RESUMEN
The basis for criteria of the taxonomic classification of DNA and RNA viruses based on data of the genomic sequencing are viewed in this review. The genomic sequences of viruses, which have genome represented by double-stranded DNA (orthopoxviruses as example), positive-sense single-stranded RNA (alphaviruses and flaviviruses as example), non-segmented negative-sense single-stranded RNA (filoviruses as example), segmented negative-sense single-stranded RNA (arenaviruses and phleboviruses as example) are analyzed. The levels of genetic variability that determine the assignment of compared viruses to taxa of various orders are established for each group of viruses.
Asunto(s)
Virus ADN , Genoma Viral , Virus ARN , Virus ARN/genética , Virus ARN/clasificación , Virus ADN/genética , Virus ADN/clasificación , Filogenia , Humanos , Animales , Genómica/métodos , ARN Viral/genética , Variación GenéticaRESUMEN
Viral invasion of target cells triggers an immediate intracellular host defense system aimed at preventing further propagation of the virus. Viral genomes or early products of viral replication are sensed by a number of pattern recognition receptors, leading to the synthesis and production of type I interferons (IFNs) that, in turn, activate a cascade of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) with antiviral functions. Among these, several members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family are antiviral executors. This article will focus, in particular, on TRIM22 as an example of a multitarget antiviral member of the TRIM family. The antiviral activities of TRIM22 against different DNA and RNA viruses, particularly human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and influenza A virus (IAV), will be discussed. TRIM22 restriction of virus replication can involve either direct interaction of TRIM22 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity with viral proteins, or indirect protein-protein interactions resulting in control of viral gene transcription, but also epigenetic effects exerted at the chromatin level.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/virología , VIH-1/patogenicidad , Inmunidad Innata , Virus de la Influenza A/patogenicidad , Gripe Humana/virología , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Menor/metabolismo , Proteínas Represoras/metabolismo , Proteínas de Motivos Tripartitos/metabolismo , Replicación Viral , Animales , Regulación Viral de la Expresión Génica , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/metabolismo , VIH-1/genética , VIH-1/crecimiento & desarrollo , VIH-1/inmunología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Virus de la Influenza A/crecimiento & desarrollo , Virus de la Influenza A/inmunología , Gripe Humana/inmunología , Gripe Humana/metabolismo , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Hydroxytyrosol and dihydrocaffeoyl catechols with lipophilic properties have been synthesized in high yield using tyrosinase immobilized on multi-walled carbon nanotubes by the Layer-by-Layer technique. All synthesized catechols were evaluated against a large panel of DNA and RNA viruses, including Poliovirus type 1, Echovirus type 9, Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Coxsackievirus type B3 (Cox B3), Adenovirus type 2 and type 5 and Cytomegalovirus (CMV). A significant antiviral activity was observed in the inhibition of HSV-1, HSV-2, Cox B3 and CMV. The mechanism of action of the most active dihydrocaffeoyl derivative was investigated against a model of HSV-1 infection.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/química , Antivirales/farmacología , Catecoles/química , Catecoles/farmacología , Virus ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Virus ARN/efectos de los fármacos , Agaricus/enzimología , Infecciones por Virus ADN/tratamiento farmacológico , Enzimas Inmovilizadas/química , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Monofenol Monooxigenasa/química , Nanotubos de Carbono/química , Alcohol Feniletílico/análogos & derivados , Alcohol Feniletílico/química , Alcohol Feniletílico/farmacología , Infecciones por Virus ARN/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Both enantiomers of 1',6'-isoneplanocin have been prepared from a common substituted cyclopentane epoxide in 7 steps. Both compounds were subjected to DNA and RNA viral assessments with moderate to high activity found for both towards human cytomegalovirus, measles, Ebola, norovirus, and dengue. The D-like congener also showed vaccinia and HBV effectiveness. In many of the other antiviral assays both compounds showed cytotoxicity making, in some cases, an EC50 determination not possible. The S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitory effects showed the D-like target to be equal that of neplanocin itself and better than 3-deazaneplanocin whereas the L-like analogue was 13 to 30 times less inhibitory than 3-deazaneplanocin and neplanocin, respectively.