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Twenty Saanen third parturition dairy goats were used in an on-farm 2 × 2 factorial arrangement that ran for 12 weeks, with two grazing regimes and two concentrate types. The grazing regimes evaluated were an extensive silvopastoral native rangeland (SPR) and grazing in an abandoned agricultural land (AAL). Grazing happened between 9:00 and 17:00 h. The two types of concentrate supplement were a high protein concentrate (HP = 180 g CP/kg DM and 13 MJ ME/kg DM) or high energy concentrate (HE = 110  g CP/kg DM and 14.3 MJ ME/kg DM). Goats were milked once a day, providing 250 g of concentrate supplement per goat and day. Animal variables were fat and protein corrected milk yield recorded every day, and milk composition determined for two consecutive days at the end of each experimental week. Flora in the experimental paddocks was characerised and sampled, including grasses, shrubs, trees, legumes and cacti. The data was analysed with the R software using a mixed model with day nested in period as random effect and goat as repeated measure. The SPR had greater (P = 0.002) fat and protein corrected milk yield than AAL, with no differences between concentrate type and no interaction (P > 0.05). There was an interaction (P < 0.01) between grazing regime and concentrate type for fat content in milk, where a reduction in fat content was notorious in the SPR regime. Protein content of milk was greater (P < 0.01) in SPR with no significant effects of concentrate type or the interaction. The number of plant species in SPR was greater. The native silvopastoral system supplemented with the high energy concentrate was the strategy with higher milk yield, and protein and milk fat content, although the interaction between grazing regime and supplement was significant only for milk fat content.

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The aim of this research was to evaluate the physiological and behavioural parameters in Saanen goat kids treated with flunixin meglumine compared with no analgesic treatment after cautery disbudding using a device fueled by propane gas. At 7 days of age, 30 goat kids were randomly allocated to three groups: Sham (Sh) control, (i.e., simulating disbudding); Disbudding (Di), using thermal cauterization; Disbudding + Flunixin (DiFl), thermal cauterization + flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg body weight, 15 min before treatment). Each kid was video-recorded for 30 min before and after treatment to evaluate the frequency of head shaking, head scratching, body shaking, grooming, head rubbing, jumping, running, and bleating. Blood samples were taken 30 min after disbudding to evaluate serum cortisol concentrations and white blood cell count. Heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were measured using a stethoscope. Liveweight of goat kids was recorded at birth, -24 h and 7 days after treatment, and at 25 days of age. The mean frequency of head shaking and head scratching was higher (p = 0.0001) after disbudding in Di (37.5 ± 47.8 and 33.32 ± 31.2) group compared to Sh (3.42 ± 3.58 and 2.2 ± 1.8) and DiFl, (4.02 ± 2.76 and 4.42 ± 3.72) groups. The frequency of jumping was higher (p = 0.022) for Di (3.74 ± 2.24) than that of DiFl (0.39 ± 0.92). The remaining behaviours did not show differences (p > 0.05). HR and RR were higher (HR: p < 0.0048; RR: p < 0.035) in group Di (HR: 156 ± 13.6; RR: 66 ± 14.8) than in Sh (HR: 138 ± 8.48; RR: 55.6 ± 5.4) and in DiFl (HR: 136 ± 6.38; RR: 52.8 ± 4.13). No differences were detected between live weight, serum cortisol and white blood cell count data (p > 0.05). Results show that flunixin meglumine was effective at reducing pain-related behaviours when given at the time of disbudding.

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Several studies have assessed the therapeutic potential of natural products against mastitis, but only a few have evaluated the impacts of this alternative therapy on the main properties of milk and dairy products. In this study, we observed how the treatment of mastitis with ethanolic extract of Jatobá (Hymenaea martiana Hayne) influenced the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of coalho cheese. An ointment containing the ethanolic extract was prepared for intramammary use in six dairy goats. The experiment was conducted in three experimental moments. Milking was performed, manually, and both milk and cheese were subjected to physicochemical and sensory tests. No difference was observed (p>0.05) in the physicochemical aspects of milk between the studied groups. The solids-non-fat showed a statistical difference between experimental moments M1 and M2. The protein means varied from 3.33 to 3.62, and there was a statistical difference between the two moments, while the lactose means varied from 4.79 to 5.38%. The physicochemical aspects of cheese remained similar with both treatments. Except for appearance, the sensory characteristics showed no statistical difference. In conclusion, the use of Jatobá extract ointment did not influence the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of goat milk or cheese.

A mastite representa uma das principais enfermidades nos rebanhos de caprinos leiteiros, com implicações na produção de leite e na qualidade final dos derivados. Objetivou-se observar a influência do tratamento da mastite com o extrato etanólico da Hymenaea martiana Hayne sobre as características físico-químicas e sensoriais do queijo tipo coalho. Uma pomada contendo extrato foi elaborada para uso intramamário em seis fêmeas caprinas especializadas na produção de leite. As metades esquerdas dos tetos das cabras receberam essa infusão, enquanto a metade direita era controle. O experimento foi conduzido em três momentos experimentais. Realizou-se ordenha manual e análise físico-química do leite. Para o queijo, foram realizados testes físico-químicos e teste sensorial. Quantos aos aspectos físico-químicos do leite, é possível afirmar que não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os grupos. Houve diferença estatística para sólidos não gordurosos nos momentos experimentais M1 e M2. As médias de proteína variaram entre 3,33 e 3,62, e houve diferença estatística em dois momentos. As médias de lactose variaram entre 4,79% e 5,38%. Os aspectos físico-químicos do queijo mantiveram resultados similares entre os dois tratamentos. Os parâmetros sensoriais para o queijo coalho de cabra não tiveram diferença estatística entre os tratamentos, contudo a aparência se destacou em relação aos demais parâmetros sensoriais. O uso da pomada elaborada com extrato de jatobá não interferiu sobre as características físico-químicas do leite de cabra e sobre as características físico-químicas e sensoriais do queijo tipo coalho de cabra.

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We investigated the effect of including palm kernel cake (PKC) at the levels of 0, 80, 160 and 240 g kg-1 in the diet of lactating goats on the quality and sensory parameters of Minas Frescal cheese. Twelve goats were used in a triple 4 × 4 Latin square design. The dietary addition of PKC was associated with a reduction in moisture (p = 0.004), which compromised the cheese yield (p = 0.030). The ether extract content showed a quadratic response. There was a decrease in caproic (p = 0.014), caprylic (p = 0.011), capric (p = 0.003) and palmitic (p = 0.049) acids and an increase in lauric (p = 0.012) and myristic (p = 0.02) acids. Monounsaturated fatty acids increased (p = 0.008), whereas the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (p = 0.022) and thrombogenicity index (p = 0.023) decreased. Principal component analysis indicated that control treatment and the treatment with 80 g kg-1 PKC were the most acceptable to the cheese tasters. The use of palm kernel cake is a good alternative for lactating goats when added to the diet at levels up to 80 g kg-1.

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This report describes clinical, ultrasonographic and anatomopathological findings in a case of metastatic melanoma in an adult Saanen goat. Clinically, the goat had apathy, an intra-abdominal palpable firm structure, and exophytic keratinized areas on the skin of the udder. Ultrasound revealed non-encapsulated oval structures, with heterogeneous echogenicity and marked central and peripheral vascularization, and hypoechoic hepatic multifocal to coalescent areas. In the udder, there were non-encapsulated oval structures with heterogeneous echogenicity and hyperechoic center surrounded by hypoechogenic tissue. Grossly, there were black multifocal to coalescent areas in the liver, as well as black nodules in mammary and mesenteric lymph nodes, uterus, spleen, and myocardium. Microscopically, multifocal melanocytic neoplastic proliferation was observed in the dermis and junction of the udder epidermis. Most of the neoplastic cells had cytoplasmic granules of melanin. In the liver there were areas of neoplastic tissue compressing the adjacent parenchyma, with central foci of necrosis, mild desmoplasia, and multifocal infiltration of malignant cells into the adjacent tissues. Similar findings were observed in the mammary and mesenteric lymph nodes, uterus, spleen, and myocardium, which characterized metastatic melanoma. Ultrasonography played a key role for establishing the diagnosis of a metastatic melanoma and helped establish a proper clinical management protocol.(AU)

Este relato descreve os achados clínicos, ultrassonográficos e anatomopatológicos em um caso de melanoma metastático em uma cabra Saanen adulta. Clinicamente, a cabra apresentava apatia, estrutura firme palpável intra-abdominal e áreas exofíticas queratinizadas na pele do úbere. A ultrassonografia revelou estruturas ovais não encapsuladas, com ecogenicidade heterogênea e marcada vascularização central e periférica, além de áreas hepáticas multifocais a coalescentes hipoecoicas. No úbere, havia estruturas ovais não encapsuladas, com ecogenicidade heterogênea e centro hiperecogênico circundado por tecido hipoecogênico. Macroscopicamente, havia áreas pretas multifocais a coalescentes no fígado, bem como nódulos pretos nos linfonodos mamários e mesentéricos, no útero, no baço e no miocárdio; microscopicamente, proliferação neoplásica melanocítica multifocal foi observada na derme e na junção da epiderme do úbere. A maioria das células neoplásicas apresentava grânulos citoplasmáticos de melanina. No fígado, havia áreas de tecido neoplásico comprimindo o parênquima adjacente, com focos centrais de necrose, desmoplasia leve e infiltração multifocal de células malignas nos tecidos adjacentes. Achados semelhantes foram observados nos nódulos linfáticos mamários e mesentéricos, no útero, no baço e no miocárdio, que caracterizaram o melanoma metastático. A ultrassonografia desempenhou um papel fundamental para estipular o diagnóstico de um melanoma metastático e ajudou a estabelecer um protocolo de manejo clínico adequado.(AU)

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This study aimed to estimate the protein requirements for the maintenance of growing Saanen goats of different sexes from 5 to 45 kg of body weight (BW) using two methods and applying a meta-analysis. For this purpose, two datasets were used. One dataset was used to evaluate the effects of sex on the protein requirements for maintenance using the comparative slaughter technique. This dataset was composed of 185 individual records (80 intact males, 62 castrated males, and 43 females) from six studies. The other dataset was used to evaluate the effects of sex on the protein requirements for maintenance using the N balance method. This dataset was composed of 136 individual records (59 intact males, 43 castrated males, and 34 females) from six studies. All studies applied an experimental design that provided different levels of N intake and different levels of N retention, allowing the development of regression equations to predict the net protein requirement for maintenance (NPM) and the metabolizable protein (MP) requirements for maintenance (MPM) in Saanen goats. The efficiency of MP use for maintenance (kPM) was computed as NPM/MPM. The efficiency of MP use for gain (kPG) was calculated using the equation of daily protein retained against daily MP intake above maintenance. A meta-analysis was applied using the MIXED procedure of SAS, in which sex was considered a fixed effect, and blocks nested in the studies and goat sex were considered as random effects. The NPM did not differ between sexes, irrespective of the approach used. The daily NPM estimated was 1.23 g/kg0.75 BW when using the comparative slaughter technique, while it was 3.18 g/kg0.75 BW when using the N balance technique for growing Saanen goats. The MPM estimated was 3.8 g/kg0.75 BW, the kPM was 0.33, and the kPG was 0.52. We observed that the NPM when using the comparative slaughter technique in growing Saanen goats is lower than that recommended by the current small ruminant feeding systems; on the other hand, the MPM was similar to previous reports by the feeding systems. Sex did not affect the protein requirements for maintenance and the efficiencies of use of metabolizable protein.

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Goats were among the first animals to be domesticated over 10,000 years ago and are part of human societies since the beginning of agriculture. Goats play a major role both in commercial farming systems and in subsistence agriculture systems, particularly in tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean regions where they are crucial for the supply of meat, milk, fibre and dung. This review concerns the Serrana breed, the most important and numerous indigenous goat breed from Portugal that was furthermore exported to other regions of the world, notably South America during the Portuguese colonization. Herein, we describe the origin and history of the breed as well as the productive performance and most common production systems. Finally, we address the local and traditional PDO (protected denomination of origin) and PGI (protected geographical indication) that are produced from these animals.

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Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar o efeito de dietas com diferentes níveis de energia no consumo de nutrientes, na produção e na composição do leite, no peso corporal e na relação benefício:custo de uma produção de cabras leiteiras. Foram utilizadas nove cabras, distribuídas em quadrado latino triplo 3 x 3. O ensaio teve duração de 60 dias, divididos em três períodos de 20 dias. Avaliaram-se rações completas contendo três níveis de energia: 65%, 70% e 75% de NDT. Os consumos de matéria seca, proteína bruta e matéria mineral foram superiores (P<0,05) nas dietas com maiores níveis de energia em comparação à dieta com 65% de NDT. A produção de leite foi semelhante (P>0,05) nas cabras recebendo dietas contendo 70% e 75% de NDT, todavia foi superior (P<0,05) à produção de leite das cabras recebendo dieta com 65% de NDT. A dieta com 75% de NDT possibilitou maior (P<0,05) peso corporal final, quando comparada com as dietas contendo 65% e 70% de NDT. Não foi observada diferença (P>0,05) para os parâmetros físico-químicos de gordura, lactose, proteína bruta, extrato seco desengordurado, densidade, sais e condutividade do leite. Portanto, cabras alimentadas com níveis de energia entre 70% e 75% de NDT na dieta total aumentam a produção de leite, porém 75% de NDT na dieta proporciona melhor relação benefício:custo, havendo, para cada R$ 1,00 no custo investido na alimentação, R$ 1,52 de retorno financeiro.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets with different energy levels on nutrient intake, milk production and composition, body weight and benefit:cost ratio of a dairy goat production. Nine goats were distributed in a triple 3 x 3 latin square design. The experiment lasted for 60 days, divided into three 20-day periods. Complete rations containing three energy levels were evaluated: 65%, 70% and 75% of TDN. The dry matter intake, crude protein and mineral matter consumption were higher (P <0.05) in the diets with higher levels of energy compared to the diet with 65% of TDN. Milk production was similar (P> 0.05) in goats receiving diets containing 70% and 75% TDN, but these diets produced more milk (P<0.05) than the diet with 65% of TDN. The diet with 75% of TDN allowed a higher (P<0.05) final body weight (P<0.05) when compared to diets containing 65% and 70% TDN. There was no difference (P> 0.05) in the physical-chemical parameters of fat, lactose, crude protein, defatted dry extract, density, salts and conductivity of the milk. Therefore, goats fed with diets of 70% and 75% of TDN in the total diet increased milk production. However, the diet with 75% of TDN provides a better benefit:cost ratio, as for every $ 1.00 in the cost invested, there was $ 1.52 of financial return.(AU)

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Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar o efeito de dietas com diferentes níveis de energia no consumo de nutrientes, na produção e na composição do leite, no peso corporal e na relação benefício:custo de uma produção de cabras leiteiras. Foram utilizadas nove cabras, distribuídas em quadrado latino triplo 3 x 3. O ensaio teve duração de 60 dias, divididos em três períodos de 20 dias. Avaliaram-se rações completas contendo três níveis de energia: 65%, 70% e 75% de NDT. Os consumos de matéria seca, proteína bruta e matéria mineral foram superiores (P<0,05) nas dietas com maiores níveis de energia em comparação à dieta com 65% de NDT. A produção de leite foi semelhante (P>0,05) nas cabras recebendo dietas contendo 70% e 75% de NDT, todavia foi superior (P<0,05) à produção de leite das cabras recebendo dieta com 65% de NDT. A dieta com 75% de NDT possibilitou maior (P<0,05) peso corporal final, quando comparada com as dietas contendo 65% e 70% de NDT. Não foi observada diferença (P>0,05) para os parâmetros físico-químicos de gordura, lactose, proteína bruta, extrato seco desengordurado, densidade, sais e condutividade do leite. Portanto, cabras alimentadas com níveis de energia entre 70% e 75% de NDT na dieta total aumentam a produção de leite, porém 75% de NDT na dieta proporciona melhor relação benefício:custo, havendo, para cada R$ 1,00 no custo investido na alimentação, R$ 1,52 de retorno financeiro.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets with different energy levels on nutrient intake, milk production and composition, body weight and benefit:cost ratio of a dairy goat production. Nine goats were distributed in a triple 3 x 3 latin square design. The experiment lasted for 60 days, divided into three 20-day periods. Complete rations containing three energy levels were evaluated: 65%, 70% and 75% of TDN. The dry matter intake, crude protein and mineral matter consumption were higher (P <0.05) in the diets with higher levels of energy compared to the diet with 65% of TDN. Milk production was similar (P> 0.05) in goats receiving diets containing 70% and 75% TDN, but these diets produced more milk (P<0.05) than the diet with 65% of TDN. The diet with 75% of TDN allowed a higher (P<0.05) final body weight (P<0.05) when compared to diets containing 65% and 70% TDN. There was no difference (P> 0.05) in the physical-chemical parameters of fat, lactose, crude protein, defatted dry extract, density, salts and conductivity of the milk. Therefore, goats fed with diets of 70% and 75% of TDN in the total diet increased milk production. However, the diet with 75% of TDN provides a better benefit:cost ratio, as for every $ 1.00 in the cost invested, there was $ 1.52 of financial return.(AU)

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Despite the important role of digesta mean retention time (MRT) on digestive efficiency of ruminants, it is poorly investigated in total gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of growing ruminants, especially in goats. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of body weight (BW) and sex on GIT MRT of particles and solutes in growing Saanen goats. A dataset from two studies, comprising 103 individual records of castrated males (n = 36), females (n = 34), and intact males (n = 33) Saanen goats slaughtered at 15, 22, 30, 37, and 45 kg BW, was used. Goats were fed basically with total mixed ration composed by dehydrated corn plant (Zea mays) milled to pass a 10-mm screen, cracked corn grain, and soybean (Glycine max) meal. Variables evaluated were BW, feed intake, feed intake level, composition of ingested diet, wet weight of GIT tissues, wet digesta pool size, digesta composition (dry matter and neutral detergent fiber [NDF]), indigestible NDF:NDF ratio of ingested diet and GIT digesta, MRT of particles (MRTiNDF) and solutes (MRTCr), and reticulorumen selectivity factors (large particles/solutes). Reticulorumen, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, cecum, and colon-rectum segments were evaluated. The dataset was analyzed as mixed models considering sex, BW, and sex × BW interaction as fixed effects, and study and residual error as random effects. Sex did not affect MRTiNDF in any GIT segments. Females and intact males presented similar reticulorumen MRTCr (5.6 h; P = 0.92) and they presented lower reticulorumen MRTCr than castrated males (7.0; P ≤ 0.04). Total GIT MRTCr was similar between castrated males and females (15.7 h; P = 0.11) and between females and intact males (14.2 h; P = 0.76). Body weight (BW) did not affect MRTiNDF in reticulorumen and colon-rectum and total GIT MRTCr (P ≥ 0.11). Reticulorumen and omasum MRTCr increased as BW increased (P < 0.01), and abomasum MRTCr decreased as BW increased (P = 0.02). Feed intake, and wet tissues and wet pool size of all GIT segments increased as BW increased, except abomasum wet pool size (P ≤ 0.01). The mechanism related to sex effect on MRT has to be elucidated. Reticulorumen MRTiNDF and total GIT MRTCr were modulated by intake and capacity of reticulorumen and GIT, respectively. On the other hand, reticulorumen MRTCr seemed to be regulated by reticulo-omasal orifice opening and saliva secretion.

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We aimed to evaluate the inclusion of three sources of vegetable oil in the diet of lactating goats on production in 120 days of lactation and the effect of these sources and lactation stage on fortnightly composition and fatty acid profile of goat milk at 20, 50, 80, and 110 days of lactation. A completely randomized design was adopted and 32 Anglo Nubian goats were used, distributed in four treatments: control diet and diets with inclusion of 30 g/kg of dry matter of diet of canola, sunflower, or soybean oil. The dairy production was 182.75 kg, and there was no difference for treatments. Among the constituents, only urea nitrogen was influenced by treatment and presented lower content for control treatment. Day of lactation had an effect on lactose. Defatted dry extract and somatic cell count had a quadratic effect with minimum values around 100 and 33 days of lactation, respectively. The content of urea nitrogen, also with a quadratic effect, was higher at 93 days of lactation. For protein, there was an interaction between treatments and period and, at the end of lactation, its content was increased. The inclusion of vegetable oils promoted reduction in total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and increased the total content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid. The proportions MUFA:SFA and PUFA:SFA, the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes, and the relation hypocholesterolemic fatty acids:hypercholesterolemic fatty acids improved with oil addition in animal diets. The addition of vegetable oil to diets for lactating goats improve the fatty acid profile with no impairment on milk production and composition, and the milk from early stages of lactation has better nutritional quality of the lipid fraction.(AU)

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This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of commercial disinfectants on Staphylococcus spp., isolated from mastitis cases in goats, and to associate the observed resistance with the presence of the icaD gene. Broth microdilution was employed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the disinfectants, whereas the Congo Red technique was used for the evaluation of biofilm production and amplification of the icaD gene. All evaluated samples were sensitive to disinfectants, with the following ranges of activity: quaternary ammonium (0.13 - 21.33 µg/ml), chlorhexidine (4.00 - 313.00 µg/ml) and iodine (190.00 - 12500.00 µg/ml); however, the sodium hypochlorite-based disinfectant showed no bactericidal activity in the concentration range from 15.0 to 0.03 µg/ml. The icaD gene presented a frequency of 14.7% in the isolate samples. Fishers exact test showed a significant effect of the relation between the minimum bactericidal concentration value of the quaternary ammonium-based disinfectant and the presence/absence of the icaD gene (P <0.01). Commercial disinfectants with quaternary ammonium, chlorhexidine and iodine active ingredients presented in vitro activity even at concentrations lower than those recommended by the manufacturers. Therefore, the periodic evaluation of the sensitivity profile of the disinfectants must be performed.(AU)

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficácia in vitro de desinfetantes comerciais frente à Staphylococcus spp. isolados de casos de mastite em cabras e, relacionar a resistência observada com a presença do gene icaD. A microdiluição em caldo foi utilizada para avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro dos desinfetantes, enquanto a técnica de vermelho congo para a avaliação da produção de biofilme e amplificação do gene icaD. Todas as amostras avaliadas foram sensíveis aos desinfetantes, com as seguintes faixas de atividade: amônia quaternária (0,13 - 21,33 µg/ml), clorexidina (4,00 - 313,00 µg/ml) e iodo (190,00 - 12500,00 µg/ml), no entanto o desinfetante a base de hipoclorito de sódio não apresentou atividade bactericida na faixa de concentração 15,0 a 0,03 µg/ml. O gene icaD apresentou frequência de 14,7% nos isolados. O teste exato de Fisher apontou efeito significativo da relação entre o valor da concentração bactericida mínima do desinfetante à base de amônia quaternária e a presença/ausência do gene icaD (P<0,01). Os desinfetantes comerciais com os princípios ativos amônia quaternária, clorexidina e iodo, apresentaram atividade in vitro até mesmo em concentrações inferiores às preconizadas pelos fabricantes o que torna necessária a realização periódica da avaliação do perfil de sensibilidade dos desinfetantes.(AU)

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Background: Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) is a disease that causes productive losses in dairy goat flocks due to thereduction in milk production, followed by lesions in joints and mammary glands. An early diagnosis is essential, consideringthat there is frequent occurrence of asymptomatic animals. Hence, this study aimed to perform a comparison of immunological and molecular based diagnostic tests, represented by Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID), Western Blot (WB) andnested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR). In addition, the mammary glands (MG) of dairy goats were clinically evaluated.Materials, Methods & Results: Blood collection and clinical examination were performed in 1191 dairy goats of 12 farms locatedin Northeastern and Southeastern regions of Brazil. Serological (AGID, WB) and molecular (nPCR) test results were comparedand the data, along with MG alterations, were analyzed using Epi-info 7 and WinEpiscope 2.0. Seroprevalence in AGID test was41.14% (490/1191). In WB, 51.47% (613/1191) of animals were seropositive and nPCR detected 69.44% (827/1191) positiveanimals. Hence, WB was more sensitive (P < 0.001) than AGID. However, nPCR detected more positive animals than AGID (P< 0.001) and WB (P < 0.001). The analysis of mammary glands revealed that 105 out of 1096 nanny goats presented alterations,of which 101 presented altered consistency, 16 presented elevated temperatures and 60 had enlarged retromammary lymph nodes.There was significant statistic difference (P < 0.05) only when comparing the results of serological tests with MG alterations.Discussion: In general, AGID technique is most frequently used when screening flocks for the disease due to the practicalityand low cost this test presents. However, the results demonstrated that AGID detected the lowest number of positive animals.This low sensitivity that the test presented may be attributed to its antigen-antibody interaction mechanism...(AU)

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This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of commercial disinfectants on Staphylococcus spp., isolated from mastitis cases in goats, and to associate the observed resistance with the presence of the icaD gene. Broth microdilution was employed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the disinfectants, whereas the Congo Red technique was used for the evaluation of biofilm production and amplification of the icaD gene. All evaluated samples were sensitive to disinfectants, with the following ranges of activity: quaternary ammonium (0.13 - 21.33 µg/ml), chlorhexidine (4.00 - 313.00 µg/ml) and iodine (190.00 - 12500.00 µg/ml); however, the sodium hypochlorite-based disinfectant showed no bactericidal activity in the concentration range from 15.0 to 0.03 µg/ml. The icaD gene presented a frequency of 14.7% in the isolate samples. Fisher’s exact test showed a significant effect of the relation between the minimum bactericidal concentration value of the quaternary ammonium-based disinfectant and the presence/absence of the icaD gene (P <0.01). Commercial disinfectants with quaternary ammonium, chlorhexidine and iodine active ingredients presented in vitro activity even at concentrations lower than those recommended by the manufacturers. Therefore, the periodic evaluation of the sensitivity profile of the disinfectants must be performed.

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficácia in vitro de desinfetantes comerciais frente à Staphylococcus spp. isolados de casos de mastite em cabras e, relacionar a resistência observada com a presença do gene icaD. A microdiluição em caldo foi utilizada para avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro dos desinfetantes, enquanto a técnica de vermelho congo para a avaliação da produção de biofilme e amplificação do gene icaD. Todas as amostras avaliadas foram sensíveis aos desinfetantes, com as seguintes faixas de atividade: amônia quaternária (0,13 - 21,33 µg/ml), clorexidina (4,00 - 313,00 µg/ml) e iodo (190,00 - 12500,00 µg/ml), no entanto o desinfetante a base de hipoclorito de sódio não apresentou atividade bactericida na faixa de concentração 15,0 a 0,03 µg/ml. O gene icaD apresentou frequência de 14,7% nos isolados. O teste exato de Fisher apontou efeito significativo da relação entre o valor da concentração bactericida mínima do desinfetante à base de amônia quaternária e a presença/ausência do gene icaD (P<0,01). Os desinfetantes comerciais com os princípios ativos amônia quaternária, clorexidina e iodo, apresentaram atividade in vitro até mesmo em concentrações inferiores às preconizadas pelos fabricantes o que torna necessária a realização periódica da avaliação do perfil de sensibilidade dos desinfetantes.

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Background: Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) is a disease that causes productive losses in dairy goat flocks due to thereduction in milk production, followed by lesions in joints and mammary glands. An early diagnosis is essential, consideringthat there is frequent occurrence of asymptomatic animals. Hence, this study aimed to perform a comparison of immunological and molecular based diagnostic tests, represented by Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID), Western Blot (WB) andnested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR). In addition, the mammary glands (MG) of dairy goats were clinically evaluated.Materials, Methods & Results: Blood collection and clinical examination were performed in 1191 dairy goats of 12 farms locatedin Northeastern and Southeastern regions of Brazil. Serological (AGID, WB) and molecular (nPCR) test results were comparedand the data, along with MG alterations, were analyzed using Epi-info 7 and WinEpiscope 2.0. Seroprevalence in AGID test was41.14% (490/1191). In WB, 51.47% (613/1191) of animals were seropositive and nPCR detected 69.44% (827/1191) positiveanimals. Hence, WB was more sensitive (P < 0.001) than AGID. However, nPCR detected more positive animals than AGID (P< 0.001) and WB (P < 0.001). The analysis of mammary glands revealed that 105 out of 1096 nanny goats presented alterations,of which 101 presented altered consistency, 16 presented elevated temperatures and 60 had enlarged retromammary lymph nodes.There was significant statistic difference (P < 0.05) only when comparing the results of serological tests with MG alterations.Discussion: In general, AGID technique is most frequently used when screening flocks for the disease due to the practicalityand low cost this test presents. However, the results demonstrated that AGID detected the lowest number of positive animals.This low sensitivity that the test presented may be attributed to its antigen-antibody interaction mechanism...

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In light of the scarcity of information about the occurrence and epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) in small ruminants in general, and particularly dairy goats, we launched this limited-scope study. The findings reported here show the detection of MRSA and MRCNS in goat milk and teat skin samples from dairy goat herds in the state of Ohio. A total of 120 milk samples and 120 teat-swab samples were collected from 5 farms. After conventional isolation and phenotypic characterization of the staphylococci colonies, bacterial isolates were tested by PCR assay targeting the genes nuc to identify Staphylococcus aureus and mecA to detect MRSA and MRCNS. The clonal complexes of MRSA isolates was also determined by multiloccus sequence typing. Fifteen (6.2%) positive S. aureus samples were found in this study: 9 from milk and 6 from teat skin samples. Four (2%) MRSA isolates were detected and, using multiloccus sequence typing genotyping, these were designated to clonal complexes CC133 (n = 2; milk samples) and CC5 (n = 2; teat skin). Three (1.25%) coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates from the teat skin also harbored the mecA gene. Although, the MRSA isolated from milk samples is not a typical human-associated lineage, the CC5 clone isolated from teat skin is a common and widespread clonal complex associated with humans, suggesting that this extramammary niche could be a relevant reservoir of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Furthermore, the fact that 75% of MRSA were recovered from 1 farm showing poor hygiene practices strengthens the hypothesis that good hygiene practices could be useful to prevent persistence and spread of MRSA at a farm level.

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of lactating Saanen dairy goats housed with or without the use of environmental enrichment technique. Twelve animals were split into two equal groups and assign to one of two treatments: stall with or without enrichment. Five objects were used to enrich the stalls: plastic PET bottles suspended and freely on the floor (both filled with corn as a visual and auditory stimuli), general cleaning brushes fixed to the wall of the stall, suspended tire, and a tree trunk for climbing. The behavior of the goats was observed during two hours for 10 consecutive days. The behaviors were recorded using focal-animal sampling method, observing each animal during 10-minute period. Descriptive statistics were calculated plotting the results in behavior frequency charts. Animals on both treatments showed similar behaviors frequencies for food intake and self-cleaning. However, a higher frequency of stereotyped behaviors was registered in the treatment without environmental enrichment. The highest frequency of interaction was observed for suspended tire, indicating animal’s preference for this object. In conclusion, animals on enriched environment show more different behaviors than animals in non-enriched environment and showed greater preference for some object over others.

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o comportamento de cabras leiteiras da raça Saanen alojadas com ou sem a utilização da técnica de enriquecimento ambiental. Doze animais foram divididos em dois grupos iguais e designados a um dos seguintes tratamentos: baia com ou sem enriquecimento ambiental. Cinco objetos foram utilizados para enriquecer as baias: garrafa PET suspensa, garrafa PET solta no chão (ambas contendo milho como atrativo visual e auditivo), escova de limpeza fixada na parede, pneu suspenso e tronco de árvore para escalada. O comportamento das cabras foi avaliado por duas horas durante dez dias consecutivos e registrado por meio da amostragem focal instantânea durante intervalos de 10 minutos. Estatística descritiva foi calculada para os dados obtidos e criados gráficos de frequências. Animais em ambos os tratamentos tiveram frequências similares para os comportamentos relacionados ao consumo alimentar e autolimpeza. Entretanto, foi registrada maior frequência de estereotipias no tratamento sem enriquecimento ambiental. Foi observada maior interação com o objeto pneu suspenso, indicando a preferência dos animais pelo mesmo. Conclui-se que animais mantidos em ambiente enriquecido tiveram maior acervo comportamental e demonstraram maior preferência por determinados objetos.

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of lactating Saanen dairy goats housed with or without the use of environmental enrichment technique. Twelve animals were split into two equal groups and assign to one of two treatments: stall with or without enrichment. Five objects were used to enrich the stalls: plastic PET bottles suspended and freely on the floor (both filled with corn as a visual and auditory stimuli), general cleaning brushes fixed to the wall of the stall, suspended tire, and a tree trunk for climbing. The behavior of the goats was observed during two hours for 10 consecutive days. The behaviors were recorded using focal-animal sampling method, observing each animal during 10-minute period. Descriptive statistics were calculated plotting the results in behavior frequency charts. Animals on both treatments showed similar behaviors frequencies for food intake and self-cleaning. However, a higher frequency of stereotyped behaviors was registered in the treatment without environmental enrichment. The highest frequency of interaction was observed for suspended tire, indicating animals preference for this object. In conclusion, animals on enriched environment show more different behaviors than animals in non-enriched environment and showed greater preference for some object over others.(AU)

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o comportamento de cabras leiteiras da raça Saanen alojadas com ou sem a utilização da técnica de enriquecimento ambiental. Doze animais foram divididos em dois grupos iguais e designados a um dos seguintes tratamentos: baia com ou sem enriquecimento ambiental. Cinco objetos foram utilizados para enriquecer as baias: garrafa PET suspensa, garrafa PET solta no chão (ambas contendo milho como atrativo visual e auditivo), escova de limpeza fixada na parede, pneu suspenso e tronco de árvore para escalada. O comportamento das cabras foi avaliado por duas horas durante dez dias consecutivos e registrado por meio da amostragem focal instantânea durante intervalos de 10 minutos. Estatística descritiva foi calculada para os dados obtidos e criados gráficos de frequências. Animais em ambos os tratamentos tiveram frequências similares para os comportamentos relacionados ao consumo alimentar e autolimpeza. Entretanto, foi registrada maior frequência de estereotipias no tratamento sem enriquecimento ambiental. Foi observada maior interação com o objeto pneu suspenso, indicando a preferência dos animais pelo mesmo. Conclui-se que animais mantidos em ambiente enriquecido tiveram maior acervo comportamental e demonstraram maior preferência por determinados objetos.(AU)

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The aim of this survey was to determine the prevalence of anti-pestivirus antibodies in dairy goats from the semiarid region of the Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil, as well as to identify risk factors associated with the flock-level prevalence. A total of 1,092 dairy goats from 110 flocks randomly selected in the county of Monteiro, Paraíba state, during March 2009 to March 2010, were used. In each selected flock a epidemiological questionnaire was applied to verify the occurrence of possible factors that could be associated with the flock-level prevalence. For the serological diagnosis of Pestivirus infection the serum neutralization test, using the BVDV-1 NADL strain, was carried out. Flock-level prevalence was 6.36% (95% CI = 2.60% 12.67%) and animal-level prevalence was 0.82% (95% CI = 0.38% 1.56%). Not to perform vermifugation (odds ratio = 10.49; p = 0.035) and to perform navel cut and disinfection (odds ratio = 12.73; p = 0.034) were identified as risk factors. These results indicate viral circulation in dairy goats in the semiarid region of the Paraíba state.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a prevalênciade anticorpos anti-pestivírus em caprinos leiteiros do semiárido do Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil, bem como identificar fatores de risco associados à prevalência de rebanhos positivos. Foram utilizados 1.092 cabras leiteiras de 110 propriedades selecionadas aleatoriamente no Município de Monteiro, Estado da Paraíba, no período de março de 2009 a março de 2010. Em cada propriedade selecionada foi aplicado questionário epidemiológico para verificar a ocorrência de possíveis fatores associados à ocorrência da infecção. Para o diagnóstico sorológico da infecção por Pestivírus, foi utilizada a prova de soroneutralização com a estipe de BVDV-1 NADL. A prevalência de propriedades positivas foi de 6,36% (IC 95% = 2,60% 12,67%) e a prevalência de animais soropositivos foi de 0,82% (IC 95% = 0,38% 1,56%). Não realizar vermifugação (odds ratio= 10,49; p = 0,035) e realizar corte e desinfecção de umbigo (odds ratio= 12,73; p = 0,034) foram identificados como fatores de risco. Os resultados obtidos indicam a circulação viral em caprinos leiteiros do semiárido da Paraíba.(AU)

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The aim of this survey was to determine the prevalence of anti-pestivirus antibodies in dairy goats from the semiarid region of the Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil, as well as to identify risk factors associated with the flock-level prevalence. A total of 1,092 dairy goats from 110 flocks randomly selected in the county of Monteiro, Paraíba state, during March 2009 to March 2010, were used. In each selected flock a epidemiological questionnaire was applied to verify the occurrence of possible factors that could be associated with the flock-level prevalence. For the serological diagnosis of Pestivirus infection the serum neutralization test, using the BVDV-1 NADL strain, was carried out. Flock-level prevalence was 6.36% (95% CI = 2.60% 12.67%) and animal-level prevalence was 0.82% (95% CI = 0.38% 1.56%). Not to perform vermifugation (odds ratio = 10.49; p = 0.035) and to perform navel cut and disinfection (odds ratio = 12.73; p = 0.034) were identified as risk factors. These results indicate viral circulation in dairy goats in the semiarid region of the Paraíba state.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a prevalênciade anticorpos anti-pestivírus em caprinos leiteiros do semiárido do Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil, bem como identificar fatores de risco associados à prevalência de rebanhos positivos. Foram utilizados 1.092 cabras leiteiras de 110 propriedades selecionadas aleatoriamente no Município de Monteiro, Estado da Paraíba, no período de março de 2009 a março de 2010. Em cada propriedade selecionada foi aplicado questionário epidemiológico para verificar a ocorrência de possíveis fatores associados à ocorrência da infecção. Para o diagnóstico sorológico da infecção por Pestivírus, foi utilizada a prova de soroneutralização com a estipe de BVDV-1 NADL. A prevalência de propriedades positivas foi de 6,36% (IC 95% = 2,60% 12,67%) e a prevalência de animais soropositivos foi de 0,82% (IC 95% = 0,38% 1,56%). Não realizar vermifugação (odds ratio= 10,49; p = 0,035) e realizar corte e desinfecção de umbigo (odds ratio= 12,73; p = 0,034) foram identificados como fatores de risco. Os resultados obtidos indicam a circulação viral em caprinos leiteiros do semiárido da Paraíba.

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