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Contamination of agricultural soils with heavy metals (HMs) poses a significant environmental threat, especially because industrial discharges often irrigate agricultural lands. A prominent source of HM(s) pollution occurs from tannery effluents containing high concentrations of chromium (Cr) in both Cr3+ and Cr6+ forms along with other toxic materials. Cr is known for its carcinogenic and mutagenic properties in biological systems. Microbe-assisted phytoremediation has emerged as a promising and environmentally friendly approach for detoxifying Cr-contaminated environments. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of citric acid (CA) and a Cr-reducing bacterial strain (Staphylococcus aureus) on the phytoextraction potential of Lemna minor within a Constructed Wetland System treated with tannery wastewater. Various combinations of tannery wastewater (0, 50, and 100 %), CA (0, 5 and 10 mM), and microbial inoculants were applied to the test plants. The mitigative effects of Staphylococcus aureus strain K1 were examined in combination with different concentrations of CA (0, 5, 10 mM). Data on growth and yield attributes highlighted the beneficial effects of bacterial inoculation and CA in ameliorating Cr toxicity in L. minor, as evidenced by increased foliar chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, APX, CAT), and improved nutrient uptake. Specifically, CA application resulted in an enhancement of Cr ranging from 12% to 15% and 23%-31% in concentration, and 134%-141% and 322%-337% in Cr accumulation, respectively. When combined with the S. aureus inoculation treatment, CA application (5 and 10 mM) further increased the concentration and accumulation of Cr in L. minor. The enhancement in Cr ranged from 12% to 23% and 27%-41% in concentration, 68%-75%, and 179%-185% in accumulation, respectively. These results demonstrated that L. minor is an effective choice for environmentally friendly Cr remediation due to its continued ability to grow in polluted wastewater. This study suggested that microbial-assisted phytoextraction combined with chelating agents such as CA could be a practical and effective approach for remediating tannery effluents.

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Rivers play a pivotal role in global carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) biogeochemical cycles. Urbanized rivers are significant hotspots of greenhouse gases (GHGs, N2O, CO2 and CH4) emissions. This study examined the GHGs distributions in the Guanxun River, an effluents-receiving subtropical urbanized river, as well as the key environmental factors and processes affecting the pattern and emission characteristics of GHGs. Dissolved N2O, CO2, and CH4 concentrations reached 228.0 nmol L-1, 0.44 mmol L-1, and 5.2 µmol L-1 during the wet period, and 929.8 nmol L-1, 0.7 mmol L-1, and 4.6 µmol L-1 during the dry period, respectively. Effluents inputs increased C and N loadings, reduced C/N ratios, and promoted further methanogenesis and N2O production dominated by incomplete denitrification after the outfall. Increased urbanization in the far downstream, high hydraulic residence time, low DO and high organic C environment promoted methanogenesis. The strong CH4 oxidation and methanogenic reactions inhibited by the effluents combined to suppress CH4 emissions in downstream near the outfall, and the process also contributed to CO2 production. The carbon fixation downstream from the outfall were inhibited by effluents. Ultimately, it promoted CO2 emissions downstream from the outfall. The continuous C, N, and chlorine inputs maintained the high saturation and production potential of GHGs, and altered microbial community structure and functional genes abundance. Ultimately, the global warming potential downstream increased by 186 % and 84 % during wet and dry periods on the 20-year scale, and increased by 91 % and 49 % during wet and dry periods on the 100-year scale, respectively, compared with upstream from the outfall. In urbanized rivers with sufficient C and N source supply from WWTP effluents, the large effluent equivalently transformed the natural water within the channel into a subsequent "reactor". Furthermore, the IPCC recommended EF5r values appear to underestimate the N2O emission potential of urbanized rivers with high pollution loading that receiving WWTP effluents. The findings of this study might aid the development of effective strategies for mitigating global climate change.

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This study aimed to investigate the presence of antibiotic susceptibility patterns and bacterial profiles of some multi-drug-resistant bacteria isolated from the effluents of Kolladiba and Debark Hospitals. Sixteen samples were collected from Kolladiba and Debark Hospitals in North Gondar, Ethiopia, to investigate the presence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria. To assess susceptibility patterns, well-isolated bacterial colonies were subjected to seven antibiotics. The selected resistant isolates were characterized using morphological and biochemical tests. Plasmid DNA analysis of the isolates was also performed. Out of a total of 28 bacterial isolates, 12 were found to be multi-drug resistant. Among the tested antibiotics, erythromycin was the most resistant antibiotic, while novobiocin was the most effective antibiotic. A plasmid profile study of the isolates revealed both the presence and absence of plasmids. The number of plasmids ranged from zero to four, with plasmid sizes of 100, 900, 1,000, 1,400, 1,500, and 1,800 base pairs. This study concluded that effluents from both hospitals have high number of multi-drug-resistant isolates. The genes responsible for multi-drug resistance in bacterial isolates under this study could be either plasmid-mediated or chromosomal DNA-mediated. The presence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria in these effluents should not be overlooked.

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Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a reliable means to estimate drug consumption in a specific population. By measuring the concentration of drug residues or metabolites in wastewater, the consumption behavior pattern of a specific population can be deduced. Using the WBE method, the present study, for the first time, continuously monitored the differences in the consumption of morphine (MOR), codeine (CODE), and methamphetamine (METH) in three wastewater-treatment plants in a city and two surrounding villages in Xinjiang, China during International Workers' Day and the following week. The wastewater samples were pretreated by solid-phase extraction and then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methamphetamine was not detected in rural areas and was detected only on International Workers' Day in urban areas. According to the estimation of per capita consumption, the per capita consumption of MOR, CODE, and METH in urban inhabitants was 12.04 to 23.39, 10.44 to 16.39, and 1.31 mg/day/1000 inhabitants. The per capita consumption of MOR and CODE in rural areas was 5.19 to 8.35 and 2.56 to 3.52 mg/day/1000 inhabitants. The consumption of MOR in urban and rural areas was significantly higher than that of CODE and METH. During International Workers' Day, workdays, and weekends, the consumption of MOR and CODE in urban areas is significantly higher than that in rural areas. Compared with those on weekends, the consumption of urban MOR and CODE increased more during International Workers' Day. The consumption of MOR in urban areas showed a weekend effect. The present study can provide information for subsequent research and government departments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-9. © 2024 SETAC.

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While air stripping combined with acid scrubbing remains a competitive technology for the removal and recovery of ammonia from wastewater streams, its use of strong acids is concerning. Organic acids offer promising alternatives to strong acids like sulphuric acid, but their application remains limited due to high cost. This study proposes an integration of air stripping and organic acid scrubbing with bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BPMED) to regenerate the organic acids. We compared the energy consumption and current efficiency of BPMED in recovering dissolved ammonia and regenerating sulphuric, citric, and maleic acids from synthetic scrubber effluents. Current efficiency was lower when regenerating sulphuric acid (22 %) compared to citric (47 %) and maleic acid (37 %), attributable to the competitive proton transport over ammonium across the cation exchange membrane. Organic salts functioned as buffers, reducing the concentration of free protons, resulting in higher ammonium removal efficiencies with citrate (75 %) and malate (68 %), compared to sulphate (29 %). Consequently, the energy consumption of the BPMED decreased by 54 % and 35 % while regenerating citric and maleic acids, respectively, compared to sulfuric acid. Membrane characterisation experiments showed that the electrical conductivity ranking, ammonium citrate > ammonium malate > ammonium sulphate, was mirrored by the energy consumption (kWh/kg-N recovered) ranking, ammonium sulphate (15.6) < ammonium malate (10.2) < ammonium citrate (7.2), while the permselectivity ranking, ammonium sulphate > ammonium citrate > ammonium malate, aligned with calculated charge densities. This work demonstrates the potential of combining organic acid scrubbers with BPMED for ammonium recovery from wastewater effluents with minimum chemical input.

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In recent years, heterogeneous photocatalysis has emerged as a promising alternative for the treatment of organic pollutants. This technique offers several advantages, such as low cost and ease of operation. However, finding a semiconductor material that is both operationally viable and highly active under solar irradiation remains a challenge, often requiring materials of nanometric size. Furthermore, in many processes, photocatalysts are suspended in the solution, requiring additional steps to remove them. This can render the technique economically unviable, especially for nanosized catalysts. This work demonstrated the feasibility of using a structured photocatalyst (ZnO, g-C3N4, and carbon xerogel) optimized for this photodegradation process. The synthesized materials were characterized by nitrogen adsorption and desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Adhesion testing demonstrated the efficiency of the deposition technique, with film adhesion exceeding 90%. The photocatalytic evaluation was performed using a mixture of three textile dyes in a recycle photoreactor, varying pH (4.7 and 10), recycle flow rate (2, 4, and 6 L h-1), immobilized mass (1, 2, and 3 mg cm-2), monolith height (1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 cm), and type of radiation (solar and visible artificials; and natural solar). The structured photocatalyst degraded over 99% of the dye mixture under artificial radiation. The solar energy results are highly promising, achieving a degradation efficiency of approximately 74%. Furthermore, it was possible to regenerate the structured photocatalyst up to seven consecutive times using exclusively natural solar light and maintain a degradation rate of around 70%. These results reinforce the feasibility and potential application of this system in photocatalytic reactions, highlighting its effectiveness and sustainability.

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Water is an indispensable resource for human activity and the environment. Industrial activities generate vast quantities of wastewater that may be heavily polluted or contain toxic contaminants, posing environmental and public health challenges. Different industries generate wastewater with widely varying characteristics, such as the quantity generated, concentration, and pollutant type. It is essential to understand these characteristics to select available treatment techniques for implementation in wastewater treatment facilities to promote sustainable water usage. This review article provides an overview of wastewaters generated by various industries and commonly applied treatment techniques. The characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods are presented.

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Groundwater and soil contamination by aromatic amines (AAs), used in the production of polymers, plastics, and pesticides, often results from improper waste disposal and accidental leaks. These compounds are resistant to anaerobic degradation; however, micro-aeration can enhance this process by promoting microbial interactions. In batch assays, anaerobic degradation of aniline (0.14 mM), a model AA, was tested under three micro-aeration conditions: T30, T15, and T10 (30, 15, and 10 min of micro-aeration every 2 h, respectively). Aniline degradation occurred in all conditions, producing both aerobic (catechol) and anaerobic (benzoic acid) byproducts. The main genera involved in T30 and T15 were Comamonas, Clostridium, Longilinea, Petrimonas, Phenylobacterium, Pseudoxanthomonas, and Thiobacillus. In contrast, in T10 were Pseudomonas, Delftia, Leucobacter, and Thermomonas. While T30 and T15 promoted microbial cooperation for anaerobic degradation and facultative respiration, T10 resulted in a competitive environment due to dominance and oxygen scarcity. Despite aniline degradation in 9.4 h under T10, this condition was toxic to Allium cepa seeds and exhibited cytogenotoxic effects. Therefore, T15 emerged as the optimal condition, effectively promoting anaerobic degradation without accumulating toxic byproducts. Intermittent micro-aeration emerges as a promising strategy for enhancing the anaerobic degradation of AA-contaminated effluents.

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Herein, a novel sulfur-doped carbon material has been synthesized via a facile and sustainable single-step pyrolysis method using lignin-sulfonate (LS), a by-product of the sulfite pulping process, as a novel carbon precursor and zinc chloride as a chemical activator. The sulfur doping process had a remarkable impact on the LS-sulfur carbon structure. Moreover, it was found that sulfur doping also had an important impact on sodium diclofenac removal from aqueous solutions due to the introduction of S-functionalities on the carbon material's surface. The doping process effectively increased the carbon specific surface area (SSA), i.e., 1758 m2 g-1 for the sulfur-doped and 753 m2 g-1 for the non-doped carbon. The sulfur-doped carbon exhibited more sulfur states/functionalities than the non-doped, highlighting the successful chemical modification of the material. As a result, the adsorptive performance of the sulfur-doped carbon was remarkably improved. Diclofenac adsorption experiments indicated that the kinetics was better described by the Avrami fractional order model, while the equilibrium studies indicated that the Liu model gave the best fit. The kinetics was much faster for the sulfur-doped carbon, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 301.6 mg g-1 for non-doped and 473.8 mg g-1 for the sulfur-doped carbon. The overall adsorption seems to be a contribution of multiple mechanisms, such as pore filling and electrostatic interaction. When tested to treat lab-made effluents, the samples presented excellent performance.

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Livestock effluents are challenging to be treated owing that antibiotics and microplastics are untargeted for most biological technologies. As far, microalgal wastewater treatment is recognized as an effective technique for dealing with. In this study, a continuous-flow system was conducted over 45 days to evaluate the effectiveness of Chlamydomonas sp. JSC4 in removing tetracycline (TCH) under the influence of polystyrene (PS). It shows that PS significantly enhanced the dissipation efficiency of TCH from livestock effluents, and 9.83 % TCH removal was increased under 5 mg/L of both TCH and PS exposure. Meanwhile, higher microalgal bioactivity was a significant factor in achieving desirable pollutants removal efficiency, as 87.14 % microalgal biomass was improved owing to reduction of oxidative stress and augmentation of photosynthesis. Importantly, the pivotal active sites, NH2 and CO, were rapidly covered via π-π interactions and hydrogen bonds during adsorption process between TCH and PS, accounting for mitigation of TCH-PS complexes toxicity and improvement of microalgal ribosome metabolism. Additionally, co-exposure to TCH and PS resulted in maximum lipids (0.57 g/L) and energy (20.79 kJ/L) production, further encouraging a fantastic vision for the tertiary process of livestock effluents via advanced microalgal treatment.

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Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are widely released into the environment as a result of increased urban and industrial development in recent years. The bulk of PTEs are cancer-causing and harm human health by producing free radicals. As a result, it is crucial to monitor, evaluate, and limit the effects of the elements on human health. In this study, levels of PTEs (As, Cr, Cd, Ni, Co, and Pb) in pharmaceutical effluents discharged along the Asa River around the Ilorin metropolis and their seasonal variations were evaluated. Water samples were collected from eight different locations over a two-season period along the river and analyzed for PTEs using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Co had mean PTE values in the effluents (both seasons) of 0.0258, 0.0233, 0.00193, 0.0176, and 0.0164 mg/L, respectively, with As and Pb surpassing the WHO standard. Maximum temperature and pH were measured for the physicochemical parameters in the wet season, whereas electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were seen in the dry season. The average values of the metals in the human risk assessment for carcinogenicity were As > Cd > Pb > Cr > Ni > Co, with As above the recommended threshold in several locations. However, all of the metal hazard indices were < 1, indicating that the waters were suitable for domestic purposes. Nonetheless, the relevant authorities should mandate that pharmaceutical effluents be treated before being released into bodies of water.

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Aromatic sensitizers and related substances (SRCs), which are crucial in the paper industry for facilitating color-forming and color-developing chemical reactions, inadvertently contaminate effluents during paper recycling. Owing to their structural resemblance to endocrine-disrupting aromatic organic compounds, concerns have arisen about potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms. We focused on SRC effects via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), employing molecular docking simulations and zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo exposure assessments. Molecular docking revealed heightened binding affinities between certain SRCs in the paper recycling effluents and zebrafish Ahr2 and human AHR, which are pivotal components in the SRC toxicity mechanism. Fertilized zebrafish eggs were exposed to SRCs for up to 96 h post fertilization; among these substances, benzyl 2-naphthyl ether (BNE) caused morphological abnormalities, such as pericardial edema and shortened body length, at relatively low concentrations (1 µM) during embryogenesis. Gene expression of cytochrome P450 1A (cyp1a) and ahr2 was also significantly increased by BNE. Co-exposure to the AHR antagonist CH-223191 only partially mitigated BNE's phenotypic effects, despite the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin being relatively well restored by CH-223191, indicating BNE's AHR-independent toxic mechanisms. Furthermore, some SRCs, including BNE, exhibited in silico binding affinity to the estrogen receptor and upregulation of cyp19a1b gene expression. Therefore, additional insights into the toxicity of SRCs and their mechanisms are essential. The present results provide important information on SRCs and other papermaking chemicals that could help minimize the environmental impact of the paper industry. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-13. © 2024 SETAC.

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Identifying priority pollutants in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents is crucial for optimizing monitoring efforts, improving regulations, and developing targeted mitigation strategies. Despite the presence of numerous trace organic pollutants in WWTP effluents, a comprehensive prioritization scheme is lacking, hindering effective control. This study screened 216 micropollutants, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals, which had been detected in effluents from 46 WWTPs across China. A multi-criteria prioritization method was developed, considering exposure potential based on median concentrations and detection frequencies, as well as hazard potential determined by persistence, bioaccumulation, in vitro toxicity, and in vivo toxicity. Pollutants with low exposure or hazard potential were filtered out, and a priority index was calculated to rank the remaining 59 substances. The top 15 priority pollutants included regulated persistent organic pollutants like perfluorooctanoic acid and their alternatives such as perfluorobutane sulfonate, pesticide transformation products, and emerging contaminants such as bisphenol A, which are not currently regulated in WWTP effluents. This study provides a systematic approach to identify priority pollutants and generates a guiding framework for monitoring, regulation, and control of both well-recognized and overlooked contaminants in WWTP effluents.

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In the present study, biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles in food wastewater extract (FWEZnO NPs) was used in the photocatalytic degradation of real samples of printing ink wastewater. FWEZnO NPs were prepared using green synthesis methods using a composite food waste sample (2 kg) consisted of rice 30%, bread 20 %, fruits 10 %, chicken 10 %, lamb 10%, and vegetable 20%. The photocatalysis process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) as a function of time (15-180 min), pH 2-10 and FWEZnO NP (20-120 mg/100 mL), while the print ink effluent after each treatment process was evaluated using UV-Vis-spectrophotometer. The behaviour of printing ink wastewater samples for photocatalytic degradation and responses for independent factors were simulated using feed-forward neural network (FFNN). FWEZnO NPs having 62.48 % of the purity with size between 18 and 25 nm semicrystalline nature. The main functional groups were -CH, CH2, and -OH, while lipid, carbon-hydrogen stretching, and amino acids were the main component in FWEZnO NP, which contributed to the adsorption of ink in the initial stage of photocatalysis. The optimal conditions for printing ink wastewater were recorded after 17 min, at pH 9 and with 20 mg/100 mL of FWEZnO NPs, at which the decolorization was 85.62 vs. 82.13% of the predicted and actual results, respectively, with R2 of 0.7777. The most significant factor in the photocatalytic degradation was time and FWEZnO NPs. The FFNN models revealed that FWEZnO NPs exhibit consistency in the next generation of data (large-scale application) with an low errors (R2 0.8693 with accuracy of 82.89%). The findings showing a small amount of catalyst is needed for effective breakdown of dyes in real samples of printing ink wastewater.

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Owing to extensive plastic consumption, wastewater from households, business establishments, and industrial activities have been recognised as a significant contributor to microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments. This case study represents the first investigation of MPs in the Nakdong River, Republic of Korea, that traverses through the largest industrial complex midstream and densely populated cities of Daegu and Busan downstream before flowing into the sea. Monitoring of MP abundance in effluents discharged from three municipal, two industrial, and one livestock wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) into the Nakdong River was conducted over four seasons from August 2022 to April 2023. Identification and quantification of MPs were performed using micro-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Seasonal variation in MPs in the Nakdong River was found to be strongly influenced by the nearest upstream WWTPs and rivers, exhibiting a linear relationship that decreased gradually with increasing distance from the WWTPs. The average concentrations of MPs in the six effluent sources ranged from 101 ± 13 to 490 ± 240 particles/L during the yearly monitoring period, while MP concentrations in the river ranged between 79 ± 25 and 120 ± 43 particles/L. Industrial effluents contained higher amounts of discharged MPs (314 ± 78 particles/L) than municipal sources (201 ± 61 particles/L). Notably, two municipal WWTPs, located in the highly densely populated city, discharged the highest total MP amounts per day and released the greatest volumes of effluents. This study provides valuable insights into the monitoring and impact of effluents on MPs in rivers, which could inform MP treatment and management strategies for in river and marine environments.

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Mercury (Hg) is one of the most potent toxic heavy metals that distresses livestock, humans, and ecological health. Owing to uncontrolled exposure to untreated tannery industrial effluents, metals such as Hg are increasing in nature and are, therefore, becoming a global concern. As a result, understanding the thriving microflora in that severe condition and their characteristics becomes immensely important. During the course of this study, two Hg-resistant bacteria were isolated from tannery wastewater effluents from leather factories in Kolkata, India, which were able to tolerate 2.211 × 10- 3 M (600 µg/ml) Hg. 16 S rDNA analysis revealed strong sequence homology with Citrobacter freundii, were named as BNC22A and BNC22C for this study. In addition they showed high tolerance to nickel (Ni) and Chromium (Cr) at 6.31 × 10- 3 M (1500 µg/ml) and 6.792 × 10- 3 M (2000 µg/ml) respectively. However, both the isolates were sensitive to arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd). Furthermore, their antibiotic sensitivity profiles reveal a concerning trend towards resistance to multiple drugs. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in healthcare systems and agriculture has been identified as two of the main reasons for the decline in efficacy of antibiotics. Though their ability to produce lipase makes them industrially potent organisms, their competence to resist several antibiotics and metals that are toxic makes this study immensely relevant. In addition, their ability to negate heavy metal toxicity makes them potential candidates for bioremediation. Finally, the green mung bean seed germination test showed a significant favourable effect of BNC22A and BNC22C against Hg-stimulated toxicity.

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Iron-steel (IS) and textile (T) are among the major polluting industries worldwide which generate large quantities of effluents containing potentially toxic metals (PTMs). Irrigation application of these effluents due to freshwater shortage is a common practice in developing countries. The current research endeavors to investigate potentially toxic metals in IS and T effluents, contamination status and ecological risk assessment of irrigated soils, PTMs accumulation in grains of diverse wheat germplasm and human health risk appraisal. Soil irrigation with effluents significantly enhanced soil nitrate-nitrogen (T, 285.86 mg/kg; IS, 539.70 mg/kg), phosphorus (T, 8.35 mg/kg; IS, 11.44 mg/kg), organic matter (T, 6.05%; IS, 4.48%) and PTMs contents compared to control (C). Enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index revealed substantial contamination trend of PTMs in IS (Ni > Cr > Co > Cd > Pb > Zn > Mn) and T (Co > Cd > Ni > Cu > Cr) treated soils. Potential ecological risk index and modified potential ecological risk index placed T (very high risk) and IS (considerable risk) irrigated soils in respective categories, with highest risk contributions from Cd, Co and Ni. The interactive effects for PTMs accumulation in grains of 30 wheat genotypes were recorded significant. Average PTMs accumulation in grains for the three irrigation treatments was IS > T > C for Zn, Cr, Mn, Pb, Fe, Ni and T > IS > C for Co, Cd, Cu. Multivariate statistical analysis ( principal component analyses) was used to identify the wheat genotypes with higher or lower grain PTMs accumulative potential on effluent irrigation. The genotypes with a lower grain PTMs accumulation and human health risks are recommended for cultivation in agro-systems receiving IS and T effluents, in order to safeguard wheat crop and human health.

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Though bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals by aquatic organisms continues to receive scientific attention, the internal disposition of these contaminants among different tissue compartments of fish species has been infrequently investigated, particularly among fish at different trophic positions. We tested a human to fish biological read-across hypothesis for contaminant disposition by examining tissue-specific accumulation in three understudied species, longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus; piscivore), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum; planktivore/detritivore), and smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus; benthivore), from a river influenced by municipal effluent discharge. In addition to surface water, fish plasma, and brain, gill, gonad, liver, and lateral muscle fillet tissues were analyzed via isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Caffeine and sucralose, two common effluent tracers, were quantitated at low micrograms per liter levels in surface water, while an anticonvulsant, carbamazepine, was observed at levels up to 37 ng/L. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) fluoxetine and sertraline and primary metabolites were detected in at least one tissue of all three species at low micrograms per kilogram concentrations. Within each species, brain and liver of select fish contained the highest levels of SSRIs compared to plasma and other tissues, which is generally consistent with human tissue disposition patterns. However, we observed differential accumulation among specific tissue types and species. For example, mean levels of sertraline in brain and liver tissues were 13.4 µg/kg and 1.5 µg/kg in gizzard shad and 1.3 µg/kg and 7.3 µg/kg in longnose gar, respectively. In contrast, smallmouth buffalo did not consistently accumulate SSRIs to detectable levels. Tissue-specific eco-exposome efforts are necessary to understand mechanisms associated with such marked bioaccumulation and internal dispositional differences among freshwater fish species occupying different trophic positions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1894-1902. © 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

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Purpose: This study aimed to present an index (IEP) to evaluate the environmental performance of the sugar-energy industrial process based on the waste generated in manufacturing operations. The residues considered in this study were: vinasse, filter cake, ash and soot, residual waters, and sewage sludge. Methods: The index created was developed to take into account, and to be directly proportional to the environmental impact of each residue generated by the sugar-energy production, to the relative spatial dispersion that each waste can reach, and to the environmental fragility of the hydrographic basin where the plant under evaluation is inserted and works. The lower IEP, the better the company valuation. Results: The index was tested in a real company and exhibited an IEP Total = 1,4.1013 km2.p/yr, which shows weak waste management by the enterprise. Vinasse was responsible for 50% of the IEP Total, while filter cake contributed 45% to it. Ash and soot, residual waters, and sewage sludge were together responsible for 5% of the IEP Total. Conclusion: The theoretical conception used in this study is inspiring for the development of new studies on environmental assessment measurement. The study showed that vinasse is the most problematic waste in environmental terms, a conclusion that is in line with academic studies. Nevertheless, the waste with the greatest potential impact on the environment is filter cake. Despite this, filter cake presented a lower IEP(i) than vinasse, given that its negative impact on the basin is smaller. Both wastes contributed 95% of the IEP Total, which places them among the residues to be managed with greater attention.

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Environmental pollution caused by organic effluents emitted by industry has become a worldwide issue and poses a serious threat to the public and the ecosystem. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), comprising metal-containing clusters and organic bridging ligands, are porous and crystalline materials, possessing fascinating shape and size-dependent properties such as high surface area, abundant active sites, well-defined crystal morphologies, and huge potential for surface functionalization. To date, numerous well designated MOFs have emerged as critical functional materials to solve the growing challenges associated with water environmental issues. Here we present the recent progress of MOF-based materials and their applications in the treatment of organic effluents. Firstly, several traditional and emerging synthesis strategies for MOF composites are introduced. Then, the structural and functional regulations of MOF composites are presented and analyzed. Finally, typical applications of MOF-based materials in treating organic effluents, including chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, and agricultural wastewaters are summarized. Overall, this review is anticipated to tailor design and regulation of MOF-based functional materials for boosting the performance of organic effluent remediation.