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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological condition that is chronic and worsens over time, which presents a challenging diagnosis. An accurate diagnosis is required to recognize PD patients from healthy individuals. Diagnosing PD at early stages can reduce the severity of this disorder and improve the patient's living conditions. Algorithms based on associative memory (AM) have been applied in PD diagnosis using voice samples of patients with this health condition. Even though AM models have achieved competitive results in PD classification, they do not have any embedded component in the AM model that can identify and remove irrelevant features, which would consequently improve the classification performance. In this paper, we present an improvement to the smallest normalized difference associative memory (SNDAM) algorithm by means of a learning reinforcement phase that improves classification performance of SNDAM when it is applied to PD diagnosis. For the experimental phase, two datasets that have been widely applied for PD diagnosis were used. Both datasets were gathered from voice samples from healthy people and from patients who suffer from this condition at an early stage of PD. These datasets are publicly accessible in the UCI Machine Learning Repository. The efficiency of the ISNDAM model was contrasted with that of seventy other models implemented in the WEKA workbench and was compared to the performance of previous studies. A statistical significance analysis was performed to verify that the performance differences between the compared models were statistically significant. The experimental findings allow us to affirm that the proposed improvement in the SNDAM algorithm, called ISNDAM, effectively increases the classification performance compared against well-known algorithms. ISNDAM achieves a classification accuracy of 99.48%, followed by ANN Levenberg-Marquardt with 95.89% and SVM RBF kernel with 88.21%, using Dataset 1. ISNDAM achieves a classification accuracy of 99.66%, followed by SVM IMF1 with 96.54% and RF IMF1 with 94.89%, using Dataset 2. The experimental findings show that ISNDAM achieves competitive performance on both datasets and that statistical significance tests confirm that ISNDAM delivers classification performance equivalent to that of models published in previous studies.

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The aim of this study was to determine the intra and interobserver concordance rates of the Waldenstrõm, Catterall and Herring classifications for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. METHODS: One hundred radiographs of the pelvis in anteroposterior and Lauenstein views, from patients with this disease, were selected. The radiographs were classified by four physicians with different levels of experience who had previously been given guidance regarding the classifications used, in order to minimize any bias of interpretation. The radiographs were examined by the same observers at two different times in order to evaluate the intra and interobserver concordance. Reproducibility was assessed using the kappa index. RESULTS: The concordance analysis was stratified into levels (poor, slight, fair, moderate, good and excellent). The intraobserver analysis showed, for the Waldenstrõm classification, moderate concordance for three examiners and fair for one; for Herring, excellent for one examiner and good for three; and for Catterall, good for all the examiners. The interobserver analysis showed: for the three classification systems, no situations of excellent concordance; for Waldenstrõm, four situations of fair concordance, one moderate and one slight; for Herring, four situations of moderate concordance, one good and one fair; and for Catterall, four situations of moderate concordance and two fair. CONCLUSION: The classifications studied are the ones most used for guiding the treatment for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, but the degree of intra and interobserver concordance is far from ideal. Complementary staging systems need to be taken into consideration, so that there can be greater certainty regarding the treatment.

Determinar o índice de concordância intra e interobservadores das classificações de Waldenstrõm, Catterall e Herring na doença de Legg-Calvé-Perthes. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionadas 100 radiografias da bacia, nas incidências anteroposterior e de Lauenstein de pacientes portadores da doença. As radiografias foram classificadas por quatro médicos com diferentes níveis de experiência, previamente orientados a respeito das classificações usadas, para minimizar qualquer viés de interpretação. As radiografias foram examinadas pelos mesmos observadores em dois momentos distintos para avaliar as concordâncias inter e intraobservadores. A análise da reprodutibilidade foi avaliada pelo índice de Kappa. RESULTADOS: A análise de concordância foi estratificada em níveis (ruim, pequena, regular, moderada, boa e excelente) e evidenciou para a concordância intraobservadores: concordância moderada para três examinadores e uma regular para a classificação de Waldenstrõm; excelente para um examinador e boa para três, na classificação de Herring; na classificação de Catterall, a concordância foi considerada boa entre todos os examinadores. Em relação à análise de concordâncias interobservadores foram obtidas: nenhuma concordância excelente para os três sistemas de classificação; quatro regulares, uma moderada e uma pequena para a classificação de Waldenstrõm; quatro moderadas, uma boa e uma regular na classificação de Herring e, pelo sistema de Catterall, quatro concordâncias moderadas e duas regulares. CONCLUSÃO: As classificações estudadas são as mais usadas para guiar o tratamento da DLCP, porém o grau de concordância intra e interobservadores não é ideal e sistemas complementares de estadiamento devem ser levados em consideração, para uma maior assertividade no tratamento.

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Objetivo: conhecer os principais motivos de consulta da população atendida em uma equipe de saúde do município de Fortaleza - CE. Métodos: estudo de caráter quantitativo, exploratório e transversal. Os dados foram coletados a partir dos registros dos atendimentos médicos efetuados durante o primeiro semestre de 2012, extraídos de banco de dados secundário, classificados com a CIAP-2, tabulados no Excel e analisados pelo Epi-Info. Resultados: houve um total de 1044 encontros, 68% para o sexo feminino e 32%, masculino. A faixa etária predominante consistiu de pessoas entre 20-39 anos. Foram encontrados 1985 motivos de consulta. Os capítulos mais comuns foram Geral e Inespecífico, Respiratório, Digestivo, Músculo-Esquelético e Circulatório. Os 30 principais motivos de consulta corresponderam a 51,49% do total. Houve grande variedade de demandas trazidas pelas pessoas e a maioria dos motivos esteve relacionada com a demanda programada. Conclusão: a CIAP-2 possibilitou uma avaliação minuciosa da demanda. Esse estudo pode servir como instrumento para auxiliar a equipe de saúde no cuidado das pessoas, por meio de capacitação, organização da clínica e ações comunitárias e individuais para enfrentamento dos problemas.

Objective: the aim of this study was to establish the main reasons for engaging in consultations with a health team in Fortaleza, Ceará. Methods: the data were collected from medical records covering the first semester of 2012. They were extracted from a secondary database, coded using ICPC, and then entered into an Excel spreadsheet. Results: there were 1,044 different encounters recorded, 68% with female patients and 32% with males. Most of the patients were between 20 and 39 years old. There were 1,985 reasons for encounters, the most common of which were categorized as General and Unspecified, Respiratory, Digestive, Musculoskeletal, and Cardiovascular. The main 30 reasons for encounters accounted for 51.49% of the total number. People raised a great number of demands, most of which related to the program. Conclusion: the ICPC2 program helped to precisely evaluate patients' demands. Therefore, this study showed that the program was a tool by which the health team could take care of people through capacitation, managing the clinic, and developing actions for the individuals and community to face issues that arise ive, Musculoskeletal, and Cardiovascular. The main 30 reasons for encounters accounted for 51.49% of the total number. People raised a great number of demands, most of which related to the program. Conclusion: the ICPC2 program helped to precisely evaluate patients' demands. Therefore, this study showed that the program was a tool by which the health team could take care of people through capacitation, managing the clinic, and developing actions for the individuals and community to face issues that arise.

Objetivo: conocer los principales motivos de consulta de la población atendida en un equipo de salud de la ciudad de Fortaleza - CE. Métodos: los datos fueron recogidos desde los registros de los atendimientos médicos realizados en el primer semestre del 2012. Ellos fueron extraídos desde un banco de datos secundario, clasificados con la CIAP-2 y analizados en Excel. Resultados: hubo una totalidad de 1044 encuentros distintos. 68% fueron para el sexo femenino y 32%, masculino. El grupo de edad que predomina consistió en las personas entre 20-39 años. Fueron encontrados 1985 motivos de consulta. Los capítulos más comunes fueron General e Inespecífico, Respiratorio, Digestivo, Muslo-Esquelético y Circulatorio. Los 30 principales motivos de consulta correspondieron al 51,49% de la totalidad. Existió una gran variedad de demanda traídas por las personas y la mayoría de los motivos estuvo relacionada con la demanda programada. Conclusión: la CIAP 2 posibilitó una evaluación minuciosa de la demanda. Así, ese estudio se ha tornado un instrumento para que el equipo de salud se prepare para el cuidado a esas personas, a través de capacitación, administrando mejor la clínica y desarrollando acciones comunitarias e individuales para enfrentamiento de los problemas.

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Objetivo: complementar y perfeccionar la clasificación estadística internacional de enfermedades para la especialidad de Oftalmología en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer durante el año 2013. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de servicios de salud clasificada, descriptiva y retrospectiva en la que se identificaron por grupos de expertos los diagnósticos que están incluidos en códigos inespecíficos o que no están representados en ningún código.Resultados: se elaboró la propuesta de nuevos códigos, a los cuales se les incluyó un quinto o sexto carácter y se aplicó a la codificación de los diversos diagnósticos en pacientes egresados durante el año 2013. Se recodificaron 432 historias clínicas y se propusieron nuevos códigos para la uveítis crónica y recurrente, la necrosis retinal aguda, la clasificación de la endoftalmitis, los traumas, el glaucoma, la úlcera corneal y las cataratas congénitas, no representadas en la lista tabular vigente.Conclusión: la mayor utilidad de los códigos propuestos depende de la claridad en el diagnóstico al egreso, reflejado por los especialistas en las historias clínicas de los pacientes. Con la utilización de estos códigos se garantiza una mayor calidad en el resumen de la información referente al diagnóstico, lo que permitirá una mejor evaluación de los protocolos asistenciales y de la utilización de los recursos con que se cuenta actualmente para la especialidad(AU)

Objective: to supplement and upgrade the International Statistical Classification of Diseases for ophthalmology at Ramon Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology during 2013. Methods: retrospective, descriptive and classified research on health services in which the expert groups identified the diagnoses that are included in unspecified codes or are not represented in any code. Results: new codes were suggested to which a fifth or sixth character was added and the coding of several diagnoses was used in patients discharged in 2013. Four hundred twenty two medical histories were re-coded whereas new codes were suggested for chronic and recurrent uveitis, acute retinal necrosis, endophthalmitis classification, traumas, glaucoma, corneal ulcer and congenital cataracts since they were not represented in the current listing.Conclusions: Greater usefulness of the suggested codes will depend on the classification of diagnoses on discharge from hospital, which will be written down by specialists in the medical histories of the patients. These codes will assure higher quality of summarized information related to diagnosis and this will allow better assessment of the assistance protocols and the utilization of the resources available for this specialty at present(AU)

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Objetivo: complementar y perfeccionar la clasificación estadística internacional de enfermedades para la especialidad de Oftalmología en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer durante el año 2013. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de servicios de salud clasificada, descriptiva y retrospectiva en la que se identificaron por grupos de expertos los diagnósticos que están incluidos en códigos inespecíficos o que no están representados en ningún código. Resultados: se elaboró la propuesta de nuevos códigos, a los cuales se les incluyó un quinto o sexto carácter y se aplicó a la codificación de los diversos diagnósticos en pacientes egresados durante el año 2013. Se recodificaron 432 historias clínicas y se propusieron nuevos códigos para la uveítis crónica y recurrente, la necrosis retinal aguda, la clasificación de la endoftalmitis, los traumas, el glaucoma, la úlcera corneal y las cataratas congénitas, no representadas en la lista tabular vigente. Conclusión: la mayor utilidad de los códigos propuestos depende de la claridad en el diagnóstico al egreso, reflejado por los especialistas en las historias clínicas de los pacientes. Con la utilización de estos códigos se garantiza una mayor calidad en el resumen de la información referente al diagnóstico, lo que permitirá una mejor evaluación de los protocolos asistenciales y de la utilización de los recursos con que se cuenta actualmente para la especialidad(AU)

Objective: to supplement and upgrade the International Statistical Classification of Diseases for ophthalmology at Ramon Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology during 2013. Methods: retrospective, descriptive and classified research on health services in which the expert groups identified the diagnoses that are included in unspecified codes or are not represented in any code. Results: new codes were suggested to which a fifth or sixth character was added and the coding of several diagnoses was used in patients discharged in 2013. Four hundred twenty two medical histories were re-coded whereas new codes were suggested for chronic and recurrent uveitis, acute retinal necrosis, endophthalmitis classification, traumas, glaucoma, corneal ulcer and congenital cataracts since they were not represented in the current listing. Conclusions: Greater usefulness of the suggested codes will depend on the classification of diagnoses on discharge from hospital, which will be written down by specialists in the medical histories of the patients. These codes will assure higher quality of summarized information related to diagnosis and this will allow better assessment of the assistance protocols and the utilization of the resources available for this specialty at present(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the intra and interobserver concordance rates of the Waldenström, Catterall and Herring classifications for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. METHODS: One hundred radiographs of the pelvis in anteroposterior and Lauenstein views, from patients with this disease, were selected. The radiographs were classified by four physicians with different levels of experience who had previously been given guidance regarding the classifications used, in order to minimize any bias of interpretation. The radiographs were examined by the same observers at two different times in order to evaluate the intra and interobserver concordance. Reproducibility was assessed using the kappa index. RESULTS: The concordance analysis was stratified into levels (poor, slight, fair, moderate, good and excellent). The intraobserver analysis showed, for the Waldenström classification, moderate concordance for three examiners and fair for one; for Herring, excellent for one examiner and good for three; and for Catterall, good for all the examiners. The interobserver analysis showed: for the three classification systems, no situations of excellent concordance; for Waldenström, four situations of fair concordance, one moderate and one slight; for Herring, four situations of moderate concordance, one good and one fair; and for Catterall, four situations of moderate concordance and two fair. CONCLUSION: The classifications studied are the ones most used for guiding the treatment for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, but the degree of intra and interobserver concordance is far from ideal. Complementary staging systems need to be taken into consideration, so that there can be greater certainty regarding the treatment.

OBJETIVO: Determinar o índice de concordância intra e interobservadores das classificações de Waldenström, Catterall e Herring na doença de Legg­Calvé­Perthes. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionadas 100 radiografias da bacia, nas incidências anteroposterior e de Lauenstein de pacientes portadores da doença. As radiografias foram classificadas por quatro médicos com diferentes níveis de experiência, previamente orientados a respeito das classificações usadas, para minimizar qualquer viés de interpretação. As radiografias foram examinadas pelos mesmos observadores em dois momentos distintos para avaliar as concordâncias inter e intraobservadores. A análise da reprodutibilidade foi avaliada pelo índice de Kappa. RESULTADOS: A análise de concordância foi estratificada em níveis (ruim, pequena, regular, moderada, boa e excelente) e evidenciou para a concordância intraobservadores: concordância moderada para três examinadores e uma regular para a classificação de Waldenström; excelente para um examinador e boa para três, na classificação de Herring; na classificação de Catterall, a concordância foi considerada boa entre todos os examinadores. Em relação à análise de concordâncias interobservadores foram obtidas: nenhuma concordância excelente para os três sistemas de classificação; quatro regulares, uma moderada e uma pequena para a classificação de Waldenström; quatro moderadas, uma boa e uma regular na classificação de Herring e, pelo sistema de Catterall, quatro concordâncias moderadas e duas regulares. CONCLUSÃO: As classificações estudadas são as mais usadas para guiar o tratamento da DLCP, porém o grau de concordância intra e interobservadores não é ideal e sistemas complementares de estadiamento devem ser levados em consideração, para uma maior assertividade no tratamento.

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Relatamos um caso de concomitância de espondilite anquilosante e artrite reumatoide em um paciente caucasiano de 65 anos, com achados clínicos de poliartrite simétrica com erosão de metacarpofalangeana ao raio X convencional e dor lombar infl amatória, HLA-B27+, associada à sacroiliíte. O paciente apresentou valores elevados de fator reumatoide e antipeptídeo citrulinado cíclico (anti-CCP). Realizamos uma revisão da literatura na qual as principais características de casos previamente reportados foram comparadas às deste caso. Este é o primeiro relato de caso de concomitância das duas doenças em que se utilizou teste laboratorial para dosagem do anti-CCP associado ao preenchimento das últimas versões dos critérios ASAS axial e ACR/EULAR para a classificação de espondilite anquilosante e artrite reumatoide, respectivamente.

We report the case of concomitant ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis in a 65-year-old Caucasian male, who had symmetric polyarthritis with erosion of the metacarpophalangeal joint on conventional X-ray, infl ammatory low back pain with HLA-B27 positivity, and sacroiliitis. Laboratory analysis showed high levels of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti-CCP). Clinical features of previously reported cases were compared with those of our case. This is the first case report on the coexistence of both diseases in the same patient, for whom anti- CCP testing and the latest versions of axial ASAS criteria and ACR/EULAR criteria for the classification of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis, respectively, were used.

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Las causas de mortalidad de origen nutricional (MON) no aparecen clasificadas en las sucesivas revisiones de la clasificación internacional de enfermedades (CIE) y no existe un acuerdo para la clasificación más adecuada. El objetivo de este estudio es elaborar, a partir de la última CIE, un listado de causas de MON que sirva como referencia para estudios posteriores. Se realizó un proceso de consenso de expertos en nutrición clínica mediante el método Delphi en dos oleadas para clasificar una lista de causas de MON en cuatro grupos; 1) grupo A: errores congénitos relacionados con la nutrición, 2) grupo B: causas asociadas a otras patologías, 3) grupo C: trastornos por exceso y por defecto, y 4) excluidas. Se sometieron al consenso de los expertos 86 causas, de las cuales se consensuaron 79 (91,9%) causas de MON. Se clasificaron 14(17,7%) causas en el grupo A, 5(6,3%) causas en el grupo B, 37(46,8%) causas en el grupo C y se excluyeron 23(29,1%) causas. Se trata de una primera aportación a la clasificación de las causas de mortalidad de origen nutricional, probablemente debido a la ambigüedad y la disparidad de opiniones entre expertos que presentan estas causas. Esta nueva clasificación será muy útil ya que ayudará a homogeneizar los estudios y así se podrán obtener resultados comparables, usándose como complemento clarificador de la CIE del momento.

The causes of mortality of nutritional origin (MNO) are not classified in the consecutive reviews of the international disease classification (IDC) and there is no agreement for their most proper classification. The objective of this study is to elaborate, using the last ICD as a guide, a list of causes of mortality of nutritional origin which will be used as a reference in future studies. A two round Delphi method was organized with an expert’s consenssus in clinical nutrition. The experts were asked to classify a list of causes of MNO in 4 groups; 1) group A: congenital errors related to nutrition, 2) group B: Causes associated with other pathologies, 3) group 3: Excess and defect nutrition disorders, and 4) excluded. In total, 86 causes of MNO were taken under the consensus of experts, and 79 (91,9%) came to an agreement. 14 (17,7%) causes were classified in group A, 5 (6,3%) causes in group B, 37(46,8%) causes in group C and 23 (29,1%) were excluded. This is a first approach to the classification of mortality causes of nutritional origin, probably due to the ambiguity and disparity of opinions between experts with respect to these causes. This new classification will be very useful due to the fact that it will enable homogenization of the studies and that way we will have comparable studies, using it as a clarifier annex for the ICD of the moment.

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BACKGROUND: The lack of standardization of clinical diagnostic criteria, classification and severity scores of chronic graft-versus-host disease led the National Institutes of Health to propose consensus criteria for the purpose of clinical trials. METHOD: Here we describe a one-day workshop model conducted by the Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease Brazil-Seattle Consortium Study Group to train investigators interested in participating in multicenter clinical trials in Brazil. Workshop participants included eight transplant physicians, one dermatologist, two dentists, three physical therapists and one psychologist from five institutions. Workshop participants evaluated nine patients with varying degrees of severity of mucocutaneous lesions and other manifestations of the disease followed by a training session to review and discuss the issues encountered with the evaluation and scoring of patients and in the methods used to evaluate grip strength and the 2-minute walk test. RESULTS: Most participants had difficulties in rating the percentage of each type of mucocutaneous lesion and thought 20 minutes was insufficient to evaluate and record the scores of each patient using the National Institutes of Health criteria and other cutaneous assessments. Several specific areas of difficulties encountered by the evaluators were: 1) determining the percentage of erythema in movable and non-movable sclerosis, 2) whether to score all cutaneous findings in a particular area or just the dominant lesion; 3) clarification of the definition of poikiloderma in chronic graft-versus-host disease; 4) discrepant interpretation of the mouth score and 5) clarification on the methodology used for the evaluation of grip strength and the 2-minute walk tests. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this workshop support the need to train investigators participating in clinical trials on chronic graft-versus-host disease.