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Introdução: A saúde bucal é um aspecto que não deve ser subestimado pelos pacientes, principalmente se considerar que as infecções odontogênicas podem levar a quadros graves, incluindo complicações cervicotorácicas, como Mediastinite e cervicofaciais, como Angina de Ludwig. Para tanto, é imprescindível que os profissionais da odontologia saibam reconhecer os principais sinais e sintomas dessas infecções, sua evolução, conhecer as complicações associadas e qual o manejo adequado. Objetivo: Assim, é objetivo deste trabalho, relatar, discutir um caso clínico de uma infecção odontogênica grave que acarretou em complicação cervical, com trajeto em direção ao mediastino, necessitando manejo multidisciplinar, e explorar os principais aspectos desse quadro e a conduta necessária, que exige, no mínimo, intervenção cirúrgica, antibioticoterapia e manutenção das vias aéreas. Relato de caso: O caso trata de um paciente com infecção odontogênica, iniciada como uma pericoronarite do dente 38 semieruptado, que evoluiu para a área cervical, demandando imediata drenagem nesta região pois encaminhava-se para uma mediastinite. Após a drenagem cervical e antibioticoterapia e, assim que houve redução do trismo, foi removido o dente 38, evoluindo para a cura.Conclusões:As infecções odontogênicas, principalmente as que acometem os espaços fasciais e cervicais profundos, são potencialmente graves e devem ter suas principais manifestações clínicas entre os domínios de conhecimento dos profissionais Bucomaxilofaciais, pois necessitam de diagnóstico preciso, manejo rápido e tratamento adequado e precoce, considerando a velocidade com que podem evoluir (AU).

Introduction: Oral healthis an aspect that should not be underestimated by patients, especially considering that dental infections can lead to serious symptoms, including cervicothoracic complications, such as Mediastinitis and cervicofacial complications, such as Ludwig's Angina. Therefore, it is essential that dental professionals know how to recognize the main signs and symptoms of these infections, their evolution, know the associated complications and appropriate management.Objective: Thus, this work aims to report and discuss a clinical case of a serious odontogenic infection that resulted in a cervical complication, with a path towards the mediastinum, requiring multidisciplinary management, and to explore the main aspects of this condition and the necessary conduct, which requires, at least, surgical intervention, antibiotic therapy and airway maintenance.Case report: The case concerns a patient with odontogenic infection, which began as pericoronitis of semi-erupted tooth 38, which progressed to the cervical area, requiring immediate drainage in this region as it was heading towards mediastinitis. After cervical drainage and antibiotic therapy and, as soon as the trismus was reduced, tooth 38 was removed, progressing towards healing.Conclusions: Odontogenic infections, especially those that affect the fascial and deep cervical spaces, are potentially serious and should have their main clinical manifestations among the domains of knowledge ofOral and Maxillofacial professionals, as they require accurate diagnosis, rapid management and adequate and early treatment, considering the speed at which they can evolve (AU).

Introducción: La salud bucal es un aspecto que los pacientes no deben subestimar, especialmente considerando que las infecciones odontógenas pueden derivar en afecciones graves, incluidas complicaciones cervicotorácicas, como la mediastinitis, y complicaciones cervicofaciales, como la angina de Ludwig.Para ello, es fundamental que los profesionales odontológicos sepan reconocer las principales señalesy síntomas de estas infecciones, su evolución, conocer las complicaciones asociadas y el manejo adecuado.Objetivo: Así,el objetivo de este trabajo es reportar y discutir un caso clínico de infección odontogénica grave que resultó en una complicación cervical, con trayecto hacia el mediastino, que requirió manejo multidisciplinario, y explorar los principales aspectos de esta condicióny las medidas necesarias, que requiere, como mínimo, intervención quirúrgica, terapia con antibióticos y mantenimiento de las vías respiratorias.Reporte de caso: El caso se trata de un paciente con una infección odontogénica, que comenzó como pericoronaritis del diente 38 semi-erupcionado, la cual progresó hacia la zona cervical, requiriendo drenaje inmediato en esta región ya que se encaminaba para una mediastinitis.Después del drenaje cervical y la terapia antibiótica y, una vez reducido el trismo, se extrajo el diente 38, evolucijjonando hacia la cura.Conclusiones: Las infecciones odontogénicas, especialmente aquellas que afectan los espacios fasciales y cervicales profundos, son potencialmente graves y deben tener sus principales manifestaciones clínicas entre los dominios del conocimiento de los profesionales Orales y Maxilofaciales, pues requieren de un diagnóstico certero, un manejo rápido y un tratamiento adecuado y temprano, considerando la velocidad a la que pueden evolucionar (AU).

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Infecções odontogênicas são processos patológicos de grande importância na rotina odontológica. Seu tratamento pode constituir um desafio para profissionais e ser motivo de muita discussão. Anti-inflamatórios para casos de infecção severa são rotineiramente utilizados por alguns profissionais para amenizar sintomas agudos, como dor, edema, trismo, disfagia, disfonia e dispneia. Porém, alguns estudos indicam desvantagens do uso desses medicamentos no tratamento das infecções. Uma revisão da literatura foi realizada com o objetivo de responder se indivíduos acometidos por infecção odontogênica grave apresentam melhora do quadro com o emprego de anti-inflamatórios não-esteroidais ou esteroidais quando se avalia tempo de internação hospitalar, dor, edema, trismo, entre outros aspectos. Em dezembro de 2023, a base de dados eletrônicos PubMed/MEDLINE foi acessada e termos específicos indexados no Mesh e DeCS foram utilizados para a busca. Poderiam ser incluídos estudos observacionais, ensaios clínicos ou revisões que correspondessem à pergunta foco. Ao fim do processo de seleção de artigos, quatro foram incluídos. Outros dois artigos foram encontrados em lista de referências de artigos primariamente selecionados. Um estudo transversal relatou agravos em infecções odontogênicas entre paciente que fizeram uso de anti-inflamatórios. Um segundo e um terceiro estudos transversais não relataram diferenças nos desfechos quando compararam o uso e o não uso de anti-inflamatórios. Porém, o segundo detectou um maior consumo de antibióticos por aqueles pacientes que foram medicados com anti-inflamatórios. Uma auditoria reportou baixo índice de prescrição de corticoides no tratamento de infecções odontogênicas em rotinas de centros de saúde, exceto em casos de severidade, como na presença de dispneia e disfagia. Uma revisão que objetivou relatar o uso de anti-inflamatórios em infecções odontogênicas, não sugeriu qualquer influência desses medicamentos no tratamento. Por último, uma revisão sistemática incluiu pesquisas e relatos de caso que avaliaram os efeitos de corticoides em infecções profundas em espaços cervicais, epiglotite, supraglotite, celulite orbitária e periorbitária, faringite e abscesso peritonsilar. Resultados positivos foram encontrados, porém nenhum dos estudos incluídos relataram desfechos baseados em infecções odontogênicas. Portanto, sugere-se que o uso de anti-inflamatórios pode ocultar sinais inflamatórios da infecção, retardando seu correto diagnóstico e tratamento, resultando um prognóstico não favorável. Corticoides em alta dose por curto período de tempo é visto como adjuvante no tratamento de infecções cervicofaciais severas, principalmente quando vias aéreas estão comprometidas.

Odontogenic infections are pathologic processes of great importance in the dentistry routine. Its treatment may be a challenge for professionals and it may be the subject of discussion. Usually, some professionals prescribe anti-inflammatories for severe cases of infection to alleviate acute symptoms, such as pain, edema, trismus, dysphagia, dysphonia, and dyspnea. However, some studies indicate disadvantages of using these medications to treat infections. A review of the literature was conducted to answer whether individuals affected by severe odontogenic infection improve their condition with the use of non-steroidal or steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs when evaluating length of hospitalization, pain, edema, trismus, among others aspects. In December 2023, the electronic database PubMed/MEDLINE was accessed and specific terms indexed in the Mesh were used for the search. Observational studies, clinical trials or reviews that correspond to the focus question could be included. At the end of the article selection process, four studies were included. Two other articles were found in the reference list of primarily selected articles. A cross-sectional study reported worsening of odontogenic infections among patients who used anti-inflammatories. A second and third cross-sectional studies reported no differences in outcomes when comparing the use and non-use of anti-inflammatories. However, the second detected a greater consumption of antibiotics by those who were treated with anti-inflammatories. An audit reported a low rate of prescription of corticosteroids in the treatment of odontogenic infections in the routine of dental offices, except in severe cases, such as in the presence of dyspnea and dysphagia. A review that aimed to report the use of anti-inflammatories in odontogenic infections did not suggest any influence of these medications on the treatment. Finally, a systematic review included researches and case reports that evaluated the effects of corticosteroids on deep neck infections, epiglottitis, supraglottitis, orbital and periorbital cellulitis, pharyngitis and peritonsillar abscess. Positive results were found, but none of the included studies reported outcomes based on odontogenic infections. Therefore, it is suggested that the use of anti-inflammatory drugs may hide inflammatory signs of the infection, delaying its correct diagnosis and treatment, resulting in an unfavorable prognosis. High-doses corticosteroids for a short period of time are seen as an adjuvant in the treatment of severe cervicofacial infections.

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ABSTRACT Aim: This study investigated how Colombian dentists with different academic levels indicate antibiotics with therapeutic purposes in endodontics. Materials and method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 559 dentists in the form of an online questionnaire. Results: Three hundred and twenty questionnaires were answered (57.2%). There were significant differences among respondents. For irreversible pulpitis, 140 dentists (43.7%) said they prescribe antibiotics (57.5% of general practitioners, 20.1% of specialists and 38.9% of those with Master's and/or PhD degrees), while for symptomatic apical periodontitis, 183 (57.2%) did so (74.1% of general practitioners, 28.4% of specialists and 50.0% of those with Master's and/or PhD degrees) (p < 0.05). Amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic, and its association with clavulanic acid was the most often cited for acute periradicular abscess with systemic involvement. Conclusions: The greatest misunderstandings in prescribing antibiotics occurred among general practitioners. Considering all clinical conditions that do not require antibiotics, 60% of general practitioners and 34% of specialists, on average, indicated antibiotics.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo investigou como dentistas colombianos com diferentes níveis acadêmicos indicaram antibióticos com fins terapêuticos em Endodontia. Materiais e método: Realizou-se um levantamento transversal com 559 dentistas. Foi enviado um questionário online. Resultados: Foram respondidos 320 questionários (57,2%). Houve diferenças significativas entre os profissionais com diferentes níveis de formação. Para pulpite irreversível, 140 (43,7%) dentistas afirmaram indicar antibióticos (57,5% clínicos gerais, 20,1% especialistas e 38,9% com mestrado e/ou doutorado), enquanto para periodontite apical sintomática, 183 (57,2%) prescrevem estes medicamentos (74,1% clínicos, 28,4% especialistas e 50,0% com mestrado e doutorado) (p < 0,05). A amoxicilina foi a mais indicada entre os profissionais, e sua associação com ácido clavulânico foi a mais referida para abscesso perirradicular agudo com acometimento sistêmico. Conclusões: Os maiores equívocos na prescrição de antibióticos ocorreram com os clínicos gerais. Considerando todas as condições clínicas que não requerem antibióticos, 60% dos clínicos gerais e 34% dos especialistas, em média, indicaram estes medicamentos.

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AIM: This study investigated how Colombian dentists with different academic levels indicate antibiotics with therapeutic purposes in endodontics. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 559 dentists in the form of an online questionnaire. RESULTS: Three hundred and twenty questionnaires were answered (57.2%). There were significant differences among respondents. For irreversible pulpitis, 140 dentists (43.7%) said they prescribe antibiotics (57.5% of general practitioners, 20.1% of specialists and 38.9% of those with Master's and/or PhD degrees), while for symptomatic apical periodontitis, 183 (57.2%) did so (74.1% of general practitioners, 28.4% of specialists and 50.0% of those with Master's and/or PhD degrees) (p<0.05). Amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic, and its association with clavulanic acid was the most often cited for acute periradicular abscess with systemic involvement. CONCLUSIONS: The greatest misunderstandings in prescribing antibiotics occurred among general practitioners. Considering all clinical conditions that do not require antibiotics, 60% of general practitioners and 34% of specialists, on average, indicated antibiotics.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo investigou como dentistas colombianos com diferentes níveis acadêmicos indicaram antibióticos com fins terapêuticos em Endodontia. Materiais e método: Realizou-se um levantamento transversal com 559 dentistas. Foi enviado um questionário online. RESULTADOS: Foram respondidos 320 questionários (57,2%). Houve diferenças significativas entre os profissionais com diferentes níveis de formação. Para pulpite irreversível, 140 (43,7%) dentistas afirmaram indicar antibióticos (57,5% clínicos gerais, 20,1% especialistas e 38,9% com mestrado e/ou doutorado), enquanto para periodontite apical sintomática, 183 (57,2%) prescrevem estes medicamentos (74,1% clínicos, 28,4% especialistas e 50,0% com mestrado e doutorado) (p < 0,05). A amoxicilina foi a mais indicada entre os profissionais, e sua associação com ácido clavulânico foi a mais referida para abscesso perirradicular agudo com acometimento sistêmico. Conclusões: Os maiores equívocos na prescrição de antibióticos ocorreram com os clínicos gerais. Considerando todas as condições clínicas que não requerem antibióticos, 60% dos clínicos gerais e 34% dos especialistas, em média, indicaram estes medicamentos.

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Three cases of severe odontogenic infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in Venezuela that were directly associated with dental procedures and the finding of dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) in dental offices that were colonized with mycobacteria species was the reason for assessing the water quality of DUWLs in dental offices in two capital cities in South America, namely, Quito and Caracas. The main water supplies and the water from 143 DUWLs in both cities were sampled and especially checked for contamination with NTM. To measure the overall bacteriological quality of the water also the presence of heterotrophic bacteria, coliform bacteria, and Pseudomonas was determined. Results showed that respectively 3% and 56% of the DUWLs in Quito and Caracas yielded NTM species (up to 1000 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL). Furthermore, high and unacceptable total viable counts of heterotrophic bacteria and/or coliform bacteria and Pseudomonas were detected in 73% of the samples. We conclude that, in both cities, the water in the majority of DUWLs was contaminated with NTM and other potential pathogens, presenting a risk to human health. The detection of NTM in DUWL water with acceptable heterotrophic bacteria counts shows the need to include NTM in water quality testing. Mycobacteria are more resistant to disinfection procedures than other types of vegetative bacteria, and most testing protocols for DUWLs do not assess mycobacteria and thus do not guarantee risk-free water.

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Introdução: Precauções padrão(PP) são normas de prevenção que devem ser utilizadas na assistência a todos os pacientes, independente de seu diagnóstico sorológico prévio. Dentre as PP temos medidas simples como a lavagem das mãos, o uso adequado de todos os equipamentos de proteção individual (EPIs) e a imunização contra patógenos que podem ser transmitidos durante acidentes de trabalho com material biológico. Objetivo: Verificar ações de precaução padrão em biossegurança realizadas por docentes e discentes em clínica escola, para controle de infecção durante atendimento odontológico. Material e Métodos: Realizou-se pesquisa com delineamento transversal descritiva. Os dados foram coletados por meio de dois questionários, um para 21 docentes coordenadores das disciplinas clínicas do 3º ao 9º períodos da graduação em Odontologia e outro para sete discentes, líderes de turmas. A análise estatística foi realizada através do programa IBM SPSS versão 22.0. Resultados: A maioria dos entrevistados era do gênero feminino. Todos os discentes e 95,2% dos docentes fazem uso rotineiro de EPIs. Dentre os professores pesquisados, 52,4% já sofreram acidente com perfurocortantes, o que também foi observado em 14,3% dos acadêmicos. Os 21 docentes e a maioria dos discentes conheciam os procedimentos a serem realizados após acidentes com exposição sanguínea. A maioria dos entrevistados relatou conhecer o protocolo de biossegurança e as normas para controle de infecção cruzada. Conclusão: Grande parte dos pesquisados relataram conhecer as normas de biossegurança, no entanto os mesmos ainda sentem necessidade de aprimorar no que se refere ao tema investigado. É relevante estimular a revisão de protocolos para controle de infecções em Instituições de Ensino Superior em Odontologia.

Introduction: Standard precautions (SP) are prevention standards that should be used to assist all patients. SP are used regardless of previous serological diagnosis of the patients. Among the SP we have simple measures such as hand washing, proper use of all personal protective equipment (PPE) and immunization. Objective: To verify standard precautionary actions in biosafety carried out by teachers and students in clinical school. Material andMethods: Research with descriptive cross-sectional design. The data were collected through two questionnaires. The questionnaire was applied to 21 coordinating teachers of the clinical disciplines from the 3rd to the 9th graduation period in dentistry and another for 7 students, the leader of these classes. A statistical analysis was done through the IBM SPSS version 22.0 program. Results: The majority of respondents were female. All students and 95.2% of teachers routinely use all PPE. Of the teachers, 52.4% and 14.3% of the academics already suffered the accident with sharps. All the teachers and most of the students know the procedures in which they are submitted to accidents with the blood disease. Most interviewees reported on the biosafety protocol and criteria for cross-infection control. Conclusion: Most of the respondents reported knowing biosafety standards. However they still feel the need to improve on the subject investigated. It is relevant to stimulate the revision of protocols for infection control in Higher Education Institutions in Dentistry.

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Objective: The immune compromised patients after treatment of oral cancer may have a chance of infection by drug-resistant opportunistic microbes. We investigated the occurrence of opportunistic microorganisms in aged individuals receiving follow-up examinations after treatment of oral cancer in China. Material and Methods: These patients were used as test group and the respective age grouped healthy individuals as control group. In this study, the oral cavity microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast were taken for the analysis. After the screening of representative microorganisms, their aptitude of pervasiveness against drugs was studied. Here, we used antimicrobial agents which are common in clinical practice. We also performed studies to investigate the presence of toxin genes in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Results: The results indicate that the prevalence of drug-resistant microbes was more pronounced in oral cancer patients after initial treatment above 70 years old. The oxacillin resistance of S. aureus isolate confirms that the prevalence of MRSA is increasing in accordance to age-factor and immune compromise in elderly patients. Conclusions: This study reveals the occurrence of drug-resistant opportunistic microorganisms in oral cavity after treatment for oral cancer in aged individuals. Special attention should be directed to MRSA during the treatment of oral cancer, and to realize the fact of immune compromise in elderly patients. .

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of multiple layers of an infection control barrier on the micro-hardness of a composite resin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One, two, four, and eight layers of an infection control barrier were used to cover the light guides of a high-power light emitting diode (LeD) light curing unit (LCU) and a low-power halogen LCU. The composite specimens were photopolymerized with the LCUs and the barriers, and the micro-hardness of the upper and lower surfaces was measured (n=10). The hardness ratio was calculated by dividing the bottom surface hardness of the experimental groups by the irradiated surface hardness of the control groups. The data was analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test. RESULTS: The micro-hardness of the composite specimens photopolymerized with the LED LCU decreased significantly in the four- and eight-layer groups of the upper surface and in the two-, four-, and eight-layer groups of the lower surface. The hardness ratio of the composite specimens was <80% in the eight-layer group. The micro-hardness of the composite specimens photopolymerized with the halogen LCU decreased significantly in the eight-layer group of the upper surface and in the two-, four-, and eight-layer groups of the lower surface. However, the hardness ratios of all the composite specimens photopolymerized with barriers were <80%. CONCLUSIONS: The two-layer infection control barrier could be used on high-power LCUs without decreasing the surface hardness of the composite resin. However, when using an infection control barrier on the low-power LCUs, attention should be paid so as not to sacrifice the polymerization efficiency.

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Although dental radiology is not directly involved in either invasive procedures or in the use of piercing-cutting material, the high-touch areas of dental x-ray device, including radiographic films, are a potential source of infection. The purpose of this study was to assess the amount of cross infection present in the dental x-ray devices of the School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Maranhão by investigating the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in high-touch areas of dental x-ray devices (tube head, timer button, portable processing box and lead apron). Twenty surfaces of 4 dental radiology clinics were cultured in different media. The results showed that 70 percent of the surfaces had contamination. All thedental x-ray devices assessed were contaminated (tube head, timers or both) as well as all the lead aprons. The portable processing boxes showed 75 percent of contamination. The groups found no statistical significance between the different surfaces assessed and the microorganisms. The highest frequent microorganisms found were from Staphylococcus genus. The authors concluded that because of the high incidence of contamination found, the x-ray devices used in the dental clinics could be at potential risk of cross infection, demonstrating the necessity for applying biosecurity practices whentaking radiographic and during radiographic processing.

Embora a Radiologia odontológica não envolva a realização de procedimentos invasivos e o uso de instrumentos perfurocortantes, os equipamentos, acessórios e filmes utilizados durante os procedimentos radiográficos podem transmitir doenças infecciosas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a contaminação microbiológica em equipamentos radiográficos do Curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, investigando a presença de microrganismos patogênicos em áreas de contato frequente com o operador (cabeçote e disparador do aparelho de raios X; manga de acesso e tampa da câmara escura portátil e borda superior do avental de chumbo). Vinte superfícies de quatro salas de exame radiográfico foram avaliadas com a utilização de diferentes meios de cultura. Os resultados revelaram um percentual de contaminação de 70%. Todos os aparelhos de raios X avaliados apresentaram contaminação (no cabeçote, no disparador, ou em ambos), assim como todos os aventais de chumbo. Em relação às câmaras escuras, 75% mostraram contaminação. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a contaminação nas diferentes superfícies analisadas, e os microrganismos encontrados com maior frequência (55%) pertencem ao gênero Staphylococcus. Diante do alto índice de contaminação encontrado, conclui-se que as superfícies dos equipamentos utilizados na Radiologia odontológica podem servir como vetores de infecção cruzada, demonstrando a necessidade do emprego rotineiro de medidas de biossegurança durante a realização das incidências e processamento radiográficos.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate sterilizationof intraoral X-ray film holder bite blocks by immersionin 2% glutaraldehyde solution for 10 hours. Seventeen intraoral X-ray film holder bite blocks were inoculated in Tryptic Soy Broth media containing one of the tested microorganisms(S. aureus and B. subtilis) and were incubated at 37 °C for 48 hours. One bite block was used as a positive control. The other blocks were immersed in 2% glutaraldehydefor 10 hours and one block was used as a negative control. Fifteen bite blocks were removed and five of them were washed with 70% alcohol, five blocks were washed with distilled water and the others were washed in running water. Bacterial growth was observed after incubation. No bacterial growth was found on any block, however, on the blocks that were washed with running water and distilled water, various colonies of fungi were observed, while no growth was found on the blocks which underwent a final wash with 70% alcohol. The 2% glutaraldehyde solution was effective for the sterilization of intraoral X-ray film holder bite blocks when they were immersed for 10 hours using 70% alcohol during the last wash.