, in 73 patients (42.9%). HBV genotype A was identified in 58 (36%) patients, subgenotype A1, in 48 (29.8%) subjects. Genotype F was identified in 9 (5.4%). According to the phylogenetic analysis, the sequences found were grouped with sequences from Europe, Asia and Middle East (subgenotypes D1, D2, D3) and sequences from Latin America and Africa (subgenotype A1). HBV D3 grouped in different clusters inside D3 clade, several of them with sequences isolated in Italy. We also identified eight families whose relatives were infected with the same HBV subgenotype, most with high similarity between sequences. In conclusion, the distribution of the HBV sequences obtained interweaved with sequences from other continents, corresponding to regions from where many immigrants came to this region, in accordance to the hypothesis that the HBV detected over there were brought during the colonization times.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Adulto Joven , Virus de la Hepatitis B/genética , Hepatitis B Crónica/virología , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Filogenia , Brasil , ADN Viral/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Emigración e Inmigración , GenotipoRESUMEN
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is distributed worldwide, with geographical variations regarding prevalence of the different genotypes. The aim of this study was to determine the HBV genotypes and subgenotypes circulating in Southeast Brazil and compare the genetic sequences found with HBV sequences previously described in the world. Sequences from 166 chronic HBV carriers were analyzed using the fragment constituted by 1306 base pairs comprising surface and polymerase regions of the HBV genome. The sequences obtained were submitted to phylogenetic analysis. HBV subgenotypes A1, A2, D1-D4, F2a, and F4 were found. HBV genotype D was the most frequent, found in 99 patients (58.4%). Within this group, subgenotype D3 was the most prevalent, in 73 patients (42.9%). HBV genotype A was identified in 58 (36%) patients, subgenotype A1, in 48 (29.8%) subjects. Genotype F was identified in 9 (5.4%). According to the phylogenetic analysis, the sequences found were grouped with sequences from Europe, Asia and Middle East (subgenotypes D1, D2, D3) and sequences from Latin America and Africa (subgenotype A1). HBV D3 grouped in different clusters inside D3 clade, several of them with sequences isolated in Italy. We also identified eight families whose relatives were infected with the same HBV subgenotype, most with high similarity between sequences. In conclusion, the distribution of the HBV sequences obtained interweaved with sequences from other continents, corresponding to regions from where many immigrants came to this region, in accordance to the hypothesis that the HBV detected over there were brought during the colonization times.
Asunto(s)
Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Virus de la Hepatitis B/genética , Hepatitis B Crónica/virología , Adulto , Anciano , Brasil , ADN Viral/genética , Emigración e Inmigración , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Este artigo propõe um modelo teórico-clínico na abordagem terapêutica às famílias de imigrantes de primeira geração e seus descendentes. A primeira fonte de dados, a pesquisa de Doutorado realizada na Universidade de Bordeaux entre 2005 e 2006, foi desenvolvida com nove famílias de imigrantes na França, de origem brasileira, italiana e portuguesa, seguindo os critérios de inclusão: imigração do casal de mesma origem em idade adulta e nascimento dos filhos no país de adoção. A segunda fonte, a atividade clínica em psicologia, serviu de espaço de observação e de aplicação do modelo proposto. Conclui-se que a transmissão cultural e familiar favorece o duplo pertencimento e constitui elemento significativo na integração dos imigrantes e seus descendentes, bem como para a imagem de si e nas relações familiares. Os suportes social e governamental desempenham papel importante ao valorizarem a diferença cultural. A proposta original é a terapia familiar com base no modelo sistêmico e na psicologia intercultural, em que a história da imigração e seu impacto nas relações intra e extrafamiliares mostram-se, pela integração das perspectivas cultural e migratória, mais próximas da realidade daquele sujeito em dificuldades psicológicas e sociais que demanda ajuda nos serviços de psicologia e de psiquiatria.
This paper propose a clinic-theoretical model for the study of first-generation immigrant families and their descendants. Data came from two sources. The first was the research investigation conducted with nine immigrant families of Brazilian, Italian, and Portuguese origin in France, subject to the following inclusion criteria: couples of the same origin, who immigrated in adult life and birthed children in the host country. The second data source was clinical psychology activity, which served as a space for observation and application of the proposed model. Cultural and familial transmission favors "double belonging" and constitutes a significant element of integration among immigrants and their descendants, as well as an element of self-image and family relations. Social and governmental support valuing cultural differences plays an important role in such dynamic. Original proposal for family therapy based on a systemic model of intercultural psychology, in which history of immigration and its impact on intra- and extra-familial relations demonstrate, by the integration of cultural and migratory perspectives, to be closer to the reality of the subject in psychological and social (psychosocial) difficulties seeking psychological and psychiatric services.
Este artículo propone un modelo teórico-clínico en la abordage terapéutica en las familias de inmigrantes de primera generación y sus descendientes. La primera fuente de datos, utilizada en la investigación de Doctorado realizada en la Universidad de Bordeaux entre los años 2005 a 2006, fue trabajada con nueve familias que inmigraron a Francia, siendo sus orígenes brasileros, italianos y portugueses, fueron considerados los siguientes criterios de inclusión: inmigración de la pareja del mismo origen en edad adulta y nacimiento de los hijos en el país de adopción. La segunda fuente fue la actividad clínica en psicología que sirvió de campo de observación y de aplicación del modelo propuesto. Se concluyó que la transmisión cultural y familiar favorece su doble participación y constituye un elemento importante en la integración de los inmigrantes y sus descendientes, en relación con su propia imagen y en sus relaciones con su familia. Los apoyos social y gubernamental juegan un papel importante al valorizar la diferencia cultural. La propuesta original y la terapia familiar basada en un modelo sistémico y en la psicología intercultural en que la historia de la inmigración y su impacto en las relaciones intra e extra familiares se manifiesta por la integración de las perspectivas cultural e migratoria más próxima de la realidad de aquel sujeto en dificultades psicológicas y sociales, que demanda ayuda de los servicios de psicología y de psiquiatría.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Informes de Casos , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Relaciones Familiares , Terapia FamiliarRESUMEN
Este artigo propõe um modelo teórico-clínico na abordagem terapêutica às famílias de imigrantes de primeira geração e seus descendentes. A primeira fonte de dados, a pesquisa de Doutorado realizada na Universidade de Bordeaux entre 2005 e 2006, foi desenvolvida com nove famílias de imigrantes na França, de origem brasileira, italiana e portuguesa, seguindo os critérios de inclusão: imigração do casal de mesma origem em idade adulta e nascimento dos filhos no país de adoção. A segunda fonte, a atividade clínica em psicologia, serviu de espaço de observação e de aplicação do modelo proposto. Conclui-se que a transmissão cultural e familiar favorece o duplo pertencimento e constitui elemento significativo na integração dos imigrantes e seus descendentes, bem como para a imagem de si e nas relações familiares. Os suportes social e governamental desempenham papel importante ao valorizarem a diferença cultural. A proposta original é a terapia familiar com base no modelo sistêmico e na psicologia intercultural, em que a história da imigração e seu impacto nas relações intra e extrafamiliares mostram-se, pela integração das perspectivas cultural e migratória, mais próximas da realidade daquele sujeito em dificuldades psicológicas e sociais que demanda ajuda nos serviços de psicologia e de psiquiatria.(AU)
This paper propose a clinic-theoretical model for the study of first-generation immigrant families and their descendants. Data came from two sources. The first was the research investigation conducted with nine immigrant families of Brazilian, Italian, and Portuguese origin in France, subject to the following inclusion criteria: couples of the same origin, who immigrated in adult life and birthed children in the host country. The second data source was clinical psychology activity, which served as a space for observation and application of the proposed model. Cultural and familial transmission favors "double belonging" and constitutes a significant element of integration among immigrants and their descendants, as well as an element of self-image and family relations. Social and governmental support valuing cultural differences plays an important role in such dynamic. Original proposal for family therapy based on a systemic model of intercultural psychology, in which history of immigration and its impact on intra- and extra-familial relations demonstrate, by the integration of cultural and migratory perspectives, to be closer to the reality of the subject in psychological and social (psychosocial) difficulties seeking psychological and psychiatric services.(AU)
Este artículo propone un modelo teórico-clínico en la abordage terapéutica en las familias de inmigrantes de primera generación y sus descendientes. La primera fuente de datos, utilizada en la investigación de Doctorado realizada en la Universidad de Bordeaux entre los años 2005 a 2006, fue trabajada con nueve familias que inmigraron a Francia, siendo sus orígenes brasileros, italianos y portugueses, fueron considerados los siguientes criterios de inclusión: inmigración de la pareja del mismo origen en edad adulta y nacimiento de los hijos en el país de adopción. La segunda fuente fue la actividad clínica en psicología que sirvió de campo de observación y de aplicación del modelo propuesto. Se concluyó que la transmisión cultural y familiar favorece su doble participación y constituye un elemento importante en la integración de los inmigrantes y sus descendientes, en relación con su propia imagen y en sus relaciones con su familia. Los apoyos social y gubernamental juegan un papel importante al valorizar la diferencia cultural. La propuesta original y la terapia familiar basada en un modelo sistémico y en la psicología intercultural en que la historia de la inmigración y su impacto en las relaciones intra e extra familiares se manifiesta por la integración de las perspectivas cultural e migratoria más próxima de la realidad de aquel sujeto en dificultades psicológicas y sociales, que demanda ayuda de los servicios de psicología y de psiquiatría.(AU)