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Prostate cancer is a significant global health problem, being the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of death in men worldwide. Standard chemotherapy, though effective, often lacks selectivity for tumor cells, resulting in dose-limiting side effects. To address this, innovative biomedical approaches such as electrochemotherapy and electromagnetic hyperthermia have emerged. Electrochemotherapy improves drug delivery by facilitating electroporation, thereby increasing intracellular concentrations of chemotherapeutic agents. This approach reduces dosages and associated adverse effects. Meanwhile, electromagnetic hyperthermia raises the temperature of tumor cells, enhancing their sensitivity to chemotherapy. While previous research has demonstrated the inhibitory effects of magnetic hyperthermia on prostate cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo, and its synergy with chemotherapy has shown enhanced tumor remission, limited studies have focused on electrochemotherapy alone or in combination with hyperthermia in prostate cancer models. This study aims to assess the synergistic effects of electromagnetic hyperthermia, with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and electrochemotherapy, with electroporation and the chemotherapeutic drugs bleomycin and cisplatin, on the prostate cancer-derived cell line DU-145/GFP and prostate-derived cell line RWPE-1. Results indicate enhanced cytotoxicity with both treatments (bleomycin and cisplatin) by adding electroporation, demonstrating a particularly pronounced effect with bleomycin. Combining electroporation with hyperthermia significantly augments cytotoxicity. Moreover, electroporation effectively reduced the time of exposure to electromagnetic hyperthermia while magnifying its cytotoxic effects. Future research in in vivo trials may reveal additional insights into the combined effects of these therapies.
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OBJECTIVE: Treating aggressive superficial squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) poses challenges due to invasiveness. Palliative care is recommended for inoperable cases with extensive tumors near vital organs, risking disfigurement or functional impairment. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an emerging cutaneous tumor treatment, but its efficacy against superficial SCC remains uncertain. This study conducts a systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis to evaluate ECT's effectiveness against superficial SCC and provide current evidence for clinical practice. METHODS: Embase, PubMed and Cochrane Library were searched for studies up to May 2023. The random effects model analyzed complete response (CR) and partial response (PR), with subgroup assessment based on drug dosage, treatment response evaluation, tumor size, primary/recurrent status, and tumor location. RESULTS: Ten studies involving 162 patients and 208 tumors were included. Pooled CR and PR rates for ECT-treated superficial SCC were 66.5% (95% CI 48.4%-82.5%; I2 = 84%) and 20.3% (95% CI 10.5%-32.3%; I2 = 70%), respectively. Subgroup analysis indicated ECT's superiority in treating primary tumors (PR: 70%, CR: 30%) and tumors ≤ 3 cm (PR: 81.3%, CR: 10.1%) compared to recurrent tumors (PR: 56.7%, CR: 36.5%) and tumors > 3 cm (PR: 45.2%, CR: 34.4%). CONCLUSION: This single-arm meta-analysis confirms ECT's efficacy against superficial SCC, especially in primary tumors and those ≤ 3 cm in diameter. The study highlights the impact of tumor location and response evaluation on ECT's benefits, warranting further investigation through additional research.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Electroquimioterapia , Neoplasias Cutáneas , Humanos , Electroquimioterapia/métodos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerance after the electrochemotherapy treatment for local therapy of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases of head-and-neck tumors and malignant melanoma refractory to standard therapies, mainly in neck metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma. And, to evaluate the relation of this response according to the skin reaction (healing with ulcer or dry crust). METHODS: prospective pase II, observational clinical study of 56 patients with metastases of head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (n=13), papillary thyroid carcinoma (n=4), adenoid cystic carcinoma of parotid gland (n=1) or malignant melanoma (n=37, 5 in head). Patients were treated by electrochemotherapy (application of electrical pulses into the tumor) after the administration of a single intravenous dose of bleomycin. Kaplan-Meier curves were performed. The statistical significance was evaluated using log-rank test; p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS: Overall clinical response was observed in 47 patients (84%). Local side effects were mild in all the patients. Ten patients (76.9%) with neck metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma had some degree of response, but only in one was complete. Patients even with only partial response had a higher overall survival than patients without response (p= 0.02). Most of the patients with squamous cell carcinoma had diminution of pain and anxiety. Response rate and overall survival was higher in MM patients (86.5%) than in squamous cell cancer patients (76.9%) (p= 0.043). The healing process (dry crust/ulcer) was not associated with the overall survival (p= 0.86). CONCLUSIONS: Electrochemotherapy is associated a higher overall survival and diminution of pain and anxiety. Therefore, it is an option as palliative treatment for patients with neck metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma refractory to other therapies or even as a concomitant treatment with newer immunotherapies. The type of healing of the surgical wound could not be associated with a higher rate of response or survival. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Electroquimioterapia , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Melanoma , Neoplasias Cutáneas , Neoplasias de la Tiroides , Humanos , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Bleomicina/uso terapéutico , Bleomicina/efectos adversos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Electroquimioterapia/efectos adversos , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/tratamiento farmacológico , Melanoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Melanoma/inducido químicamente , Dolor/inducido químicamente , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Cuidados Paliativos , Estudios Prospectivos , Neoplasias Cutáneas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/etiología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Úlcera/inducido químicamente , Úlcera/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Reversible electroporation is a suitable technique to aid the internalization of medicaments in cancer tissues without inducing permanent cellular damage, allowing the enhancement of cytotoxic effects without incurring in electric-driven necrotic or apoptotic processes by the presence of non-reversible aqueous pores. An adequate selection of electroporation parameters acquires relevance to reach these goals and avoid opposite effects. This work applies the Method of Fundamental Solutions (MFS) for drug transport simulations in electroporated cancer tissues, using a continuum tumor cord approach and considering both electro-permeabilization and vasoconstriction effects. The MFS algorithm is validated with published results, obtaining satisfactory accuracy and convergence. Then, MFS simulations are executed to study the influence of electric field magnitude [Formula: see text], number of electroporation treatments [Formula: see text], and electroporation time [Formula: see text] on three assessment parameters of electrochemotherapy: the internationalization efficacy accounting for the ability of the therapy to introduce moles into viable cells, cell-kill capacity indicating the faculty to reduce the survival fraction of cancer cells, and distribution uniformity specifying the competence to supply drug homogeneously through the whole tissue domain. According to numerical results, when [Formula: see text] is the reversibility threshold, a positive influence on the first two parameters is only possible once specific values of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] have been exceeded; when [Formula: see text] is just the irreversibility threshold, any combination of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is beneficial. On the other hand, the drug distribution uniformity is always adversely affected by the application of electric pulses, being this more noticeable as [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] increases.
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Electroporación , Neoplasias , Humanos , Electroporación/métodos , Neoplasias/patología , Electricidad , Algoritmos , ApoptosisRESUMEN
Abstract Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and tolerance after the electrochemotherapy treatment for local therapy of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases of head-and-neck tumors and malignant melanoma refractory to standard therapies, mainly in neck metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma. And, to evaluate the relation of this response according to the skin reaction (healing with ulcer or dry crust). Methods prospective pase II, observational clinical study of 56 patients with metastases of head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (n = 13), papillary thyroid carcinoma (n = 4), adenoid cystic carcinoma of parotid gland (n = 1) or malignant melanoma (n = 37, 5 in head). Patients were treated by electrochemotherapy (application of electrical pulses into the tumor) after the administration of a single intravenous dose of bleomycin. Kaplan-Meier curves were performed. The statistical significance was evaluated using log-rank test; p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results Overall clinical response was observed in 47 patients (84%). Local side effects were mild in all the patients. Ten patients (76.9%) with neck metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma had some degree of response, but only in one was complete. Patients even with only partial response had a higher overall survival than patients without response (p = 0.02). Most of the patients with squamous cell carcinoma had diminution of pain and anxiety. Response rate and overall survival was higher in MM patients (86.5%) than in squamous cell cancer patients (76.9%) (p = 0.043). The healing process (dry crust/ulcer) was not associated with the overall survival (p = 0.86). Conclusions Electrochemotherapy is associated a higher overall survival and diminution of pain and anxiety. Therefore, it is an option as palliative treatment for patients with neck metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma refractory to other therapies or even as a concomitant treatment with newer immunotherapies. The type of healing of the surgical wound could not be associated with a higher rate of response or survival. Level of evidence III.
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Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an important malignancy in dogs, due to its incidence and clinical presentation, which can be of locally aggressive single or multiple lesions with a metastatic potential. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate SCC response to treatment, anatomopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics, disease-free interval and overall survival time. 54 dogs with histopathologically diagnosed SCC were included in this study. Their mean age was 9.16 years with a range of 1-14 years. Of the 54 animals in the study, 34 (65.4%) had white skin and white fur coats. There was a significant correlation between fur coat colour and the development of tumours in areas of sun exposure (p = .001). Animals with tumours in areas of the body exposed to the sun had longer overall survival time than animals with tumours in areas not associated with sun exposure (p = .001). Surgery combined with electrochemotherapy (ECT) yielded a survival rate 32% higher than using a surgical approach alone (HR = 0.32, p = .038, IC = 0.11-0.94). ECT, with or without surgery, had an objective response rate of 90.9%. Local lymph node and/or distant site metastasis at diagnosis, or at some point during follow-up, occurred in 34.6% (18/52) of animals. Animals with tumours in sun exposed locations had more aggressive histopathological characteristics but had longer overall survival time. This is probably due to individualised therapeutic treatment with both surgery and ECT.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Enfermedades de los Perros , Electroquimioterapia , Neoplasias Cutáneas , Perros , Animales , Neoplasias Cutáneas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutáneas/veterinaria , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patología , Bleomicina/uso terapéutico , Electroquimioterapia/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/veterinaria , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologíaRESUMEN
Determining cell proliferation rates and tumor apoptosis through immunohistochemistry allows the evaluation of the biological behavior of the tumor, optimizing the patient's clinical course. This study aimed to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67, COX-2 and caspase-3 and correlate them with the type of response to ECT in feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), thus determining the predictive potential of these variables. For this, 13 samples of feline cutaneous SCC were evaluated before ECT, and statistical analyses of the correlation intensity between the variables were performed using the Spearman correlation coefficient, with a significance level of 95%. The results indicate a significant negative correlation between histopathological grade and response to ECT (ρ=-0.6; p=0.03); there was no significant correlation between Ki-67, COX-2 and caspase-3 immunoexpression with the response to ECT (ρ=-0.18; p=0.54/ρ=-0.23; p=0.44/ρ=-0.12; p=0.69, respectively). Therefore, the study shows that the histopathological grade, tumor size and staging, degree of cellular pleomorphism and degree of inflammatory infiltrate can be considered negative prognostic factors for cutaneous SCC and negative predictors for response to ECT. However, the markers Ki-67, COX-2 and caspase-3 are not considered predictive factors for the type of response to ECT. In addition, no relationship between these immunoexpressions and greater tumor aggressiveness was observed. The SCCs evaluated in this study showed significant COX-2 labeling, indicating a potential therapeutic target. ECT has been shown to be safe and effective for local control of feline cutaneous SCC but with reduced effectiveness in larger and invasive lesions.
A determinação das taxas de proliferação celular e apoptose tumoral por meio da imuno-histoquímica, permite avaliar o comportamento biológico tumoral, com otimização da evolução clínica do paciente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as expressões imuno-histoquímicas de Ki-67, COX-2 e caspase-3 e correlacioná-las com o tipo de resposta à EQT em carcinoma de células escamosas (CEC) cutâneo de felinos; assim, determinar o potencial preditivo destas variáveis. Para tanto, foram avaliadas 13 amostras de CEC cutâneo de felinos antes da EQT e as análises estatísticas quanto à intensidade de correlação entre as variáveis foram realizadas utilizando o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, com nível de significância de 95%. Os resultados indicam que houve correlação negativa significativa entre o grau histopatológico e a resposta à EQT (ρ=-0,6; p=0,03); não houve correlação significativa entre as imunoexpressões de Ki-67, COX-2 e caspase-3 com a resposta à EQT (ρ=-0,18; p=0,54/ρ=-0,23; p=0,44/ρ=-0,12; p=0,69, respectivamente). Portanto, este estudo evidenciou que as variáveis grau histopatológico, tamanho e estadiamento tumorais, grau de pleomorfismo celular e grau do infiltrado inflamatório foram consideradas fatores prognósticos negativos para o CEC cutâneo e preditivos negativos para a resposta à EQT. Entretanto, os marcadores Ki-67, COX-2 e caspase-3 não foram considerados fatores preditivos para o tipo de resposta à EQT, assim como não foi observada relação entre essas imunoexpressões com maior agressividade tumoral. Os CECs avaliados neste estudo apresentaram importante marcação para COX-2, indicando um potencial alvo terapêutico. A EQT mostrou-se segura e efetiva para o controle local dos CECs cutâneos dos felinos, porém com efetividade reduzida em lesões maiores e invasivas.
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Animales , Gatos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Gatos , Biomarcadores de Tumor , Antígeno Ki-67 , Caspasa 3 , Electroquimioterapia/veterinariaRESUMEN
Canine cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common type of skin cancer in tropical countries and is generally associated with exposure to solar ultraviolet light. It has a low metastatic rate, and local treatments, such as electrochemotherapy (ECT), promote long-term control or even complete remission. This study aimed to evaluate pre- and post-ECT treatment expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31, cellular infiltration, and intratumoral collagen levels in dogs with cutaneous SCC. A prospective nonrandomized clinical study was performed using dogs with spontaneous SCC treated with ECT. Eighteen lesions from 11 dogs were included in the study. The expression levels of VEGF and CD31; cellular infiltration; and intratumoral collagen levels, as determined by Masson's trichrome staining, were not significantly different from pre-treatment measurements on day 21 (p > 0.05). However, among cellular infiltration, the mixed subtype was correlated with better overall survival time when compared to lymphoplasmacytic and neutrophilic infiltration (p < 0.05). In conclusion, ECT had no effect on VEGF expression, cellular infiltration, or intratumoral collagen levels in dogs with cutaneous SCC at the time of evaluation, suggesting that early and late post-ECT-treatment phases should be considered.
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Reversible electropermeabilization (RE) is an ultrastructural phenomenon that transiently increases the permeability of the cell membrane upon application of electrical pulses. The technique was described in 1972 by Neumann and Rosenheck and is currently used in a variety of applications, from medicine to food processing. In oncology, RE is applied for the intracellular transport of chemotherapeutic drugs as well as the delivery of genetic material in gene therapies and vaccinations. This review summarizes the physical changes of the membrane, the particularities of bleomycin, and the immunological aspects involved in electrochemotherapy and gene electrotransfer, two important EP-based cancer therapies in human and veterinary oncology.
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The use of electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a well-established technique to increase the cellular uptake of cytotoxic agents within certain cancer treatment strategies. The study of the mechanisms that take part in this complex process is of high interest to gain a deeper knowledge of it, enabling the improvement of these strategies. In this work, we present a coupled multi-physics electroporation model based on a related previous one, to describe the effect of a set of electric pulses on cisplatin transport across the plasma membrane. The model applies a system of partial differential equations that includes Poisson's equation for the electric field, Nernst-Planck's equation for species transport, Maxwell's tensor and mechanical equilibrium equation for membrane deformation and Smoluchowski's equation for pore creation dynamics. Our numerical results were compared with previous numerical and experimental published data with good qualitative and quantitative agreement. These results indicate that pore aperture is favored at the cell poles by the electric field and mechanical stress forces, giving support to the dominant hypothesis of hydrophilic pore creation as the main mechanism of drug entry during an ECT treatment.
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Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Cisplatino/administración & dosificación , Electroquimioterapia , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Cisplatino/farmacocinética , Electroquimioterapia/métodos , Análisis de Elementos Finitos , Humanos , Modelos BiológicosRESUMEN
Plasmocitomas são geralmente incomuns em cães, representando cerca de 3% das neoplasias, e, em gatos, esse número é ainda menor, sendo consideradas raras e observadas em aproximadamente 1% dos casos. Objetiva-se com este trabalho apresentar um relato de caso de uma doença muito pouco relatada na oncologia veterinária, o plasmocitoma extramedular oral em felinos domésticos. A metodologia empregada para a construção deste trabalho deu-se por meio de: consulta a referências bibliográficas; observação e acompanhamento dos processos realizados no âmbito hospitalar, além da consulta ao prontuário médico do paciente. Embora muito descrita na literatura a utilização da cirurgia de mandibulectomia ou maxilectomia na terapia de plasmocitomas orais em cães, são escassos os relatos do emprego da técnica em gatos. Porém, é certo afirmar que a eletroquimioterapia, associada à quimioterapia antineoplásica adjuvante, promoveu uma ótima sobrevida (407 dias), sem comprometimento na qualidade de vida do paciente, mostrando que, mesmo com um tratamento menos invasivo e conservador, foi possível cuidar do paciente de maneira efetiva. Uma grande dificuldade, durante todo o processo, foi a falta de relatos científicos específicos para o plasmocitoma oral em felinos. As neoplasias orais em felinos e, principalmente, as originadas por plasmócitos precisam ser mais estudadas e relatadas, promovendo maior conhecimento técnico e científico a todos os profissionais da área.
Plasmocytomas are generally uncommon in dogs, representing about 3% of neoplasms, and in cats, this number is even lower, being considered rare and observed in approximately 1% of cases. The aim of this work is to present a case report of a disease that is rarely reported in veterinary oncology: oral extramedullary plasmacytoma in domestic cats. The methodology used for the construction of this work was given through: consultation of bibliographic references; observation and monitoring of processes performed in the hospital, in addition to consulting the patient's medical record. Although the use of mandibulectomy or maxillectomy surgery to treat oral plasmacytomas in dogs is widely described in the literature, there are few reports on the use of the technique in cats. However, it is true to say that electrochemotherapy, associated with adjuvant antineoplastic chemotherapy, promoted an excellent survival (407 days), without compromising the patient's quality of life, showing that even with a less invasive and conservative treatment it was possible to care for the patient in a way effective. A major difficulty throughout the process was the lack of specific scientific reports for oral plasmacytoma in felines. Oral neoplasms in felines and mainly those originating from plasmocytes need to be further studied and reported, promoting greater technical and scientific knowledge to all professionals in the field.
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Animales , Masculino , Gatos , Plasmacitoma/veterinaria , Neoplasias de la Boca/veterinaria , Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Neoplasias de los Labios/veterinaria , Electroquimioterapia/veterinariaRESUMEN
Electroporation is a technique that increases the uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs by tumors. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has been successfully used to treat solid tumors. Recently, novel applications have been explored in the treatment of visceral tumors. This report aimed to describe the ECT as an approach to vesical carcinoma in three dogs. The patients received ECT with bleomycin as an intravenous bolus and intra-lesional cisplatin (cases 2 and 3). The ECT was performed by electroporator (Onkodisruptor®) using a plate and/or a single pair needle array electrode. Case 1 was a 7-year-old female Pitbull dog with a history of hematuria and stranguria. The ECT was performed during cystotomy using a single pair array electrode. However, the patient developed uroabdomen two days post-ECT and died 5 days later. Case 2 was a 12-year-old female Poodle dog with hematuria, dysuria, and pollakiuria. Cystotomy and ECT were performed using plate array electrodes. Complete remission of the intra-luminal mass was observed 11 days post-ECT. However, 21 days after the procedure, an acute unilateral renal failure occurred possibly due to a neoplastic embolus into the right ureter leading to kidney hydronephrosis, and the patient was euthanized. Case 3 was a 10-year-old female Cocker dog with hematuria and pollakiuria. The patient was fully competent after ECT without clinical signs of pollakiuria and recovered from hematuria 7 days post-ECT. The bladder returned to normal status 28 days post-ECT. The ECT was not able to increase the overall survival of the patients evaluated and should be indicated carefully.
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O carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) é uma neoplasia maligna resultante da diferenciação de ceratinócitos, que acomete principalmente animais de pelagem clara e pouco pigmentados, decorrente da exposição à radiação ultravioleta. Apresentam evolução lenta e baixo caráter metastático, porém, em alguns mais avançados pode ocorrer acometimento metastático de órgãos adjacentes. Os tratamentos utilizados no CCE incluem cirurgia, radioterapia, quimioterapia, crioterapia e eletroquimioterapia (EQT). A eletroquimioterapia se mostra bastante eficaz no tratamento desse tumor, dentre outros e comumente não apresenta efeito colateral. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o caso de um felino atendido na Clínica Veterinária Bichos S.A. no município de Foz do Iguaçu, diagnosticado com Carcinoma de Células Escamosas e portador do vírus da imunodefiência felina. O tratamento adotado para a neoplasia foi a eletroquimioterapia, resultando em remissão parcial das lesões, após vinte dias da EQT. Com objetivo de investigar possível acometimento ósseo, foi realizada radiografia de face, onde a mesma apresentou área de lise óssea em arco zigomático e maxila esquerda, indicativo de infiltração neoplásica. A radiografia torácica apontou presença de área nodular sobrepondo lobo pulmonar caudal direito, indicativo de processo metastático. Em virtude do prognóstico reservado, os tutores optaram pela eutanásia do mesmo.(AU)
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm resulting from the differentiation of keratinocytes, which mainly affects light-colored and non-pigmented animals due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Although they present slow evolution and low metastatic character, in some more advanced cases, metastatic involvement of adjacent organs may occur. The treatments used in SCC include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, cryotherapy and electrochemotherapy (ECT). Electrochemotherapy is quite effective in the treatment of this type of tumor, among others, and it usually has no side effect. This work aims at reporting the case of a feline treated at the Veterinary Clinic Bichos S.A. in the city of Foz do Iguaçu diagnosed with Squamous Cell Carcinoma and carrying the feline immunodefense virus (FIV). Electrochemotherapy was the treatment of choice for the neoplasia, resulting in partial remission of the lesions after twenty days of treatment. In order to investigate possible bone involvement, an X-ray of the face was performed, where it presented area of bone lysis in the zygomatic arch and left maxilla, signs of neoplastic infiltration. The chest X-ray showed a nodular area overlapping the right caudal pulmonary lobe, an indication of metastatic process. Due to the reserved prognosis, the tutors chose euthanasia of the subject.(AU)
El carcinoma de células escamosas (CEC) es una neoplasia maligna resultante de la diferenciación de queratinocitos, que afecta principalmente a animales de pelaje claro y de poca pigmentación, resultado de la exposición a la radiación ultravioleta. Tienen una evolución lenta y un carácter metastásico bajo, sin embargo, en algunos más avanzados puede producirse afectación metastásica de órganos adyacentes. Los tratamientos utilizados en el CEC incluyen cirugía, radioterapia, quimioterapia, crioterapia y electroquimioterapia (EQT). La electroquimioterapia es muy eficaz en el tratamiento de ese tumor, entre otros y no suele tener efectos secundarios. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo reportar el caso de un felino atendido en la Clínica Veterinária Bichos S.A. de la ciudad de Foz do Iguaçu, diagnosticado con Carcinoma de Células Escamosas y con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia felina. El tratamiento adoptado para la neoplasia fue la electroquimioterapia, resultando en remisión parcial de las lesiones luego de veinte días de EQT. Con el fin de investigar la posible afectación ósea se realizó una radiografía de rostro, donde se presentó un área de lisis ósea en arco cigomático y maxilar izquierdo, indicativo de infiltración neoplásica. La radiografía de tórax mostró la presencia de un área nodular superpuesta al lóbulo pulmonar caudal derecho, lo que indicaba un proceso metastásico. Debido al pronóstico reservado, los tutores optaron por la eutanasia.(AU)
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Animales , Gatos , Rayos Ultravioleta , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Gatos/anomalías , Electroquimioterapia/veterinaria , NotificaciónRESUMEN
O carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) é uma neoplasia maligna resultante da diferenciação de ceratinócitos, que acomete principalmente animais de pelagem clara e pouco pigmentados, decorrente da exposição à radiação ultravioleta. Apresentam evolução lenta e baixo caráter metastático, porém, em alguns mais avançados pode ocorrer acometimento metastático de órgãos adjacentes. Os tratamentos utilizados no CCE incluem cirurgia, radioterapia, quimioterapia, crioterapia e eletroquimioterapia (EQT). A eletroquimioterapia se mostra bastante eficaz no tratamento desse tumor, dentre outros e comumente não apresenta efeito colateral. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o caso de um felino atendido na Clínica Veterinária Bichos S.A. no município de Foz do Iguaçu, diagnosticado com Carcinoma de Células Escamosas e portador do vírus da imunodefiência felina. O tratamento adotado para a neoplasia foi a eletroquimioterapia, resultando em remissão parcial das lesões, após vinte dias da EQT. Com objetivo de investigar possível acometimento ósseo, foi realizada radiografia de face, onde a mesma apresentou área de lise óssea em arco zigomático e maxila esquerda, indicativo de infiltração neoplásica. A radiografia torácica apontou presença de área nodular sobrepondo lobo pulmonar caudal direito, indicativo de processo metastático. Em virtude do prognóstico reservado, os tutores optaram pela eutanásia do mesmo.(AU)
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm resulting from the differentiation of keratinocytes, which mainly affects light-colored and non-pigmented animals due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Although they present slow evolution and low metastatic character, in some more advanced cases, metastatic involvement of adjacent organs may occur. The treatments used in SCC include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, cryotherapy and electrochemotherapy (ECT). Electrochemotherapy is quite effective in the treatment of this type of tumor, among others, and it usually has no side effect. This work aims at reporting the case of a feline treated at the Veterinary Clinic Bichos S.A. in the city of Foz do Iguaçu diagnosed with Squamous Cell Carcinoma and carrying the feline immunodefense virus (FIV). Electrochemotherapy was the treatment of choice for the neoplasia, resulting in partial remission of the lesions after twenty days of treatment. In order to investigate possible bone involvement, an X-ray of the face was performed, where it presented area of bone lysis in the zygomatic arch and left maxilla, signs of neoplastic infiltration. The chest X-ray showed a nodular area overlapping the right caudal pulmonary lobe, an indication of metastatic process. Due to the reserved prognosis, the tutors chose euthanasia of the subject.(AU)
El carcinoma de células escamosas (CEC) es una neoplasia maligna resultante de la diferenciación de queratinocitos, que afecta principalmente a animales de pelaje claro y de poca pigmentación, resultado de la exposición a la radiación ultravioleta. Tienen una evolución lenta y un carácter metastásico bajo, sin embargo, en algunos más avanzados puede producirse afectación metastásica de órganos adyacentes. Los tratamientos utilizados en el CEC incluyen cirugía, radioterapia, quimioterapia, crioterapia y electroquimioterapia (EQT). La electroquimioterapia es muy eficaz en el tratamiento de ese tumor, entre otros y no suele tener efectos secundarios. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo reportar el caso de un felino atendido en la Clínica Veterinária Bichos S.A. de la ciudad de Foz do Iguaçu, diagnosticado con Carcinoma de Células Escamosas y con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia felina. El tratamiento adoptado para la neoplasia fue la electroquimioterapia, resultando en remisión parcial de las lesiones luego de veinte días de EQT. Con el fin de investigar la posible afectación ósea se realizó una radiografía de rostro, donde se presentó un área de lisis ósea en arco cigomático y maxilar izquierdo, indicativo de infiltración neoplásica. La radiografía de tórax mostró la presencia de un área nodular superpuesta al lóbulo pulmonar caudal derecho, lo que indicaba un proceso metastásico. Debido al pronóstico reservado, los tutores optaron por la eutanasia.(AU)
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Animales , Gatos , Rayos Ultravioleta , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Gatos/anomalías , Electroquimioterapia/veterinaria , NotificaciónRESUMEN
Electroporation is a technology that increases cell membrane permeability by the application of electric pulses. Electrochemotherapy (ECT), the best-known application of electroporation, is a very effective local treatment for tumors of any histology in human and veterinary medicine. It induces a local yet robust immune response that is responsible for its high effectiveness. Gene electrotransfer (GET), used in research to produce a systemic immune response against cancer, is another electroporation-based treatment that is very appealing for its effectiveness, low cost, and simplicity. In this review, we present the immune effect of electroporation-based treatments and analyze the results of the vast majority of the published papers related to immune response enhancement by gene electrotransfer in companion animals with spontaneous tumors. In addition, we present a brief history of the initial steps and the state of the art of the electroporation-based treatments in Latin America. They have the potential to become an essential form of immunotherapy in the region. This review gives insight into the subject and helps to choose promising research lines for future work; it also helps to select the adequate treatment parameters for performing a successful application of this technology.
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Background Oral malignant melanoma is the most common, but aggressive oral cancer in dogs with poor prognosis. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has therapeutic potential in such tumors as effective local treatment. Therefore, the aim of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate treatment effectiveness of ECT in as first line treatment for canine oral malignant melanoma, and search for factors influencing treatment outcome. Methods Sixty-seven canines with primary oral malignant melanoma, non-candidates for first-line therapy, were enrolled. All dogs received ECT and follow-up exams for the span of two years. Results Based on RECIST criteria, the objective response rate was 100%, 89.5%, 57.7%, and 36.4%, in stage I, II, III and IV, respectively. Only patients in stage I, II and III with partial or complete response improved their quality of life. The median time to progression was 11, 7, 4 and 4 months, and median survival time after the treatment was 16.5, 9.0, 7.5 and 4.5 months, for patients in stage I, II, III and IV, respectively. Significantly better was local response in stage I and II disease (p = 0.0013), without the bone involvement (p = 0.043) Conclusions Electrochemotherapy is effective local treatment of oral canine malignant melanoma when no alternative treatment is available. Better response is expected in stage I and II patients with tumors without bone involvement.
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Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Electroquimioterapia/veterinaria , Melanoma/veterinaria , Neoplasias de la Boca/veterinaria , Animales , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Enfermedades de los Perros/mortalidad , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Electroquimioterapia/instrumentación , Electroquimioterapia/métodos , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Masculino , Melanoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Melanoma/mortalidad , Melanoma/patología , Neoplasias de la Boca/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Boca/mortalidad , Neoplasias de la Boca/patología , Estadificación de Neoplasias/veterinaria , Estudios Prospectivos , Criterios de Evaluación de Respuesta en Tumores Sólidos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Introducción: El conocimiento de los efectos de la terapia electroquímica, en los organismos puede ser importante para el tratamiento de diferentes enfermedades. Objetiv:o Evaluar los efectos de la corriente eléctrica directa de baja intensidad en ratones sanos. Métodos: 80 ratones C57BL/6/Cenp sanos (40 machos y 40 hembras) fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en ocho grupos experimentales (cuatro grupos controles y cuatro grupos tratados). La corriente eléctrica directa (10 mA durante 5 min) o tensión constante (10 V durante 5 min) fue aplicada a los ratones. Fueron realizadas observaciones clínicas, macroscópicas, microscópicas y mediciones de los parámetros hematológicos y bioquímicos de la sangre. Resultados: Se indujeron cambios reversibles en los parámetros hematológicos, bioquímicos de la sangre e histológicos estudiados en ratones C57BL/6/Cenp machos y hembras cuando se usó 10 mA o 10 V y diferentes arreglos de electrodos, siendo menos notable para el modo de tensión constante. Conclusiones: Las alteraciones inducidas en los ratones C57BL/6/Cenp sanos por la corriente eléctrica directa de baja intensidad son reversibles y el proceso inflamatorio sistémico es dominado por los linfocitos(AU)
Introduction: Knowledge about the effects of electrochemotherapy on organisms may be important for the treatment of various diseases. Objective: Evaluate the effects of low-intensity direct electric current on healthy mice. Methods: Eighty healthy C57BL/6/Cenp mice (40 male and 40 female) were randomly distributed in eight experimental groups (four control and four treated). Direct electric current (10 mA during 5 min) or constant voltage (10 V during 5 min) was applied to the mice. Clinical, macroscopic and microscopic observation was performed, and measurements were taken of hematological and biochemical parameters of the blood. Results: Reversible changes were induced in hematological, biochemical and histological parameters of the blood of male and female C57BL/6/Cenp mice when 10 mA or 10 V and various electrode arrays were used. These changes were less noticeable in the constant voltage mode. Conclusions: The alterations induced by low-intensity direct electric current in healthy C57BL/6/Cenp mice are reversible. The systemic inflammatory process is dominated by the lymphocytes(AU)
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Ratones , Linfocitos , Observación , Electroquímica , Electroquimioterapia , Grupos ControlRESUMEN
Background: Calcium electroporation (CaEP) is a novel therapeutic treatment that has been studied for cancer due to itsselective killing cancer cells by necrosis and danger signals. Besides that, electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an effective local treatment that involves the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs followed by delivery of electrical pulses to thetumor. The combination with ECT and CaEP has been reported in literature suggesting that additional response of immunesystem could have been enhanced by electroporation with calcium. This case, report on the successful treatment with CaEPcombined with ECT for treatment of a regional metastasis in a feline model of malignant melanoma.Case: A 9-year-old, mixed breed cat was referred to the veterinary clinic with a 2-month history of cutaneous peripalpebralplaque lesion (0.19 cm³) and a submandibular lymph node enlargement (0.5 cm³). Incisional biopsy of the cutaneous lesionand fine-needle aspiration of submandibular lymph node confirmed a cutaneous melanoma with submandibular lymph nodemetastasis. Tumor staging was set in T1N1M0 according to WHO staging criteria. ECT for the primary lesion and lymphnode metastasis was proposed. For the ECT, bleomycin (15,000 UI/m²) application was performed intravenous followedby electroporation (8 pulses of 100 μs at 1000 V/cm, and 1 Hz) using a needle array electrode consisted of two parallelrows with six needles in each row. At 28-day post-ECT complete remission of the primary tumor and metastatic foci wasachieved. However, 120 days after ECT, recurrence was observed in submandibular and retropharyngeal...(AU)
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Animales , Gatos , Electroquimioterapia/veterinaria , Melanoma/terapia , Melanoma/veterinaria , Metástasis de la Neoplasia/terapia , Gluconato de Calcio/uso terapéutico , Electroporación/veterinariaRESUMEN
Background: Calcium electroporation (CaEP) is a novel therapeutic treatment that has been studied for cancer due to itsselective killing cancer cells by necrosis and danger signals. Besides that, electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an effective local treatment that involves the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs followed by delivery of electrical pulses to thetumor. The combination with ECT and CaEP has been reported in literature suggesting that additional response of immunesystem could have been enhanced by electroporation with calcium. This case, report on the successful treatment with CaEPcombined with ECT for treatment of a regional metastasis in a feline model of malignant melanoma.Case: A 9-year-old, mixed breed cat was referred to the veterinary clinic with a 2-month history of cutaneous peripalpebralplaque lesion (0.19 cm³) and a submandibular lymph node enlargement (0.5 cm³). Incisional biopsy of the cutaneous lesionand fine-needle aspiration of submandibular lymph node confirmed a cutaneous melanoma with submandibular lymph nodemetastasis. Tumor staging was set in T1N1M0 according to WHO staging criteria. ECT for the primary lesion and lymphnode metastasis was proposed. For the ECT, bleomycin (15,000 UI/m²) application was performed intravenous followedby electroporation (8 pulses of 100 μs at 1000 V/cm, and 1 Hz) using a needle array electrode consisted of two parallelrows with six needles in each row. At 28-day post-ECT complete remission of the primary tumor and metastatic foci wasachieved. However, 120 days after ECT, recurrence was observed in submandibular and retropharyngeal...