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Background: Cutaneous involvement is the second-most frequent extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease, with pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) a particularly relevant form because of its frequency, morbidity, and recurrence. The limited number of clinical trials involving PG increases the challenge to gastroenterologists in the management of this condition. Case Presentation: Four cases of atypical presentations of PG are reported. A 25-year-old patient with ulcerative colitis presented an extensive chronic ulcerative lesion on her left leg that was associated with significant bleeding; the intestinal disease was in remission under the use of azathioprine. The patient was on long-term use of 60 mg corticosteroid with no improvement in the skin disease; however, initiation of cyclosporine induced remission. In the second case, a 52-year-old woman was a carrier of Crohn's disease, with a history of partial colectomy. The patient's skin condition had evolved with a cutaneous lesion localized in the perineal region, buttocks, and colostomy pouch, simulating a case of impetigo, and this had been treated with antibiotic cycles without improvement. Lesion biopsy suggested a diagnosis of PG. Consequently, the patient was started on biological therapy with infliximab, and the PG regressed. In the third case, a 38-year-old woman with a history of pancolitis presented a picture of PG with an extensive and deep ulcerative lesion in the right breast. The lesion regressed after treatment with oral corticosteroid. The final case was a 44-year-old woman with Crohn's disease suffering from Crohn's disease pancolitis. The patient's condition evolved with a mixed pattern with pustules, bullae, and ulcerative lesions in the vulva, oral cavity, gluteus, right auricular region, scalp, and left flank, and was resolved by administration of adalimumab. Conclusion: PG is an important and frequent manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease, with a spectrum of clinical variants, significant morbidity, and requiring a variety of therapeutic approaches.
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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with various hepatobiliary disorders. They can occur at any moment in the course of the disease or associated with the treatment. The prevalence of liver dysfunction can reach up to 50% in different studies. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is considered the most common hepatobiliary complication in IBD, while primary sclerosing cholangitis is the most specific. Management of hepatic manifestations in IBD involves a multidisciplinary approach that includes a high index of suspicion and joint management with hepatologists. The medical confrontation with abnormal liver tests must include an exhaustive study to determine if these patterns can be related to IBD, associated diseases or to the therapies used.
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Resumen Las vasculitis leucocitoclásticas se definen como el daño e inflamación de las paredes vasculares, son aquellas vasculitis de pequeños vasos que anatomopatológicamente presentan leucocitoclasia y puede observarse como una manifestación extraintestinal de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. En la colitis ulcerativa se presentan en menor frecuencia, por inmunocomplejos generados en la mucosa intestinal debido a la exposición del tejido linfoide submucoso a antígenos fecales; podrían precipitarse en las paredes de los pequeños vasos. Se pueden asociar con Clostridium difficile, que es un bacilo grampositivo esporulado, anaerobio estricto, que se encuentra normalmente en el medio ambiente y produce colitis, que se manifiesta como un cuadro diarreico presentado después de la ingesta de antibióticos y altera la flora bacteriana común de este órgano. El caso se trata de un paciente 36 años de edad con cuadro de diarreas líquidas con moco y escaso sangrado; se realizó un estudio endoscópico y anatomopatológico en el que se observó colitis ulcerativa con coproparasitario positivo para antígeno de C. difficile, y en su hospitalización presentó lesiones dérmicas petequiales y necróticas en el cuarto dedo de la mano izquierda, que en la biopsia dio como resultado vasculitis de pequeños vasos. En este artículo se revisan de forma práctica los aspectos relacionados con la fisiopatología, histología, tratamiento y diagnósticos de la manifestación extraintestinal dermatológica rara, como la vasculitis leucocitoclástica en pacientes con colitis ulcerativas asociadas con Clostridium.
Abstract Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is defined as the damage and inflammation of the vascular walls. The term refers to vasculitis of the small vessels that anatomopathologically present leukocytoclasia and it can be seen as an extra-intestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease. In ulcerative colitis, it occurs less frequently due to immune complexes produced in the intestinal mucosa by exposure of the submucosal lymphoid tissue to fecal antigens, which could precipitate in the walls of the small vessels. This condition can be associated with Clostridium difficile, which is a gram-positive, sporulated, strict anaerobic bacillus, normally found in the environment. It causes colitis that manifests as a diarrheal disease following the ingestion of antibiotics that alter the common bacterial flora of this organ. This is the case report of a 36-year-old patient with liquid diarrhea with mucus and scarce bleeding. Endoscopic and anatomopathological studies were performed, finding ulcerative colitis with positive coproparasite for Clostridium difficile antigen. The patient was hospitalized, and during his stay, he presented with petechiae and necrotic skin lesions on the fourth finger of the left hand. Skin biopsy showed small vessel vasculitis. This article is a practical review of the pathophysiology, histology, treatment, and diagnosis of a rare dermatologic extraintestinal manifestation, namely, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, in patients with C. difficile-associated ulcerative colitis.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Vasculitis , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino , Colitis Ulcerosa , Clostridioides difficile , Piel , Terapéutica , Diarrea , Dedos , HistologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) are frequent in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our objective is to characterize and determine the prevalence of MEIs in our cohort of patients with IBD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out in adult patients with IBD at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital in Medellín. Colombia. Articular MEIs, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), both ophthalmological and dermatological, were considered. Absolute and relative frequencies were used. The Chi square test of independence was used to compare 2proportions and the odds ratio (OR) was estimated. RESULTS: Our registry has 759 patients with IBD, 544 present UC (71.6%), 200 CD (26.3%) and 15 unclassifiable IBD (1.9%); 177 patients with IBD (23.3%) presented EIMs, 123 of 544 (22.6%) with UC and 53 of 200 (26.5%) with CD (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.55-1.17, P=0.31). Regarding the type of EIMs, the articular ones were the most frequent (13.5%), more in CD than in UC (20.0 vs. 11.3%, OR 1.94, 95% CI: 1.25-3.00, P=0.0037). Patients with IBD and EIMs used more antibodies against tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNFs), compared to those without EIMs (43.5 vs. 18.5%, OR 3.38, 95% CI: 2.31-4.90, P=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of EIMs in our cohort is high (23.3%) and the most frequent type is joint. Anti-TNFs are most used when IBD and EIMs coexist. Our study provides valuable information on the association of EIMs and IBD in Latin America.
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Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/complicaciones , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Estudios de Cohortes , Colitis Ulcerosa/complicaciones , Colitis Ulcerosa/epidemiología , Colombia/epidemiología , Enfermedad de Crohn/complicaciones , Enfermedad de Crohn/epidemiología , Eritema Nudoso/epidemiología , Eritema Nudoso/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/epidemiología , Artropatías/epidemiología , Artropatías/etiología , Masculino , Oportunidad Relativa , Úlceras Bucales/epidemiología , Úlceras Bucales/etiología , Prevalencia , Psoriasis/epidemiología , Psoriasis/etiología , Piodermia Gangrenosa/epidemiología , Piodermia Gangrenosa/etiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Escleritis/epidemiología , Uveítis/epidemiología , Uveítis/etiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease that can develop extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) in a subgroup of patients. The aim of this work was to study the frequency and clinical factors associated with the development of EIMs. METHODS: We evaluated a total of 260 Mexican patients with confirmed UC who were followed retrospectively in order to identify the factors associated with the presence of EIMs. RESULTS: The frequency of EIM was 55.8%. The factors associated with the development of EIM were pancolitis (p = 0.003, OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.34-4.56) and previous colectomy (p = 0.024, OR = 7.54, 95% CI = 1.20-60.44). A clinical course of initial activity and then long remission for >5 years was found to be a protective factor (p = 0.002, OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.14-0.67). CONCLUSION: The frequency of EIM was 55.8% in our population, and the factors associated with their development were pancolitis and colectomy; meanwhile, a clinical course of initial activity and then long remission was a protector feature.
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Summary: Drug allergies are developed by antibody or cell-mediated reactions as immunologic mechanisms. It has been demonstrated that hypersensitivity reaction to certain allergens may play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) focused on food allergies. A total of 256 patients with UC were divided in two groups: 203 patients with active UC and 53 in remission UC were included in the present study. In the present study we found that 11.7% had allergy to at least one drug distributed. The most frequent drug-allergies were sulfonamides in 2.8% and penicillin in 3.1%. Sulfonamide allergy was associated with several extraintestinal manifestations such as: peripheral arthritis/arthralgia (OR = 9.06, 95% CI 1.71 - 48.00, p = 0.002); pyoderma gangrenosum (OR = 24.10, 95% CI 3.55 - 163.48, p minor 0.0001) and uveitis (OR = 15.93, 95% CI 2.55 - 99.23, p minor 0.0001). The frequency of drug allergy was 11.7% in Mexican UC patients, most frequently to sulfonamides and penicillin drugs. The presence of sulfonamide allergy was associated with the presence of several extra-intestinal manifestations.
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Alérgenos/efectos adversos , Colitis Ulcerosa/inmunología , Hipersensibilidad a las Drogas/inmunología , Penicilinas/efectos adversos , Sulfonamidas/efectos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Alérgenos/inmunología , Artritis , Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Penicilinas/inmunología , Piodermia Gangrenosa , Sulfonamidas/inmunología , Uveítis , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
La colitis ulcerativa (CU) forma más común de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII),¹ es una enfermedad crónica que cursa con inflamación recurrente no controlada del colon,² caracterizada por ulceración de la mucosa, sangrado rectal, diarrea y dolor abdominal.³ Un tercio de los pacientes pueden desarrollar una manifestación extraintestinal.4,5 En la CU estas manifestaciones suelen estar relacionadas con la actividad de la enfermedad.5,6 Presentamos un caso clínico de una paciente con CU quien presenta manifestaciones extraintestinales cutáneas, oculares y en mucosa bucal, con resolución de las mismas posterior a tratamiento médico
Ulcerative colitis (UC) the most common form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),¹ is a chronic disease that causes uncontrolled recurrent inflammation of the colon,² characterized by mucosal ulceration, rectal bleeding, diarrhea and abdominal pain.³ A third of patients may develop extraintestinal manifestation.4,5 In UC these manifestations are often associated with disease activity.5,6 We present a case of a patient with UC who presented extraintestinal cutaneous, ocular and oral mucosa, with resolution of the same post-treatment
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Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Colon/lesiones , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/cirugía , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/patología , Enfermedades del Colon/diagnóstico , Proctocolitis/cirugía , Proctocolitis/diagnóstico , GastroenterologíaRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: conocer sobre los conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas de los dermatólogos de Ciudad de La Habana en relación con la infección por Giardia lamblia. MÉTODOS: previo consentimiento informado de los dermatólogos de Ciudad de La Habana, a un número próximo al universo de estos (50 de 58), se le aplicó una encuesta sobre conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas en relación con esta parasitosis. La preparación de la encuesta pasó por 4 fases: entrevistas a médicos relacionados con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de la giardiasis; preparación de un cuestionario preliminar sobre la base de los resultados de esas entrevistas; sometimiento del instrumento a criterio de expertos; y validación de este mediante su aplicación a un pequeño grupo de galenos. RESULTADOS: se evidenció que en relación con la giardiasis y, de manera particular, con las manifestaciones cutáneas asociadas a esta, los dermatólogos de Ciudad de La Habana mostraban conocimientos insuficientes (de 19 interrogantes que evaluaban aspectos cognoscitivos, la media de respuestas correctas entre todos los participantes fue 10,18), percepciones inadecuadas y prácticas incorrectas. CONCLUSIONES: en la dirección de atenuar estas dificultades se hace necesario una intervención de tipo académica, que haga énfasis en los aspectos formativos relacionados con las enfermedades parasitarias, en general, y la giardiasis, en particular.
OBJECTIVE: to ascertain the level of knowledge, the perceptions and practice of dermatologists in the City of Havana with respect to Giardia lamblia infection. METHODS: with prior informed consent given by the dermatologists from the City of Havana, 50 dermatologists- a number very close to the universe of these experts in the province- were administered a survey of their knowledge, perceptions and practice about this parasitosis. The survey was prepared in 4 phases; that is, interviews to physicians on diagnosis, treatment and control of giardiasis; drafting of a preliminary questionnaire based on the interview results; submission of this instruments to the experts, and finally its validation through its application to a small group of physicians. RESULTS: it was evinced that the dermatologists in the City of Havana had poor knowledge about giardiasis, particularly its cutaneous manifestations (out of 19 questions on cognitive aspects, the correct answer mean was 10,18), inadequate perceptions on this disease and practice was not good. CONCLUSIONS: with the aim of mitigating these difficulties, some academic intervention is needed to make emphasis on the formative aspects related to parasitic diseases in general and giardiasis in particular.
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Humanos , Dermatología , Giardia lamblia , Giardiasis , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Giardiasis/diagnóstico , Giardiasis/terapiaRESUMEN
Estudio sobre los conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas de los gastroenterólogos de Ciudad de La Habana, en relación con la infección por Giardia lamblia. Previo consentimiento informado, a los gastroenterólogos que prestaban servicios en la red de hospitales e institutos de investigaciones de Ciudad de La Habana en el período que se realizó la investigación (63 de 71) se les aplicó una encuesta sobre conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas en relación con esta parasitosis. La preparación de la encuesta pasó por cuatro fases: 1) entrevistas a médicos relacionados con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de la giardiasis; 2) preparación de un cuestionario preliminar en base a los resultados de esas entrevistas; 3) sometimiento del instrumento a criterio de expertos y 4) validación del mismo mediante su aplicación a un pequeño grupo de galenos. Se evidenció que en relación con la giardiasis y, de manera particular, con las manifestaciones cutáneas asociadas a esta, los gastroenterólogos mostraban conocimientos insuficientes (de 19 interrogantes que evaluaban aspectos cognoscitivos, la media de respuestas correctas entre todos los participantes fue de 9,87), y algunas percepciones inadecuadas. En la dirección de atenuar estas dificultades se hace necesaria una intervención de tipo académica que permita perfeccionar el trabajo de los profesionales relacionados con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de esta parasitosis(AU)
To ascertain the level of knowledge, the perceptions and practice of gastroenterologists in the City of Havana with respect to Giardia lamblia infection. Methos: with prior informed consent given by the gastroenterologist from the City of Havana, to 63 gastroenterologists- a number very close to the universe of these experts in the province- were administered a survey of their knowledge, perceptions and practice about this parasitosis. The survey was prepared in 4 phases; that is, interviews to physicians on diagnosis, treatment and control of giardiasis; drafting of a preliminary questionnaire based on the interview results; submission of this instruments to the experts, and finally its validation through its application to a small group of physicians. Results: it was evidenced that the gastroenterologists in the City of Havana had poor knowledge about giardiasis, particularly its cutaneous manifestations (out of 19 questions on cognitive aspects, the correct answer mean was 9,87) and some inadequate perceptions. Conclusions: with the aim of mitigating these difficulties, some academic intervention is needed to improve the work in relation to parasitic diseases in general and giardiasis in particular(AU)