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1.
Neurologia ; 30(7): 439-46, 2015 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés, Español | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24975343

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Drug-resistant epilepsy affects 25% of all epileptic patients, and quality of life decreases in these patients due to their seizures. Early detection is crucial in order to establish potential treatment alternatives and determine if the patient is a surgical candidate. DEVELOPMENT: PubMed search for articles, recommendations published by major medical societies, and clinical practice guidelines for drug-resistant epilepsy and its medical and surgical treatment options. Evidence and recommendations are classified according to the criteria of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (2001) and the European Federation of Neurological Societies (2004) for therapeutic actions. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying patients with drug-resistant epilepsy is important for optimising drug therapy. Experts recommend rational polytherapy with antiepileptic drugs to find more effective combinations with fewer adverse effects. When adequate seizure control is not achieved, a presurgical evaluation in an epilepsy referral centre is recommended. These evaluations explore how to resect the epileptogenic zone without causing functional deficits in cases in which this is feasible. If resective surgery is not achievable, palliative surgery or neurostimulation systems (including vagus nerve, trigeminal nerve, or deep brain stimulation) may be an option. Other treatment alternatives such as ketogenic diet may also be considered in selected patients.


Asunto(s)
Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Epilepsia Refractaria/cirugía , Estimulación Encefálica Profunda , Epilepsia Refractaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia , Humanos , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Convulsiones/prevención & control
2.
Neurocirugia (Astur) ; 24(5): 204-9, 2013.
Artículo en Español | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23850134

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To present our experience in treating drug-resistant epilepsy with vagal nerve stimulation in our centre, evaluating its impact on disease control and on different aspects related to the patients and main caretakers' quality of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of patients operated from January 2004 until December 2012. Interviews and tests completed by outpatients and principle caretakers were evaluated. RESULTS: Fifteen patients were included, with a mean postoperative follow-up of 4.41 (0.5-8) years. Mean age at implantation was 25 (10-50) years. Over 66% of the patients perceived a reduction greater than 25% of their crisis intensity. Forty-seven percent of the patients experienced a decrease greater than 50% in the number of crises. As undesired adverse events, one patient presented persistent dysphonia, another self-limited cough and cervical discomfort and another, persistent cervical discomfort. The device had to be removed in 2 patients due to refractory headaches. There were no complications derived from the surgical procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Vagal nerve stimulation is an effective treatment for reducing crisis frequency and intensity. The patients as well as their caretakers experience a subjective improvement in their quality of life. Despite its economic cost, it seems to reduce their care needs to a certain degree and its use may therefore be justified.


Asunto(s)
Epilepsia/terapia , Estimulación del Nervio Vago , Adulto , Resistencia a Medicamentos , Epilepsia/tratamiento farmacológico , Hospitales Universitarios , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Adulto Joven
3.
Rev. argent. cardiol ; 80(1): 7-13, ene. 2012. ilus, tab
Artículo en Español | BINACIS | ID: bin-127749

RESUMEN

La estimulación vagal induce efectos cardioprotectores y la administración de acetilcolina mimetiza el efecto del precondicionamiento isquémico. No obstante, no existen datos concluyentes con respecto a los efectos de la estimulación vagal en el infarto de miocardio in vivo. Con el objetivo de evaluar los efectos de la estimulación vagal sobre el infarto de miocardio experimental en conejos, se provocó isquemia miocárdica regional por ligadura de una rama coronaria izquierda durante 45 min seguida de 4 horas de reperfusión (G1, n = 14). En el grupo 2 (G2, n = 9) se repitió el protocolo de G1 aplicándose, antes de la isquemia, estimulación vagal eferente derecha durante 10 min a una intensidad tal que produjo una reducción de la frecuencia cardíaca de entre el 10% y el 20%, seguida de 5 min de recuperación. En el grupo 3 (G3, n = 5) se repitió el protocolo de G2, pero se administró atropina durante la estimulación vagal. En otros grupos experimentales se repitió el protocolo de G2, pero administrando un bloqueante adrenérgico β1 de acción corta (esmolol) durante la estimulación (G4, n = 7) o uno de acción prolongada (atenolol) (G5, n = 5). La estimulación vagal preisquemia aumentó el tamaño del infarto desde el 45,2% ñ 2,4% al 62,9% ñ 3,1% (p < 0,05). La atropina revirtió este efecto, reduciéndolo al 44,8% ñ 3,9% (p < 0,05 vs. G2). La administración de esmolol o de atenolol atenuó el incremento del tamaño del infarto al 50,1% ñ 4,2% y al 50,0% ñ 2,9%, respectivamente (p < 0,05). La estimulación vagal eferente preisquémica incrementa significativamente el tamaño del infarto por un mecanismo colinérgico muscarínico, efecto que es revertido por bloqueo beta-adrenérgico. La estimulación vagal, aplicada en diversas situaciones clínicas, podría causar efectos secundarios perjudiciales.(AU)


It has been shown that vagal stimulation induces cardioprotective effects and the administration of acetylcholine mimics ischemic preconditioning. However, there are no conclusive data about the effects of in vivo vagal stimulation on myocardial infarction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of vagal stimulation on experimental myocardial infarction induced in rabbits subjected to 45 min of regional myocardial ischemia by ligation of a branch of the left coronary artery, followed by 4 hours of reperfusion (G1, n=14). In group 2 (G2, n=9) G1 protocol was repeated and, before inducing ischemia, right efferent vagal stimulation was performed during 10 min to an intensity enough to reduce heart rate by 10-20% followed by a recovery period of 5 min. In group 3 (G3, n=5) the G2 protocol was repeated, but atropine was administered during vagal stimulation. In other experimental groups the G2 protocol was repeated and short-acting β1 -adrenergic blocker (esmolol, G4, n=7) or long-acting beta blocker (atenolol, G5, n=5) were administered during the stimulation. Preischemic vagal stimulation increased the infarct size from 45.2%ñ2.4% to 62.9%ñ3.1% (p <0.05). Atropine reverted this effect reducing the infarct size to 44.8%ñ3.9% (p <0.05 vs. G2). The administration of esmolol or atenolol attenuated the increase in infarct size to 50.1%ñ4.2% and 50.0%ñ2.9%, respectively (p <0,05). Preischemic efferent vagal stimulation significantly increases the infarct size by a muscarinic cholinergic mechanism. This effect is reverted by beta adrenergic blockade. Applying vagal stimulation to different clinical scenarios might cause deleterious secondary effects.(AU)

4.
Rev. argent. cardiol ; 80(1): 7-13, ene. 2012. ilus, tab
Artículo en Español | BINACIS | ID: bin-129573

RESUMEN

La estimulación vagal induce efectos cardioprotectores y la administración de acetilcolina mimetiza el efecto del precondicionamiento isquémico. No obstante, no existen datos concluyentes con respecto a los efectos de la estimulación vagal en el infarto de miocardio in vivo. Con el objetivo de evaluar los efectos de la estimulación vagal sobre el infarto de miocardio experimental en conejos, se provocó isquemia miocárdica regional por ligadura de una rama coronaria izquierda durante 45 min seguida de 4 horas de reperfusión (G1, n = 14). En el grupo 2 (G2, n = 9) se repitió el protocolo de G1 aplicándose, antes de la isquemia, estimulación vagal eferente derecha durante 10 min a una intensidad tal que produjo una reducción de la frecuencia cardíaca de entre el 10% y el 20%, seguida de 5 min de recuperación. En el grupo 3 (G3, n = 5) se repitió el protocolo de G2, pero se administró atropina durante la estimulación vagal. En otros grupos experimentales se repitió el protocolo de G2, pero administrando un bloqueante adrenérgico β1 de acción corta (esmolol) durante la estimulación (G4, n = 7) o uno de acción prolongada (atenolol) (G5, n = 5). La estimulación vagal preisquemia aumentó el tamaño del infarto desde el 45,2% ± 2,4% al 62,9% ± 3,1% (p < 0,05). La atropina revirtió este efecto, reduciéndolo al 44,8% ± 3,9% (p < 0,05 vs. G2). La administración de esmolol o de atenolol atenuó el incremento del tamaño del infarto al 50,1% ± 4,2% y al 50,0% ± 2,9%, respectivamente (p < 0,05). La estimulación vagal eferente preisquémica incrementa significativamente el tamaño del infarto por un mecanismo colinérgico muscarínico, efecto que es revertido por bloqueo beta-adrenérgico. La estimulación vagal, aplicada en diversas situaciones clínicas, podría causar efectos secundarios perjudiciales.(AU)


It has been shown that vagal stimulation induces cardioprotective effects and the administration of acetylcholine mimics ischemic preconditioning. However, there are no conclusive data about the effects of in vivo vagal stimulation on myocardial infarction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of vagal stimulation on experimental myocardial infarction induced in rabbits subjected to 45 min of regional myocardial ischemia by ligation of a branch of the left coronary artery, followed by 4 hours of reperfusion (G1, n=14). In group 2 (G2, n=9) G1 protocol was repeated and, before inducing ischemia, right efferent vagal stimulation was performed during 10 min to an intensity enough to reduce heart rate by 10-20% followed by a recovery period of 5 min. In group 3 (G3, n=5) the G2 protocol was repeated, but atropine was administered during vagal stimulation. In other experimental groups the G2 protocol was repeated and short-acting β1 -adrenergic blocker (esmolol, G4, n=7) or long-acting beta blocker (atenolol, G5, n=5) were administered during the stimulation. Preischemic vagal stimulation increased the infarct size from 45.2%±2.4% to 62.9%±3.1% (p <0.05). Atropine reverted this effect reducing the infarct size to 44.8%±3.9% (p <0.05 vs. G2). The administration of esmolol or atenolol attenuated the increase in infarct size to 50.1%±4.2% and 50.0%±2.9%, respectively (p <0,05). Preischemic efferent vagal stimulation significantly increases the infarct size by a muscarinic cholinergic mechanism. This effect is reverted by beta adrenergic blockade. Applying vagal stimulation to different clinical scenarios might cause deleterious secondary effects.(AU)

5.
Rev. argent. cardiol ; 80(1): 7-13, ene. 2012. ilus, tab
Artículo en Español | LILACS | ID: lil-639695

RESUMEN

La estimulación vagal induce efectos cardioprotectores y la administración de acetilcolina mimetiza el efecto del precondicionamiento isquémico. No obstante, no existen datos concluyentes con respecto a los efectos de la estimulación vagal en el infarto de miocardio in vivo. Con el objetivo de evaluar los efectos de la estimulación vagal sobre el infarto de miocardio experimental en conejos, se provocó isquemia miocárdica regional por ligadura de una rama coronaria izquierda durante 45 min seguida de 4 horas de reperfusión (G1, n = 14). En el grupo 2 (G2, n = 9) se repitió el protocolo de G1 aplicándose, antes de la isquemia, estimulación vagal eferente derecha durante 10 min a una intensidad tal que produjo una reducción de la frecuencia cardíaca de entre el 10% y el 20%, seguida de 5 min de recuperación. En el grupo 3 (G3, n = 5) se repitió el protocolo de G2, pero se administró atropina durante la estimulación vagal. En otros grupos experimentales se repitió el protocolo de G2, pero administrando un bloqueante adrenérgico β1 de acción corta (esmolol) durante la estimulación (G4, n = 7) o uno de acción prolongada (atenolol) (G5, n = 5). La estimulación vagal preisquemia aumentó el tamaño del infarto desde el 45,2% ± 2,4% al 62,9% ± 3,1% (p < 0,05). La atropina revirtió este efecto, reduciéndolo al 44,8% ± 3,9% (p < 0,05 vs. G2). La administración de esmolol o de atenolol atenuó el incremento del tamaño del infarto al 50,1% ± 4,2% y al 50,0% ± 2,9%, respectivamente (p < 0,05). La estimulación vagal eferente preisquémica incrementa significativamente el tamaño del infarto por un mecanismo colinérgico muscarínico, efecto que es revertido por bloqueo beta-adrenérgico. La estimulación vagal, aplicada en diversas situaciones clínicas, podría causar efectos secundarios perjudiciales.


It has been shown that vagal stimulation induces cardioprotective effects and the administration of acetylcholine mimics ischemic preconditioning. However, there are no conclusive data about the effects of in vivo vagal stimulation on myocardial infarction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of vagal stimulation on experimental myocardial infarction induced in rabbits subjected to 45 min of regional myocardial ischemia by ligation of a branch of the left coronary artery, followed by 4 hours of reperfusion (G1, n=14). In group 2 (G2, n=9) G1 protocol was repeated and, before inducing ischemia, right efferent vagal stimulation was performed during 10 min to an intensity enough to reduce heart rate by 10-20% followed by a recovery period of 5 min. In group 3 (G3, n=5) the G2 protocol was repeated, but atropine was administered during vagal stimulation. In other experimental groups the G2 protocol was repeated and short-acting β1 -adrenergic blocker (esmolol, G4, n=7) or long-acting beta blocker (atenolol, G5, n=5) were administered during the stimulation. Preischemic vagal stimulation increased the infarct size from 45.2%±2.4% to 62.9%±3.1% (p <0.05). Atropine reverted this effect reducing the infarct size to 44.8%±3.9% (p <0.05 vs. G2). The administration of esmolol or atenolol attenuated the increase in infarct size to 50.1%±4.2% and 50.0%±2.9%, respectively (p <0,05). Preischemic efferent vagal stimulation significantly increases the infarct size by a muscarinic cholinergic mechanism. This effect is reverted by beta adrenergic blockade. Applying vagal stimulation to different clinical scenarios might cause deleterious secondary effects.

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