RESUMEN
PIP: The basis for this report is home interviews of users of the contraceptive vaginal ring and the pill from urban and rural clinics in 2 provinces in the Dominican Republic and clinics from 2 towns and a large city in Brazil. Dominican ring users were significantly more likely to be older than pill users, to have more schooling, and have partners with more education. 6% were illiterate and 75% had only elementary education. 1/10 of the ring users reported having had problems with insertion of the ring and 1/5 had problems removing it. It may be worthwhile to try a narrower, more flexible model that may be easier to insert and remove. 1 out of every 6 users reported vaginal odor, 1 out of 8 reported having felt the ring move in their vagina, and 1/3 were aware of the ring at some time. About 1/2 the women in each country said the ring had changed color during use, and about 1/2 of those who reported the change did not like it. It became light gray and looked dirty. Correction may improve acceptance. 10% reported having expelled the ring. Twice as many ring users reported having menstrual problems. Ring and pill users both reported headaches, vaginal discharge, menstrual pain, and increased libido. A large proportion of ring and pill users experienced decreased duration and amount of menstrual bleeding, which was seen more as a beneficial than a negative effect. The same can be said for weight gain, which was "linked" by 89% of the women in the Dominican Republic. 64% of ring users and 67% of pill users described thier respective method as good or very good. Detailed instructions should accompany the final model. They should say that it is alright for the ring to be any place within tha vagina for it to be effective.^ieng
Asunto(s)
Conducta Anticonceptiva , Anticonceptivos Femeninos/administración & dosificación , Dispositivos Anticonceptivos/estadística & datos numéricos , Estradiol/administración & dosificación , Servicios de Planificación Familiar , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Norgestrel/administración & dosificación , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil , Anticonceptivos Femeninos/efectos adversos , Dispositivos Anticonceptivos/efectos adversos , Anticonceptivos Orales/administración & dosificación , Anticonceptivos Orales/efectos adversos , Anticonceptivos Orales Combinados/administración & dosificación , República Dominicana , Femenino , Humanos , Levonorgestrel , Elastómeros de Silicona , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
PIP: researchers began in the early 1970s to study the development of hormonal contraceptives for men. Clinical studies with progesterone and progesterone derivates, both strong spermatogenesis-blocking agents, have given satisfactory but not excellent results. Azoospermia was never obtained, and a number of side effects were noted, such as decreased libido, increase in body weight, and also hepatic toxicity. Other studies employed androgens, especially testosterone, with less side effects, but still without ever achieving azoospermia. Ongoing studies are trying to use progesterone and androgens in a combined regimen. Preliminary data indicate the same results as with preceding studies. With male hormonal contraception reversibility is always possible although not complete till about 2 years after termination of treatment.^ieng
Asunto(s)
Anticoncepción , Anticonceptivos Masculinos , Libido , Progesterona , Bloqueadores de Espermatogénesis , Testosterona , Andrógenos , Conducta , Biología , Anticonceptivos , Sistema Endocrino , Servicios de Planificación Familiar , Hormonas , Fisiología , Progestinas , Conducta SexualRESUMEN
PIP: Literature on cardiovascular and pulmonary changes during sexual activity is reviewed and clinically related problems in sexual function are discussed. It is noted that nearly all medical schools in the U.S. now teach human sexual behavior and factors involved in sexual dysfunction.^ieng
Asunto(s)
Cardiopatías/complicaciones , Conducta Sexual , Disfunciones Sexuales Fisiológicas/rehabilitación , Consejo , Femenino , Cardiopatías/rehabilitación , Hemodinámica , Humanos , Masculino , Educación Sexual , Disfunciones Sexuales Fisiológicas/etiologíaRESUMEN
PIP: Medical histories of 436 patients treated with Ovulen after childbirth or an abortion were examined in order to collect a sample of women who had taken the orals for 6-12 cycles. A group of 70 patients was thus formed. The following parameters were investigated: weight variation; blood pressure; nausea and vomiting; varicosities; variation in menstrual flow and length of period; breast-related side effects; jaundice; psychic alteration, i.e., nervousness, anxiety, or depression; changes in libido; headaches; skin changes; and pregnancy. Results are presented both in graph and table form. Weight change was found to tend more to loss than to gain. No statistically significant changes in blood pressure were observed. Nausea and associated symptoms tended to disappear after the 9th cycle. Edema was present in only 6% of all cycles. The most common side effect was varicosities, present in 25% of the sample, but in no instance did thrombosis occur nor was varicosity a cause for discontinuation in any case. Breast-related side effects were more common at the outset. No jaundice was observed. Psychic alterations were not common and were mostly insignificant and tended to occur more frequently at the outset. 12% of the sample had headaches from the beginning of treatment up until the 8th month, after which they began to disappear. Only 1 patient had chloasma and then only during the 1st 2 cycles. There was a marked tendency toward menorrhagia which was thought to be beneficial due to the prevalence of anemia in the group. Changes in libido were minimal and tended to disappear after the 8th cycle. None of the patients became pregnant.^ieng