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SUMMARY: Military readiness relies heavily on the physical fitness and operational capability of its personnel. This study aims to enhance the effectiveness of body composition assessment and classification protocols within the military context. A comprehensive evaluation of 4370 active-duty Chilean military personnel was conducted, focusing on anthropometric characteristics, including adipose tissue, muscle tissue, and anthropometric indices. The study observed significant differences in body composition between genders, with men exhibiting lower levels of body fat percentage (men: 26.28 %; women: 34.62 %) but higher levels of muscle mass (men: 42.0 %; women: 36.0 %;), skeletal muscle index (men:11.81; women: 9.31), and fat-free mass index (men: 19.92; women: 18.45) compared to women. High levels of muscle tissue were observed in both groups. By integrating these findings into a standardized assessment protocol, a more accurate classification of military personnel was achieved, surpassing traditional methods used in sedentary obese populations. The study advocates the future adoption of an assessment model based on artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, which consider the multifaceted nature of body composition and its impact on operational capability. Such a model would enable military forces to optimize their personnel's physical fitness and readiness, thus enhancing their effectiveness in deployment operations.

La preparación militar depende en gran medida de la aptitud física y la capacidad operativa de su personal. Este estudio tiene como objetivo mejorar la eficacia de los protocolos de evaluación y clasificación de la composición corporal dentro del contexto militar. Se realizó una evaluación integral de 4.370 militares chilenos en servicio activo, centrándose en las características antropométricas, incluido el tejido adiposo, el tejido muscular y los índices antropométricos. El estudio observó diferencias significativas en la composición corporal entre sexos, con los hombres exhibiendo niveles más bajos de porcentaje de grasa corporal (hombres: 26,28 %; mujeres: 34,62 %) pero niveles más altos de masa muscular (hombres: 42,0 %; mujeres: 36,0 %;), índice de músculo esquelético (hombres: 11,81; mujeres: 9,31) e índice de masa magra (hombres: 19,92; mujeres: 18,45) en comparación con las mujeres. Se observaron altos niveles de tejido muscular en ambos grupos. Al integrar estos hallazgos en un protocolo de evaluación estandarizado, se logró una clasificación más precisa del personal militar, superando los métodos tradicionales utilizados en poblaciones obesas sedentarias. El estudio aboga por la adopción futura de un modelo de evaluación basado en algoritmos de inteligencia artificial (IA), que consideren la naturaleza multifacética de la composición corporal y su impacto en la capacidad operativa. Un modelo de este tipo permitiría a las fuerzas militares optimizar la aptitud física y la preparación de su personal, mejorando así su eficacia en las operaciones de despliegue.

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Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is two to three times more common in women than in men. To better understand this phenomenon, we need to know why men, women, and possibly individuals with other sex/gender identities respond differently to trauma. To stimulate sex and gender sensitive research, the European Journal of Psychotraumatology (EJPT) was the first journal to adopt a gender policy. In addition, a call for papers entitled Integrating and Evaluating Sex and Gender in Psychotrauma Research was announced.Objective: This special issue synthesizes the past five years of psychotrauma research with regard to sex/gender differences.Method: Seventy-seven articles were identified from EJPT archives, including five systematic reviews. These articles examined sex differences and/or gender differences in exposure to trauma, posttraumatic stress responses, or how sex and gender impacts (mental) health outcomes or treatment responses.Results: Findings from these studies outlined that: 1. sex and gender still need to be more clearly defined, also in relation to the context that codetermine trauma responses, like other 'diversity' variables; 2. in most studies, sex and gender are measured or reported as binary variables; 3. sex and gender are important variables when examining trauma exposure, responses to these events, symptoms trajectories, and mental and physical health outcomes across the life span; and 4. in PTSD treatment studies, including a meta-analysis and a systematic review, sex and gender were not significant predictors of treatment outcome.Conclusion: Future research must focus on sex and gender as important and distinct variables; they should include sex and gender in their statistical analyses plan to better clarify associations between these variables and (responses to) psychotrauma. To enhance reporting of comparable data across studies, we provide suggestions for future research, including how to assess sex and gender.

Sex and gender are increasingly introduced as important and distinct variables in the field of psychotrauma, but there is a need to move beyond the binary conceptualization.Concrete suggestions on how to assess sex and gender are provided.Sex and gender both influence the rates of specific types of traumatic events, responses to these events, longitudinal symptoms trajectories, and mental and physical health outcomes across the life span.Sex and gender may play a minor role in the effectiveness of psychological treatments for PTSD.

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Background: Higher alcohol use and military sexual assault (MSA) are associated with increased risk of death by suicide. Risk for death by suicide is rapidly increasing among females, who report higher rates of MSA, yet actual death by suicide and alcohol use are higher among males. It is not well understood whether higher alcohol use confers greater suicide risk in male or female service members and veterans who have experienced MSA.Objective: To determine whether the association between alcohol misuse and suicide risk was moderated by biological sex in a sample of male and female service members (N = 400, 50% female) who reported MSA.Method: Participants completed surveys of alcohol use and suicide risk as well as a demographic inventory. Linear regression with an interaction term was used to determine if suicide risk differed by sex and alcohol use severity after accounting for discharge status, sexual orientation, and age.Results: Average scores on the suicide risk measure were consistent with an inpatient psychiatric sample and scores on the AUDIT-C were indicative of a probable positive screen for alcohol misuse. Suicide risk was most pronounced among males who reported higher levels of hazardous alcohol use. A sensitivity analysis examining suicide risk by sex and screening results for alcohol misuse (positive/negative) showed that men with a probable positive screen had higher suicide risk.Discussion: The current study provides novel findings on suicide risk among survivors of military sexual violence by including both male and female survivors. Interventions to decrease suicide risk following MSA may consider alcohol reduction strategies, and optimizing these interventions in males. Engaging military culture at both the US Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs to encourage more healthy alcohol consumption may mitigate this public health concern. Future research may consider how country of origin relates to these associations.

Average scores for the suicide risk measure and alcohol use were high among a sample of male and female survivors of military sexual assault.Suicide risk was most pronounced among males who reported higher levels of hazardous alcohol use.A sensitivity analysis examining suicide risk by sex and screening results for alcohol misuse (positive/negative) showed that men with a probable positive screen had higher suicide risk.

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OBJECTIVE: To delve deeper from a gender perspective into the lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic to address future health crises. METHOD: Study with key informants with experience in public health and gender from the Ministerio de Sanidad, ministries of the autonomous communities, Institut Català de la Salut, Hospital de La Princesa, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública and Universidad País Vasco. SOURCE OF INFORMATION: individual open-ended questionnaire on health and health inequalities/gender inequalities related to COVID-19. After presenting the findings, the key informants group discussed them in a meeting until reaching a consensus on the lessons learned. RESULTS: The lack of clinical statistics by sex could compromise epidemiological surveillance, losing the opportunity to characterize the disease. The performance of essential services fell more on women, exhausting them with double and triple shifts; with the differences according to sex in the clinical presentation of COVID-19, and the criteria for hospitalization/admission to the intensive care unit, their access to health care decreased. Increased: gender violence and mental health problems; delaying recognition of the second effects of vaccines in women; partially due to information biases in clinical trials. The gender perspective was lacking in academic, healthcare, and health management areas. CONCLUSIONS: Women's gender dimensions determined their higher frequency of COVID-19 and played a fundamental role in its control. Broadly considering the lessons learned will strengthen prevention systems and be able to provide effective responses to future health crises.

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Objetivo: Profundizar desde la perspectiva de género en las lecciones aprendidas durante la pandemia de COVID-19 para hacer frente a futuras crisis de salud. Método: Estudio con informantes clave con experiencia en salud pública y género del Ministerio de Sanidad, Consejerías de las comunidades autónomas, Institut Català de la Salut, Hospital de La Princesa, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública y Universidad del País Vasco. Fuente de información: cuestionario individual de respuestas abiertas sobre inequidades o desigualdades de género sanitarias y en salud relacionadas con la COVID-19. Tras presentar los hallazgos, el grupo de informantes clave se reunió y debatió hasta llegar a un consenso sobre las lecciones aprendidas. Resultados: La falta de estadísticas clínicas por sexo pudo comprometer la vigilancia epidemiológica, perdiendo una oportunidad para caracterizar la enfermedad. El desempeño de los servicios esenciales recayó más en las mujeres, extenuándolas con dobles y triples jornadas, lo cual, junto con las diferencias según sexo en la presentación clínica de la COVID-19 y los criterios de hospitalización y de ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, disminuyó su acceso a la atención sanitaria. Aumentaron la violencia de género y los problemas de salud mental, retrasando el reconocer los efectos secundarios de las vacunas en las mujeres parcialmente por sesgos de información en los ensayos clínicos. La perspectiva de género faltó en los ámbitos académicos, asistenciales y de gestión sanitaria. Conclusiones: Las dimensiones de género de las mujeres determinaron su mayor frecuencia de COVID-19 y desempeñaron un papel fundamental en su control. Considerar las lecciones aprendidas fortalecerá los sistemas de prevención y permitirá poder dar respuestas eficaces a futuras crisis de salud.(AU)

Objective: To delve deeper from a gender perspective into the lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic to address future health crises. Method: Study with key informants with experience in public health and gender from the Ministerio de Sanidad, ministries of the autonomous communities, Institut Català de la Salut, Hospital de La Princesa, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública and Universidad País Vasco. Source of information: individual open-ended questionnaire on health and health inequalities/gender inequalities related to COVID-19. After presenting the findings, the key informants group discussed them in a meeting until reaching a consensus on the lessons learned. Results: The lack of clinical statistics by sex could compromise epidemiological surveillance, losing the opportunity to characterize the disease. The performance of essential services fell more on women, exhausting them with double and triple shifts; with the differences according to sex in the clinical presentation of COVID-19, and the criteria for hospitalization/admission to the intensive care unit, their access to health care decreased. Increased: gender violence and mental health problems; delaying recognition of the second effects of vaccines in women; partially due to information biases in clinical trials. The gender perspective was lacking in academic, healthcare, and health management areas. Conclusions: Women's gender dimensions determined their higher frequency of COVID-19 and played a fundamental role in its control. Broadly considering the lessons learned will strengthen prevention systems and be able to provide effective responses to future health crises.(AU)

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El objetivo es realizar un análisis de redes de síntomas del trastorno de agorafobia (con o sin pánico) según la edad y el sexo, en una muestra representativa de 555 personas mayores de 65 años de la Comunidad de Madrid. La red se estimó utilizando el paquete InsingFit que implementa un procedimiento llamado eLasso. Los resultados revelan redes diferenciadas para hombres y mujeres, y para los grupos de edad de 65-74 y 75-84 años, encontrando un mayor porcentaje de ocurrencia en las mujeres tanto en las situaciones como en los síntomas de ansiedad y en las razones para sentir miedo. Las mujeres temen un mayor número de situaciones, mientras que los hombres parecen tener sus miedos más localizados y centralizados en situaciones relacionadas con el transporte y los viajes cuando los hacen solos. Estos resultados pueden ser interesantes para diseñar intervenciones que aborden los síntomas y sus relaciones mutuas más importantes, diferentes y características en función de la edad y el sexo. (AU)

The aim of this study is to conduct a network analysis of agoraphobia disorder symptoms (with or without panic) according to age and gender, in a representative sample of 555 people over 65 years of age in the Community of Madrid. The network was estimated using the InsingFit package that implements a procedure called eLasso. The results reveal differentiated networks for men and women, and for the age groups 65-74 and 75-84 years, finding a higher percentage of occurrence in women in both situations and symptoms of anxiety and reasons for fear. Women fear a greater number of situations, while men seem to have their fears more localized and centralized in situations related to transport and travel when travelling alone. These results may be of interest for designing interventions that address the symptoms and the most important, different and characteristic relationships among them according to age and gender. (AU)

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We failed to adequately launch a gender transformative response to COVID-19 pandemic, data by sex on a variety of indicators for most countries are hard to find. Some symptoms reported as common of COVID-19 infection, are more prominent in men, while others are more prominent in women, one cannot with certainty exclude that some of the differences observed could be due to gender bias in the management of cases in health services. The gender implications of the pandemic reach wide and far. Inequalities can be further aggravated as sex and gender intersect with other axes of inequality. The SAGER guidelines exemplify an effort to improve reporting of sex and gender dimensions and encouraging researchers to integrate these aspects in the research design. these observations and emerging evidence about the persistent gender-blind approach to COVID-19 is a wake-up call to change course. National Gender Equality Institutions can be central in ensuring gender matters are considered in government responses. COVID-19 pandemic is an opportunity to reverse the trend and take action to apply an intersectional feminist approach to global health that enables a just and equal world where everyone's health and wellbeing matter.

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The aim of this research was to study autonomic, hormonal, and subjective responses to a modified version of an extensively employed laboratory stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), in a sample of 38 young university students (11 men and 27 women, 11 in the luteal phase and 16 in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle). Heart rate and Electrodermal Activity were recorded during the entire experimental session. The hormonal response was evaluated by means of salivary cortisol levels, and state anxiety was assessed before and after the task. The speech phase of the TSST elicited the highest heart rate and frequency of non-specific responses, showing significant differences compared to the habituation and recovery phases. However, the cortisol and subjective responses to stress were not statistically significant. Men showed higher frequency of non-specific responses and greater skin conductance levels than both groups of women, as well as higher cortisol concentrations, but only in comparison with women in the luteal phase. Our results provide evidence that this modified version of the TSST elicits a different pattern of psychophysiological responses, including a lack of cortisol response to stress.(AU)

El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar las respuestas hormonales, autonómicas y afectivas a una versión modificada de un estresor de laboratorio ampliamente utilizado, el denominado Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), en una muestra de treinta y ocho jóvenes universitarios (11 hombres y 27 mujeres, 11 en la fase lútea y 16 mujeres en la fase folicular del ciclo menstrual). La frecuencia cardíaca y la actividad electrodérmica se registraron durante toda la sesión experimental, la respuesta hormonal se evaluó por medio de las concentraciones de cortisol en saliva y la ansiedad-estado se evaluó antes y después de la tarea. La fase de discurso del TSST provocó la frecuencia cardíaca más elevada y la mayor frecuencia de respuestas inespecíficas, mostrando diferencias significativas con las fases de habituación y recuperación. Sin embargo, la respuesta de cortisol y la respuesta afectiva al estrés no fueron significativas. Los hombres mostraron mayor frecuencia de respuestas inespecíficas y mayor nivel de conductancia de la piel que ambos grupos de mujeres y mayor nivel de cortisol pero sólo en comparación con las mujeres en la fase lútea. Nuestros resultados proporcionan evidencia de que esta versión modificada del TSST provocó un patrón diferente de respuestas psicofisiológicas, incluyendo una falta de respuesta de cortisol al estrés.(AU)

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SUMMARY: Human identification involving mutilation, advanced decomposition, and skeletonized materials is a challenge for professionals in forensic medicine and dentistry. This study was aimed at a morphometric analysis of the mastoid and bimastoid triangles to determine sex in a Brazilian population. The sample included 80 human skulls (34 females and 46 males; age: 18 to 60 years) from individuals with death certificates. Linear measurements (mm) of the mastoid process - right (n=3) and left (n=3) - and the opisthion- bimastoid (n=3) triangles were taken (digital caliper) by two previously trained researchers. Three cranial points - asterion, porion and process - were determined for the right and left mastoid triangle and three others - (1) opisthion and (2) right and (3) left mastoid - for the bimastoid triangle. Heron's formula was used to calculate the area of the triangles assessed. Data were submitted to the Shapiro- Wilk normality test, followed by the unpaired Student's t test or the Mann-Whitney U test, depending on the data distribution verified in the normality test (GraphPad Prism 5.01; p<0.05). The ROC curve was used to measure the accuracy of the variables toward sex determination. The opisthion-bimastoid triangle showed high accuracy and significant differences in all the variables assessed and thus was considered a potential element for sex determination in the Brazilian population assessed.

RESUMEN: La identificación humana que comprende la mutilación, descomposición avanzada y materiales esqueletizados, es un desafío para los profesionales de la medicina forense y de la odontología. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo un análisis morfométrico de los triángulos mastoideo y bimastoideo para determinar el sexo en una población brasileña. La muestra incluyó 80 cráneos humanos (34 mujeres y 46 hombres; edad: 18 a 60 años) de sujetos con certificado de defunción. Se tomaron las medidas lineales (mm) del proceso mastoides - derecha (n = 3) e izquierda (n = 3) - y los triángulos opistion-bimastoide (n = 3) (caliper digital) por dos investigadores previamente entrenados. Se determinaron tres puntos craneales - asterion, porion y proceso mastoides - para el triángulo mastoideo derecho e izquierdo y otros tres - (1) opistion y (2) proceso mastoides derecho e izquierdo - para el triángulo bimastoideo. Se utilizó la fórmula de Heron para calcular el área de los triángulos evaluados. Los datos se analizaron con la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk, seguida de la prueba t de Student para datos no apareados o la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, según la distribución de datos verificada en la prueba de normalidad (GraphPad Prism 5.01; p <0.05). La curva ROC se utilizó para medir la precisión de las variables hacia la determinación del sexo. El triángulo opistion-bimastoide mostró una alta precisión y diferencias significativas en todas las variables evaluadas, por lo que se consideró un elemento probable para la determinación del sexo en la población brasileña evaluada.

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Abstract Introduction Depression is a global health problem with nearly 350 million people affected, mainly women. However, nowadays a rising amount of men are being diagnosed. This makes necessary the screening of new treatment options that are effective in women as well as in men. Objective To analyze if the administration of mirtazapine and venlafaxine to male and female rats shows a sex-related antidepressant-like effect, and the possible associated neurochemical mechanisms. Method Mirtazapine (40 mg/kg) or venlafaxine (60 mg/kg) were administered subchronically to young adult male and female (ovariectomized and steroid-primed) rats, and their antidepressant-like effects were evaluated using the forced swim test (FST). The active behaviors, swimming and climbing, were also analyzed. Results a) mirtazapine and venlafaxine reduced immobility in the FST in males and females; b) both antidepressants increased climbing and swimming in male rats; c) in female rats, mirtazapine and venlafaxine only increased swimming. Discussion and conclusion In males, the effects of mirtazapine and venlafaxine seem to be produced by the activation of the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems. Conversely, estradiol might be modulating the mechanisms of action of both antidepressants in females producing only an increased swimming and suggesting the participation of the serotonergic system.

Resumen Introducción La depresión es un trastorno psiquiátrico que representa un problema de salud mundial. Afecta a cerca de 350 millones de personas, predominantemente mujeres. Sin embargo, algunos reportes indican que su incidencia en hombres está aumentando, por lo que es necesario buscar opciones de tratamiento que sean igualmente efectivas en ambos sexos. Objetivo Analizar si existen diferencias relacionadas con el sexo en el efecto de tipo antidepresivo de la mirtazapina y la venlafaxina, y considerar los posibles mecanismos neuroquímicos involucrados. Método se administraron mirtazapina (40 mg/kg) o venlafaxina (60 mg/kg) en esquema subcrónico a grupos independientes de ratas macho y hembra ovariectomizadas tratadas con estradiol y progesterona. Se evaluaron el efecto tipo antidepresivo y las conductas activas (nado y escalamiento) utilizando la prueba de nado forzado (PNF). Resultados a) tanto la mirtazapina como la venlafaxina redujeron la inmovilidad en la PNF en machos y hembras; b) ambos antidepresivos incrementaron las conductas activas en machos; c) en hembras, la mirtazapina y la venlafaxina produjeron un aumento del nado, pero no modificaron el escalamiento. Discusión y conclusión En machos, los efectos de la mirtazapina y la venlafaxina en la PNF se deben a su acción sobre los sistemas serotonérgico y noradrenérgico; en cambio, en hembras sólo se modifica la conducta de nado, lo que sugiere que el estradiol modula las acciones de ambos antidepresivos sobre el sistema serotoninérgico.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of gender on mortality according to the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and other cardiovascular risk factors in the Asturias Study cohort. METHOD: The Asturias Study (started in 1998) is an observational, prospective cohort study of a representative sample of a population of Asturias aged 30-75 years. The population was divided into groups according to the presence or absence of DM2 and according to gender to assess control of cardiovascular risk factors. In addition, aware of the vital status of the cohort 18 years after the beginning of the study, we analyzed differences in causes of mortality according to the previous categories. RESULTS: In 1998, 1034 people started the study, 561 women (54.25%) and 473 men (45.75%). Of these, 131 (12.66%) had diabetes (75 men and 56 women). The women with T2D presented a hazard ratio (HR) for total mortality of 1.64 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: .97-2.77), which was 1.63 (95%CI: 1.07-2.50) for the men and, for cardiovascular mortality, 3.06 (95%CI: 1.44-6.47) for the females, versus 1.49 (95%CI: 0.64-3.46) for the males. The mortality rate for people with T2D of both sexes was higher than for people without T2D. CONCLUSIONS: Women with T2D have a risk more than three times higher than women without diabetes of dying from cardiovascular causes. We should implement treatment strategies in women with this condition.

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Las diferencias de sexo es un aspecto muy presente en el mundo laboral y deportivo. Esto se traduce en la diferenciación de actividades deportivas, determinadas como masculinas o femeninas. De ahí que el objetivo del estudio fue analizar el nivel de participación y características morfológicas en gimnastas de acrobática y ver las diferencias en relación al sexo y rol: portor y ágil. Se analizó la participación en los Campeonatos de España entre 2011 y 2018, y se comparó medidas antropométricas, composición corporal y de proporcionalidad, en función del rol de actuación y sexo. El Comité Autonómico de Ética de Investigación de la Xunta de Galicia (España) aprobó la metodología de trabajo. Los resultados mostraron un porcentaje mucho mayor de participación en función del sexo a favor del sexo femenino en todos los campeonatos analizados. Sin embargo, el peso, índice de masa corporal y el porcentaje muscular no fueron diferentes entre sexos en ninguno de los dos roles. De las 62 variables morfológicas evaluadas, existe un mayor predominio de las diferencias en los portores que en los ágiles en relación al sexo, destacando el porcentaje de grasa.

Sex differences are a very present aspect in the world of work and sports. This translates into the differentiation of sports activities, determined as masculine or feminine. Hence, the aim of the study was to analyze the level of participation and morphological characteristics in acrobatic gymnasts and to see the differences in relation to sex and role: Base and top. Participation in the Spanish Championships between 2011 and 2018 was analyzed, and anthropometric measures, body composition and proportionality were compared, depending on the role of performance and sex. The Autonomous Committee of Research Ethics of the Xunta de Galicia (Spain) approved the work methodology. The results showed a much higher percentage of participation according to sex in favor of the female sex in all the analyzed championships. However, the weight, body mass index and muscle percentage were not different between sexes in either of the two roles. Of the 62 morphological variables evaluated, there is a greater predominance of differences in the bases than in the tops ones in relation to sex, highlighting the percentage of fat.

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Children with prenatal substance exposure are at increased risk for externalizing behavior problems and violence. However, the contribution of early life experiences for placing these individuals at risk is not well understood. Utilizing a sample of 1,388 children with prenatal substance exposure from the Maternal Lifestyle Study, we attempt to shed light on these contributing factors by examining the impact of infant temperament, maternal sensitivity, and early life stress on the expression of violent behavior at ages 12 through 14 years. Males may be more at risk for increases in violent behavior in early adolescence through a number of early life experiences, such as variability in responses to maternal flexibility and engagement related to individual differences in temperament, as well as exposure to early adversity. Comparing two prevailing developmental theoretical frameworks, deficit models and differential susceptibility, we aim to understand the developmental origins of violent behavior in males by identifying children who may be most susceptible to early caregiving experiences.

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Work-family relationship is a subject of great interest for research, and studies have shown differences between genders. The aim of this study was to analyze measurement invariance between men and women, with reference to Work-Family interference among teachers. The W-F Scale (Carvalho & Andrade, 2012) was applied to a sample of 610 Portuguese higher education teachers. Dimensionality was tested by means of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The structure of the proposed theoretical model was well adjusted to the multi-group sample. Chi-square test was used to perform measurement invariance testing. Impact factors of the W-F Tension on Work and of W-F Tension on Family were invariant among teachers, indicating independence with regard to gender. Measurements for the remaining factors (Work Interference with Family, Family Interference with Work, Work as Family Life Facilitator, and Family as Work Facilitator) varied between men and women.

A relação trabalho-família é uma temática com grande interesse para a investigação, cujos estudos têm revelado diferenças entre sexos. Pretendeu-se analisar a invariância da medida entre os sexos masculino e feminino relativamente à interferência Trabalho-Família em docentes. A Escala T-F (Carvalho & Andrade, 2012) foi aplicada a 610 docentes do ensino superior português. Estudou-se a sua dimensionalidade por meio de análises fatoriais exploratória e confirmatória. A estrutura do modelo teórico proposto mostrou-se bem ajustada na amostra de multigrupos. A invariância da medida foi testada com o teste de Qui-quadrado. Os fatores Impacto da Tensão T-F no Trabalho e Impacto da Tensão T-F na Família foram invariantes entre docentes, indicando uma independência face ao sexo. As medidas para os restantes fatores (interferência do trabalho com a família, interferência da família com o trabalho, trabalho como facilitador da família e família como facilitadora do trabalho) variaram entre os sexos.

La relación trabajo-familia es una temática de interés para la investigación, y estudios han evidenciado diferencias entre sexos. Se analizó la invarianza de la medida entre hombres y mujeres relativamente a la interferencia Trabajo-Familia en docentes. La escala T-F (Carvalho & Andrade, 2012) fue aplicada a 610 docentes portugueses de educación superior. Se estudió la dimensionalidad mediante análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio. La estructura del modelo teórico propuesto se ajusta a la muestra de multigrupos. La invarianza de la medida fue testeada con la prueba Chi-cuadrado. Los factores Impacto de la Tensión T-F en el Trabajo e Impacto de la Tensión T-F en la familia fueron invariantes entre los docentes con respecto al sexo. Las medidas para los restantes factores (Interferencia del trabajo en la Familia, Interferencia de la Familia en el Trabajo, el Trabajo como Facilitador de la Familia, y la Familia como Facilitadora del Trabajo) varían entre sexos.

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The goal of this study was to evaluate whether there are sex differences in children's vulnerability to caregiving risk, as indexed by trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms assessed from 2 to 18 months' postpartum, and children's rated attachment security in toddlerhood, adjusting for maternal social support and demographic risk. Analyses utilized longitudinal data collected for 182 African American mother-child dyads from economically diverse backgrounds. Participants were recruited at the time of the child's birth and followed to 18 months' postpartum. Results of conditional latent growth models indicated that an increasing rate of change in level of maternal depressive symptoms over time negatively predicted toddlers' felt attachment security. Higher social support was associated with decreasing levels of maternal depressive symptoms over time whereas higher demographic risk was associated with increasing levels of maternal depressive symptoms. A subsequent multigroup conditional latent growth model revealed that child sex moderated these associations. For male (but not female) children, a rapid increase in maternal depressive symptoms was associated with lower felt attachment security at 18 months. These findings suggest that boys, as compared to girls, may be more vulnerable to early caregiving risks such as maternal depression, with negative consequences for mother-child attachment security in toddlerhood.

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Blood pressure (BP) evolves with age; until the 50's it is higher in men than in women, equaling and even then increasing in women. The prevalence of controlled BP appears to be similar between the sexes, but the prevalence of cardiovascular disease is higher in women than in men. The possibility that BP influences the cardiovascular risk differently according to sex must therefore be considered. While some studies suggest no difference exists, others have shown evidence of an increased risk in women with respect to men despite equal BP. In this way, it seems that the measurement of ambulatory BP, but not office BP, would mark the differences in the association between BP-gender and cardiovascular risk. It should therefore be investigated the possibility of a different BP goal for women and men, especially by evaluating ambulatory BP.

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O presente estudo visou investigar dois aspectos relacionados às diferenças de sexo: o desempenho de universitários no teste Matrizes Progressivas de Raven-Escala Avançada e a análise da autoria por sexos de artigos publicados em revistas de impacto. Para tanto, avaliou-se o desempenho de 547 estudantes de diferentes cursos universitários e contabilizou-se a autoria principal de 12.797 artigos científicos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais no período de 2000 a 2010. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas a favor do sexo masculino no teste Raven para a amostra geral e para os cursos de Engenharia, Medicina e Psicologia. Na análise da produtividade científica, constatou-se predominância de autoria principal do sexo masculino para três áreas do conhecimento (Humanas, Biológicas e Exatas). Os resultados sugeriram diferenças na especialização cognitiva entre os sexos, que podem ser expressas tanto nas habilidades de raciocínio visuoespacial quanto na produção científica...

Two aspects related to sex differences were investigated in the present study: the performance of university students in the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices Test and the analysis of articles published, according to sex, in major scientific journals. 547 students from different university courses were assessed and, the authorship of 12797 scientific articles published in national and international journals during the period 2000 and 2010 was accounted. Significant differences in favor of male in the Raven's Test for the overall sample as well as for Engineering, Medicine and Psychology courses were found. In addition, there was a predominantly male first authorship in three areas of knowledge (Humanities, Biological and Exact). The findings suggested cognitive specialization differences between sexes, which may be expressed into visuospacial reasoning skills, and scientific production...

El estudio que se presenta tuvo como objetivo investigar dos aspectos de las diferencias entre los sexos: el desempeño de estudiantes de universidades en las Matrizes Progresivas de Raven, escala avanzada, y la autoria por sexo en la producción científica publicada en revistas de impacto. Se evaluó el desempeño de 547 estudiantes de diferentes carreras universitarias, y se contabilizó el autor principal de 12.797 artículos científicos publicados en revistas nacionales e internacionales en el período 2000-2010. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas a favor de los hombres en el test Raven para la muestra total y para los cursos de Ingeniería, Medicina y Psicología. En el análisis de la productividad científica, hubo predominio de la autoría principal masculina en tres áreas de conocimiento (Humanidades, Biológica y Exactas). Los resultados sugieren diferencias en la especialización cognitiva entre los sexos, que pueden se reflejar en las habilidades visuo-espaciales y en la producción científica...

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

O presente estudo visou investigar dois aspectos relacionados às diferenças de sexo: o desempenho de universitários no teste Matrizes Progressivas de Raven-Escala Avançada e a análise da autoria por sexos de artigos publicados em revistas de impacto. Para tanto, avaliou-se o desempenho de 547 estudantes de diferentes cursos universitários e contabilizou-se a autoria principal de 12.797 artigos científicos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais no período de 2000 a 2010. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas a favor do sexo masculino no teste Raven para a amostra geral e para os cursos de Engenharia, Medicina e Psicologia. Na análise da produtividade científica, constatou-se predominância de autoria principal do sexo masculino para três áreas do conhecimento (Humanas, Biológicas e Exatas). Os resultados sugeriram diferenças na especialização cognitiva entre os sexos, que podem ser expressas tanto nas habilidades de raciocínio visuoespacial quanto na produção científica.(AU)

Two aspects related to sex differences were investigated in the present study: the performance of university students in the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices Test and the analysis of articles published, according to sex, in major scientific journals. 547 students from different university courses were assessed and, the authorship of 12797 scientific articles published in national and international journals during the period 2000 and 2010 was accounted. Significant differences in favor of male in the Raven's Test for the overall sample as well as for Engineering, Medicine and Psychology courses were found. In addition, there was a predominantly male first authorship in three areas of knowledge (Humanities, Biological and Exact). The findings suggested cognitive specialization differences between sexes, which may be expressed into visuospacial reasoning skills, and scientific production.(AU)

El estudio que se presenta tuvo como objetivo investigar dos aspectos de las diferencias entre los sexos: el desempeño de estudiantes de universidades en las Matrizes Progresivas de Raven, escala avanzada, y la autoria por sexo en la producción científica publicada en revistas de impacto. Se evaluó el desempeño de 547 estudiantes de diferentes carreras universitarias, y se contabilizó el autor principal de 12.797 artículos científicos publicados en revistas nacionales e internacionales en el período 2000-2010. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas a favor de los hombres en el test Raven para la muestra total y para los cursos de Ingeniería, Medicina y Psicología. En el análisis de la productividad científica, hubo predominio de la autoría principal masculina en tres áreas de conocimiento (Humanidades, Biológica y Exactas). Los resultados sugieren diferencias en la especialización cognitiva entre los sexos, que pueden se reflejar en las habilidades visuo-espaciales y en la producción científica.(AU)

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El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar las conductas agresivas en las relaciones de pareja de adolescentes de la provincia de Huelva (España) y su relación con determinadas variables (sexismo, tolerancia a la frustración, conflictividad interparental y problemas externalizantes). Para ello, se realizó un estudio transversal con cuestionarios sobre una muestra de estudiantes formada por 716 sujetos (398 chicas y 314 chicos), de edades comprendidas entre los 14 y 20 años. Los resultados indicaron que la violencia verbal-emocional era el subtipo de agresión más frecuente entre las parejas adolescentes con independencia del sexo. Las chicas fueron señaladas como más ejecutoras de violencia física y verbal-emocional, mientras que los chicos cometieron más violencia de tipo relacional y sexual. Los análisis en función de la edad revelaron una disminución de la agresión física y un aumento de la agresión sexual conforme se incrementaba la edad del sujeto. El sexismo, la escasa tolerancia a la frustración y la existencia de problemas externalizantes fueron los factores relacionados con la práctica de comportamientos violentos en las relaciones de pareja.

This paper sought to study aggressive behavior in adolescent relationships in the province of Huelva (Spain) and its relation to certain variables (sexism, frustration tolerance, interparental conflict and externalizing problems). To that end, we conducted a crosssectional study with questionnaires on a sample of students consisting of 716 subjects (398 girls and 314 boys), aged 14 to 20. The results indicated that verbal and emotional violence was the most common subtype of violence among young couples regardless of gender. Girls were identified as the most frequent implementers of physical and verbalemotional violence, while boys were more engaged in relational and sexual aggression. The analyses in terms of age revealed a decrease in physical violence while sexual violence increased directly related to the age of the subject. Sexism, low frustration tolerance and the presence of externalizing problems were the factors most linked to violent behavior within relationships.

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children after the 2011 earthquake in Lorca (Spain). METHODS: By using a cross-sequential design, children aged from 8 to 12 years (495 students at 1 month and 374 at 1 year) were assessed for full and partial PTSD using the Post-traumatic Children's Symptoms Stress Disorder Scale. RESULTS: The percentage of children with PTSD was 55.4% (65.6% of girls and 46.9% of boys) at 1 month and 40.1% (44.5% girls and 35.9% children) at 1 year. One in two young girls (8-10 years) had PTSD 1 year after the earthquake. DISCUSSION: A differential effect was observed due to gender and age, in which younger children, especially girls, were particularly at risk, even 1 year after the earthquake.

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