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BACKGROUND: The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is part of the dopaminergic reward system and controls energy balance. Recently, a cluster of neurons was identified as responsive to the orexigenic effect of ghrelin and fasting. However, the signaling pathway by which ghrelin and fasting induce feeding is unknown. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor, and its Thr172 phosphorylation (AMPKThr172) in the mediobasal hypothalamus regulates food intake. However, whether the expression and activation of AMPK in CeA could be one of the intracellular signaling activated in response to ghrelin and fasting eliciting food intake is unknown. AIM: To evaluate the activation of AMPK into CeA in response to ghrelin, fasting, and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and whether feeding accompanied these changes. In addition, to investigate whether the inhibition of AMPK into CeA could decrease food intake. METHODS: On a chow diet, eight-week-old Wistar male rats were stereotaxically implanted with a cannula in the CeA to inject several modulators of AMPKα1/2Thr172 phosphorylation, and we performed physiological and molecular assays. KEY FINDINGS: Fasting increased, and refeeding reduced AMPKThr172 in the CeA. Intra-CeA glucose injection decreased feeding, whereas injection of 2DG, a glucoprivation inductor, in the CeA, increased food intake and blood glucose, despite faint increases in AMPKThr172. Intra-CeA ghrelin injection increased food intake and AMPKThr172. To further confirm the role of AMPK in the CeA, chronic injection of Melanotan II (MTII) in CeA reduced body mass and food intake over seven days together with a slight decrease in AMPKThr172. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings identified that AMPK might be part of the signaling machinery in the CeA, which responds to nutrients and hormones contributing to feeding control. The results can contribute to understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of altered feeding behavior/consumption, such as binge eating of caloric-dense, palatable food.
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Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP , Núcleo Amigdalino Central , Ingestión de Alimentos , Ayuno , Ghrelina , Ratas Wistar , Animales , Masculino , Ghrelina/metabolismo , Ghrelina/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Núcleo Amigdalino Central/metabolismo , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Ratas , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Desoxiglucosa/farmacología , Desoxiglucosa/metabolismo , Conducta Alimentaria/efectos de los fármacos , Glucosa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Spore-forming probiotic bacteria offer interesting properties as they have an intrinsic high stability, and when consumed, they are able to survive the adverse conditions encountered during the transit thorough the host gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A traditional healthy food, natto, exists in Japan consisting of soy fermented by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus subtilis natto. The consumption of natto is linked to many beneficial health effects, including the prevention of high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular-associated disease. We hypothesize that the bacterium B. subtilis natto plays a key role in the beneficial effects of natto for humans. Here, we present the isolation of B. subtilis DG101 from natto and its characterization as a novel spore-forming probiotic strain for human consumption. B. subtilis DG101 was non-hemolytic and showed high tolerance to lysozyme, low pH, bile salts, and a strong adherence ability to extracellular matrix proteins (i.e., fibronectin and collagen), demonstrating its potential application for competitive exclusion of pathogens. B. subtilis DG101 forms robust liquid and solid biofilms and expresses several extracellular enzymes with activity against food diet-associated macromolecules (i.e., proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides) that would be important to improve food diet digestion by the host. B. subtilis DG101 was able to grow in the presence of toxic metals (i.e., chromium, cadmium, and arsenic) and decreased their bioavailability, a feature that points to this probiotic as an interesting agent for bioremediation in cases of food and water poisoning with metals. In addition, B. subtilis DG101 was sensitive to antibiotics commonly used to treat infections in medical settings, and at the same time, it showed a potent antimicrobial effect against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. In mammalians (i.e., rats), B. subtilis DG101 colonized the GI tract, and improved the lipid and protein serum homeostasis of animals fed on the base of a normal- or a deficient-diet regime (dietary restriction). In the animal model for longevity studies, Caenorhabditis elegans, B. subtilis DG101 significantly increased the animal lifespan and prevented its age-related behavioral decay. Overall, these results demonstrate that B. subtilis DG101 is the key component of natto with interesting probiotic properties to improve and protect human health.
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Abstract Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) are inherited, progressive and heterogeneous muscle disorders. A group of CMDs are dystroglycanopathies, also called α-dystroglycanopathies, where there is an abnormal glycosylation of protein α-dystroglycan. Hypoglycosylation of α-DG results in different severities of congenital muscular dystrophies and they present with progressive muscle weakness and loss of motor functions. This article first focuses on the CMDs, their classification according to the observed symptoms or the protein involved in the resulting phenotype. We then focus on dystroglycanopathies, the importance of its correct O-glycosylation of the α-dystroglycan given its important structural function, considering the enzymes involved in said glycosylation and the phenotypes that can result, to finally address current therapeutics for these diseases with the aim of increasing current knowledge.
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This paper proposes a time-series stochastic socioeconomic model for analyzing the impact of the pandemic on the regulated distribution electricity market. The proposed methodology combines the optimized tariff model (socioeconomic market model) and the random walk concept (risk assessment technique) to ensure robustness/accuracy. The model enables both a past and future analysis of the impact of the pandemic, which is essential to prepare regulatory agencies beforehand and allow enough time for the development of efficient public policies. By applying it to six Brazilian concession areas, results demonstrate that consumers have been/will be heavily affected in general, mainly due to the high electricity tariffs that took place with the pandemic, overcoming the natural trend of the market. In contrast, the model demonstrates that the pandemic did not/will not significantly harm power distribution companies in general, mainly due to the loan granted by the regulator agency, named COVID-account. Socioeconomic welfare losses averaging 500 (MR$/month) are estimated for the equivalent concession area, i.e., the sum of the six analyzed concession areas. Furthermore, this paper proposes a stochastic optimization problem to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on the electricity market over time, considering the interests of consumers, power distribution companies, and the government. Results demonstrate that it is successful as the tariffs provided by the algorithm compensate for the reduction in demand while increasing the socioeconomic welfare of the market.
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BACKGROUND: Women living in the Bolivian Andes are environmentally exposed to arsenic, yet there is scarce information about arsenic-related effects in this region. Several biomarkers for telomere length and oxidative stress (mitochondrial DNA copy number, mtDNAcn; 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine, 8-oxo-dG; and 4-hydroxy nonenal mercapturic acid, 4-HNE-MA) have been previously linked to arsenic, and some of which are prospective biomarkers for cancer risk. OBJECTIVE AND HYPOTHESIS: To evaluate associations between arsenic exposure and telomere length, mtDNAcn, 8-oxo-dG, and 4-HNE-MA in Bolivians. Arsenic exposure was hypothesized to be positively associated with all four toxicity biomarkers, particularly in individuals with a less efficient arsenic metabolism. METHODS: The study encompassed 193 indigenous women. Arsenic exposure was assessed in urine as the sum of inorganic arsenic metabolite concentrations (U-As) measured by HPLC-HG-ICP-MS, and in whole blood as total arsenic (B-As) measured by ICP-MS. Efficiency of arsenic metabolism was evaluated by a polymorphism (rs3740393) in the main arsenic methylating gene AS3MT measured by TaqMan allelic discrimination, and by the relative fractions of urinary inorganic arsenic metabolites. Telomere length and mtDNAcn were determined in peripheral blood leukocytes by quantitative PCR, and urinary 8-oxo-dG and 4-HNE-MA by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS: U-As and B-As were associated with longer telomeres and higher mtDNAcn, particularly in women with a less efficient arsenic metabolism. Urinary 8-oxo-dG and 4-HNE-MA were positively associated with U-As, but only 4-HNE-MA was associated with B-As. Arsenic metabolism efficiency did not have a clear effect on the concentrations of either of these biomarkers. CONCLUSION: Bolivian women showed indications of arsenic toxicity, measured by four different biomarkers. Telomere length, mtDNAcn, and 4-HNE-MA were positively associated with both U-As and B-As. The association of arsenic exposure with telomere length and mtDNAcn was only present in Bolivian women with a less efficient metabolism. These findings call for additional efforts to evaluate and reduce arsenic exposure in Bolivia.
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Arsénico , Biomarcadores , Bolivia , Cromatografía Liquida , Femenino , Humanos , Pueblos Indígenas , Metiltransferasas , Estrés Oxidativo/genética , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Telómero/genéticaRESUMEN
Abstract The development of stable cell lines producing recombinant proteins is very time-consuming and laborious. One of the practical approaches successfully performed is Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). A mutated chimeric tissue plasminogen activator (mt-PA) was developed by removing the first three domains of t-PA, insertion of GHRP sequence and mutation toward resistance to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). In the current study, a new stable CHO-DG44 cell line producing mt-PA was developed by two sequential clonal selections: FACS and clonal-selection by limiting dilution. Furthermore, the expression was more evaluated using two different expression media. Finally, the high-producing clones were selected based on the dot blot and amidolytic activity test. The transfection efficiency of CHO-DG44 cells was 38% as measured by flow cytometry on green fluorescent protein (GFP). After performing FACS on stable cell pools, the expression yield was increased to fifty-fold. In terms of growth profile, CD-DG44 showed higher viability and cell density results than ProCHO5 medium. The expression of mt-PA was significantly higher in CD-DG44 than in ProCHO5, 765 and 280 IU/mL, respectively. Our data indicated that selection of an appropriate expression medium played a critical role in the development of potent producing stable cells by FACS.
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Activador de Tejido Plasminógeno , Optimización de Procesos , Citometría de Flujo/métodos , Fluorescencia , Recuento de Células/instrumentación , Células Clonales/clasificación , Inhibidor 1 de Activador Plasminogénico/efectos adversos , Proteínas Fluorescentes VerdesRESUMEN
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal and classified as a carcinogen whose exposure could affect the function of the central nervous system. There are studies that suggest that Cd promotes neurodegeneration in different regions of the brain, particularly in the hippocampus. It is proposed that its mechanism of toxicity maybe by an oxidative stress pathway, which modifies neuronal morphology and causes the death of neurons and consequently affecting cognitive tasks. However, this mechanism is not yet clear. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of Cd administration on recognition memory for 2, 3 and 4 months, neuronal morphology and immunoreactivity for caspase-3 and 9 in rat hippocampi. The results show that the administration of Cd decreased recognition memory. Likewise, it caused the dendritic morphology of the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus regions of the hippocampus to decrease with respect to the time of administration of this heavy metal. In addition, we observed a reduction in the density of dendritic spines as well as an increase in the immunoreactivity of caspase-3 and 9 in the same hippocampal regions of the animals treated with Cd. These results suggest that Cd affects the structure and function of the neurons of the hippocampus, which contribute to the deterioration of recognition memory. Our results suggest that the exposure to Cd represents a critical health problem, which if not addressed quickly, could cause much more serious problems in the quality of life of the human population, as well as in the environment in which they develop.
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Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Cadmio/farmacología , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Cadmio/administración & dosificación , Dendritas/efectos de los fármacos , Espinas Dendríticas/efectos de los fármacos , Giro Dentado/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Neuronas/metabolismo , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Around the world, species from the genus Tilia are commonly used because of their peripheral and central medicinal effects; they are prepared as teas and used as tranquilizing, anticonvulsant, and analgesic agents. In this study, we provide evidence of the protective effects of organic and aqueous extracts (100 mg/kg, i.p.) obtained from the leaves of Tilia americana var. mexicana on CCl4-induced liver and brain damage in the rat. Protection was observed in the liver and brain (cerebellum, cortex and cerebral hemispheres) by measuring the activity of antioxidant enzymes and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) using spectrophotometric methods. Biochemical parameters were also assessed in serum samples from the CCl4-treated rats. The T. americana var. mexicana leaf extracts provided significant protection against CCl4-induced peripheral and central damage by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, diminishing lipid peroxidation, and preventing alterations in biochemical serum parameters, such as the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-globulin (γ-GLOB), serum albumin (ALB), total bilirubin (BB), creatinine (CREA) and creatine kinase (CK), relative to the control group. Additionally, we correlated gene expression with antioxidant activity in the experimental groups treated with the organic and aqueous Tilia extracts and observed a non-statistically significant positive correlation. Our results provide evidence of the underlying biomedical properties of T. americana var. mexicana that confer its neuro- and hepatoprotective effects.
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Abstract Background: The major complications of “treated” Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection are cardiovascular disease, malignancy, renal disease, liver disease, bone disease, and perhaps neurological complications, which are phenomena of the normal aging process occurring at an earlier age in the HIV-infected population. The present study is aimed to explore protein carbonyl content as a biomarker for detecting oxidative DNA damage induced ART toxicity and/or accelerated aging in HIV/AIDS patients. Objective: To investigate the potential of carbonyl content as a biomarker for detecting oxidative Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage induced Antiretroviral Theraphy (ART) toxicity and/or accelerated aging in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: In this case–control study a total 600 subjects were included. All subjects were randomly selected and grouped as HIV-negative (control group) (n = 300), HIV-infected ART naive (n = 100), HIV-infected on first line ART (n = 100), and HIV-infected on second line ART (n = 100). Seronegative control subjects were age- and sex-matched with the ART naive patients and the two other groups. Carbonyl protein was determined by the method described in Levine et al. DNA damage marker 8-OH-dG was determined using 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine StressXpress ELA Kit by StressMarq Biosciences. Results: Protein carbonyl content levels and oxidative DNA damage were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in HIV-infected patients on second line ART and HIV-infected patients on first line ART than ART naive patients and controls. In a linear regression analysis, increased protein carbonyl content was positively associated with increased DNA damage (OR: 0.356; 95% CI: 0.287–0.426) p < 0.05. Conclusions: Carbonyl content may has a role as a biomarker for detecting oxidative DNA damage induced ART toxicity and/or accelerated aging in HIV/AIDS patients. Larger studies are warranted to elucidate the role of carbonyl content as a biomarker for premature aging in HIV/AIDS patients.
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Humanos , Animales , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Daño del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Envejecimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Felino/sangre , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/tratamiento farmacológico , Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa/efectos adversos , Desoxiguanosina/análogos & derivados , Carbonilación Proteica/fisiología , Valores de Referencia , Factores de Tiempo , Daño del ADN/fisiología , Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Factores de Edad , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/fisiopatología , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Fármacos Anti-VIH/efectos adversos , Desoxiguanosina/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The major complications of "treated" Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection are cardiovascular disease, malignancy, renal disease, liver disease, bone disease, and perhaps neurological complications, which are phenomena of the normal aging process occurring at an earlier age in the HIV-infected population. The present study is aimed to explore protein carbonyl content as a biomarker for detecting oxidative DNA damage induced ART toxicity and/or accelerated aging in HIV/AIDS patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential of carbonyl content as a biomarker for detecting oxidative Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage induced Antiretroviral Theraphy (ART) toxicity and/or accelerated aging in HIV/AIDS patients. METHODS: In this case-control study a total 600 subjects were included. All subjects were randomly selected and grouped as HIV-negative (control group) (n=300), HIV-infected ART naive (n=100), HIV-infected on first line ART (n=100), and HIV-infected on second line ART (n=100). Seronegative control subjects were age- and sex-matched with the ART naive patients and the two other groups. Carbonyl protein was determined by the method described in Levine et al. DNA damage marker 8-OH-dG was determined using 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine StressXpress ELA Kit by StressMarq Biosciences. RESULTS: Protein carbonyl content levels and oxidative DNA damage were significantly higher (p<0.05) in HIV-infected patients on second line ART and HIV-infected patients on first line ART than ART naive patients and controls. In a linear regression analysis, increased protein carbonyl content was positively associated with increased DNA damage (OR: 0.356; 95% CI: 0.287-0.426) p<0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Carbonyl content may has a role as a biomarker for detecting oxidative DNA damage induced ART toxicity and/or accelerated aging in HIV/AIDS patients. Larger studies are warranted to elucidate the role of carbonyl content as a biomarker for premature aging in HIV/AIDS patients.
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Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/sangre , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/tratamiento farmacológico , Envejecimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa/efectos adversos , Daño del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Desoxiguanosina/análogos & derivados , Carbonilación Proteica , 8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxicoguanosina , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/fisiopatología , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Animales , Fármacos Anti-VIH/efectos adversos , Biomarcadores/sangre , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Daño del ADN/fisiología , Desoxiguanosina/sangre , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Carbonilación Proteica/fisiología , Valores de Referencia , Factores de Riesgo , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Factores de Tiempo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Objetivo: informar el manejo endodóntico de un primer premolar maxilar con tres raíces, mediante tratamiento de conductos adecuado a estos casos. Caso clínico: un paciente de sexo femenino, de 25 años de edad, se presentó a la consulta con un diagnóstico de pulpitis irreversible asintomática en la pieza 14. A partir de los hallazgos clínicos y radiográficos iniciales -que hacían sospechar una alteración en el número de conductos-, se comprobó la presencia de tres conductos radiculares. Esta situación obligó a realizar el tratamiento endodóntico con cuidados específicos para localizar todos los conductos radiculares y prevenir desgastes excesivos y/o perforaciones. Conclusión: el diagnóstico oportuno de esta variación anatómica permite establecer modificaciones en el protocolo del tratamiento de conductos, a fin de evitar el debilitamiento excesivo o, incluso, la perforación de su estrecha anatomía radicular
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Cavidad Pulpar/anatomía & histología , Diente Premolar/patología , Pulpitis/terapia , Tratamiento del Conducto Radicular/métodos , Diagnóstico Clínico , Diente Premolar , Pulpitis/diagnóstico , Raíz del Diente/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
Objetivo: informar el manejo endodóntico de un primer premolar maxilar con tres raíces, mediante tratamiento de conductos adecuado a estos casos. Caso clínico: un paciente de sexo femenino, de 25 años de edad, se presentó a la consulta con un diagnóstico de pulpitis irreversible asintomática en la pieza 14. A partir de los hallazgos clínicos y radiográficos iniciales -que hacían sospechar una alteración en el número de conductos-, se comprobó la presencia de tres conductos radiculares. Esta situación obligó a realizar el tratamiento endodóntico con cuidados específicos para localizar todos los conductos radiculares y prevenir desgastes excesivos y/o perforaciones. Conclusión: el diagnóstico oportuno de esta variación anatómica permite establecer modificaciones en el protocolo del tratamiento de conductos, a fin de evitar el debilitamiento excesivo o, incluso, la perforación de su estrecha anatomía radicular (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Tratamiento del Conducto Radicular/métodos , Pulpitis/terapia , Diente Premolar/patología , Cavidad Pulpar/anatomía & histología , Pulpitis/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Clínico , Diente Premolar/diagnóstico por imagen , Raíz del Diente/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate UBASH3A gene variation association with autoimmune thyroid disease and clinical features in a Chinese Han population. Subjects and methods: A total of 667 AITD patients (417 GD and 250 HT) and 301 healthy controls were genotyped for two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs11203203, rs3788013 of UBASH3A gene, utilizing the Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (MALDI-TOF-MS) Platform. Results: Between the control group and AITD, GD and HT group, no statistically significant difference was observed in the genotypic and allelic frequencies of the two SNPs. There was no significant difference in allelic frequencies of the two SNPs between GD with and without ophthalmopathy. There was no significant difference in haplotype distributions between the control group and AITD, GD or HT group. Conclusion: Rs11203203 and rs3788013 in UBASH3A gene may not be associated with AITD patients in Chinese Han population. .
Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a variação no gene UBASH3A com a doença tiroidiana autoimune e características clínicas na população chinesa Han. Sujeitos e métodos: Um total de 667 pacientes com DTAI (417 com DG e 250 com TH) e 301 controles saudáveis foi genotipado para dois polimorfismos de nucleotídeo simples (SNPs) rs11203203, rs3788013 do gene UBASH3A, usando-se a plataforma MALDI-TOF-MS (Ionização/Dessorção de Matriz Assistida por Laser – Tempo de Voo/Espectrômetro de Massa). Resultados: Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as frequências genotípicas e alélicas dos dois SNPs nos grupos controle e DTAI, DG e TH. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as frequências alélicas dos dois SNPs em pacientes com DG com ou sem olftalmopatia. Não houve diferenças significativas nas distribuições de haplótipos no grupo controle e nos grupos DTAI, DG e TH. Conclusão: Os SNPs rs11203203 e rs3788013 do gene UBASH3A podem não estar associados a pacientes com DTAI na população chinesa Han. .
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Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Oftalmopatía de Graves/etnología , Enfermedad de Hashimoto/etnología , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/inmunología , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , Estudios de Casos y Controles , China/etnología , Frecuencia de los Genes , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Genotipo , Haplotipos/inmunología , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización DesorciónRESUMEN
Increasing evidence suggests that brain cytochrome P450 (CYP) can contribute to the in situ metabolism of xenobiotics. In the liver, some xenobiotics can be metabolized by CYPs into more reactive products that can damage hepatocytes and induce cell death. In addition, normal CYP activity may produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to cell damage through oxidative mechanisms. CYP2E1 is a CYP isoform that can generate ROS leading to cytotoxicity in multiple tissue types. The aim of this study was to determine whether CYP2E1 induction may lead to significant brain cell impairment. Immunological analysis revealed that exposure of primary cerebellar granule neuronal cultures to the CYP inducer isoniazid, increased CYP2E1 expression. In the presence of buthionine sulfoximine, an agent that reduces glutathione levels, isoniazid treatment also resulted in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, DNA oxidation and cell death. These effects were attenuated by simultaneous exposure to diallyl sulfide, a CYP2E1 inhibitor, or to a mimetic of superoxide dismutase/catalase, (Euka). These results suggest that in cases of reduced antioxidant levels, the induction of brain CYP2E1 could represent a risk of in situ neuronal damage.
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Inductores del Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/farmacología , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Glutatión/metabolismo , Isoniazida/farmacología , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Cerebelo/citología , ADN/metabolismo , Neuronas/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Ratas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
Introducción: se conoce que en los últimos años, el manejo obstétrico ha enfatizado el control estricto de la glicemia en la madre y que ha mejorado la sobrevida fetal, la cual es directamente proporcional a la glicemia media materna. Objetivo: caracterizar los principales resultados en la experiencia hospitalaria sobre la vigilancia obstétrica y metabólica en la atención de gestantes diabéticas en el Hospital General Ciro Redondo García, Centro de Referencia Territorial en Artemisa. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional analítico, prospectivo y de corte longitudinal en el Hospital General Docente Ciro Redondo García de Artemisa desde junio de 2005 hasta junio de 2012. De un universo de 2 140 gestantes ingresadas, 240 fueron diagnosticadas diabéticas, constituyendo la muestra de estudio, Resultados: como diabéticas gestacionales (DG) se clasificó el 77,5 porciento, mientras que las diabéticas pregestacionales (DPG) constituyeron el 22,5 porciento. Los grupos de edades de 31 a 36 años y de 20 a 25 años fueron los de mayor predominio en la diabetes gestacional pregestacional para un 29,1 porciento y un 33,3 porciento respectivamente. Los factores de riesgo de mayor predominio en el estudio fueron: la obesidad (44,2 porciento), la edad mayor de 34 años, polihidramnios, macrosomía previa y los abortos espontáneos (38,7; 18; 8,1; y 6,6 porciento respectivamente). Otros factores de riesgo fueron los antecedentes familiares de diabetes mellitus de las gestantes, el diagnóstico de la diabetes gestacional después de las 20 semanas, la cesárea como el tipo de parto de mayor predominio y la edad gestacional a término al parto. Conclusiones: en un valorado sistema de salud pública como el cubano, se debe tomar medidas pertinentes para monitorear y controlar la morbilidad y complicaciones de las gestantes diabéticas(AU)
Background: it is known that, in recent years, obstetric management has made emphasis on the strict control of glycemia in the mother and the fetal survival has been improved, which is directly proportional to the mean maternal glycemia. Objective: to characterize the principal results in the hospital experience on obstetric and metabolic surveillance in the management of pregnant diabetic women in Ciro Redondo García General Hospital, Regional Reference Center in Artemisa. Methods: an observational analytical prospective cross-longitudinal study was conducted in Ciro Redondo García General Hospital in Artemisa from June 2005 to June 2012. From a universe of 2 140 pregnant women admitted in the hospital, 240 were diagnosed diabetics, representing them, the sample of the study. Results: the 77.5 percent of them were classified as gestational diabetic women (GD) whereas pregestational diabetic women (PGD) represented the 22.5 percent. The 31-36 and 20-25 age groups were the most predominant in gestational and pregestational diabetes, for a 29.1 percent and a 33.3 percent, respectively. The most predominant risk factors in the study were: obesity (44.2 percent), age over 34 years, polyhydramnios, previous macrosomia, and spontaneous abortion (38.7, 18, 8.1, 6.6 percent, respectively). Other risk factors were: family antecedents of diabetes mellitus in pregnant women, the time of diagnosis of gestational diabetes after the 20 weeks, the caesarean section as the most predominant type of delivery, and gestational age at delivery at term. Conclusions: in a valued Public Health System such as the Cuban one, appropriate measures should be taken to monitor and control morbidity and complications in pregnant diabetic women(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Diabetes Gestacional/epidemiología , Embarazo en Diabéticas/epidemiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios Longitudinales/métodos , Estudios Observacionales como Asunto , CubaRESUMEN
Introducción: se conoce que en los últimos años, el manejo obstétrico ha enfatizado el control estricto de la glicemia en la madre y que ha mejorado la sobrevida fetal, la cual es directamente proporcional a la glicemia media materna. Objetivo: caracterizar los principales resultados en la experiencia hospitalaria sobre la vigilancia obstétrica y metabólica en la atención de gestantes diabéticas en el Hospital General Ciro Redondo García, Centro de Referencia Territorial en Artemisa. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional analítico, prospectivo y de corte longitudinal en el Hospital General Docente Ciro Redondo García de Artemisa desde junio de 2005 hasta junio de 2012. De un universo de 2 140 gestantes ingresadas, 240 fueron diagnosticadas diabéticas, constituyendo la muestra de estudio, Resultados: como diabéticas gestacionales (DG) se clasificó el 77,5 por ciento mientras que las diabéticas pregestacionales (DPG) constituyeron el 22,5 por ciento .Los grupos de edades de 31 a 36 años y de 20 a 25 años fueron los de mayor predominio en la diabetes gestacional pregestacional para un 29,1 por ciento y un 33,3 por ciento respectivamente. Los factores de riesgo de mayor predominio en el estudio fueron: la obesidad (44,2 por ciento ), la edad mayor de 34 años, polihidramnios, macrosomía previa y los abortos espontáneos (38,7; 18; 8,1; y 6,6 por ciento respectivamente). Otros factores de riesgo fueron los antecedentes familiares de diabetes mellitus de las gestantes, el diagnóstico de la diabetes gestacional después de las 20 semanas, la cesárea como el tipo de parto de mayor predominio y la edad gestacional a término al parto. Conclusiones: en un valorado sistema de salud pública como el cubano, se debe tomar medidas pertinentes para monitorear y controlar la morbilidad y complicaciones de las gestantes diabéticas
Background: it is known that, in recent years, obstetric management has made emphasis on the strict control of glycemia in the mother and the fetal survival has been improved, which is directly proportional to the mean maternal glycemia. Objective: to characterize the principal results in the hospital experience on obstetric and metabolic surveillance in the management of pregnant diabetic women in Ciro Redondo García General Hospital, Regional Reference Center in Artemisa. Methods: an observational analytical prospective cross-longitudinal study was conducted in Ciro Redondo García General Hospital in Artemisa from June 2005 to June 2012. From a universe of 2 140 pregnant women admitted in the hospital, 240 were diagnosed diabetics, representing them, the sample of the study. Results: the 77.5 percent of them were classified as gestational diabetic women (GD) whereas pregestational diabetic women (PGD) represented the 22.5 percent .The 31-36 and 20-25 age groups were the most predominant in gestational and pregestational diabetes, for a 29.1 percent and a 33.3 percent, respectively. The most predominant risk factors in the study were: obesity (44.2 percent ), age over 34 years, polyhydramnios, previous macrosomia, and spontaneous abortion (38.7, 18, 8.1, 6.6 percent respectively). Other risk factors were: family antecedents of diabetes mellitus in pregnant women, the time of diagnosis of gestational diabetes after the 20 weeks, the caesarean section as the most predominant type of delivery, and gestational age at delivery at term. Conclusions: in a valued Public Health System such as the Cuban one, appropriate measures should be taken to monitor and control morbidity and complications in pregnant diabetic women
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Embarazo en Diabéticas/fisiopatología , Embarazo en Diabéticas/metabolismo , Embarazo en Diabéticas/prevención & control , Atención Hospitalaria , Estudios Longitudinales , Estudios Observacionales como Asunto , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
Extensive neuropathological studies have established a compelling link between abnormalities in structure and function of subcortical monoaminergic (MA-ergic) systems and the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The main cell populations of these systems including the locus coeruleus, the raphe nuclei, and the tuberomamillary nucleus undergo significant degeneration in AD, thereby depriving the hippocampal and cortical neurons from their critical modulatory influence. These studies have been complemented by genome wide association studies linking polymorphisms in key genes involved in the MA-ergic systems and particular behavioral abnormalities in AD. Importantly, several recent studies have shown that improvement of the MA-ergic systems can both restore cognitive function and reduce AD-related pathology in animal models of neurodegeneration. This review aims to explore the link between abnormalities in the MA-ergic systems and AD symptomatology as well as the therapeutic strategies targeting these systems. Furthermore, we will examine possible mechanisms behind basic vulnerability of MA-ergic neurons in AD.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Dopamina/metabolismo , Neuronas/metabolismo , Serotonina/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Encéfalo/patología , Humanos , Vías Nerviosas/metabolismo , Vías Nerviosas/patología , Neuronas/patologíaRESUMEN
Objetivo Determinar la frecuencia y severidad del compromiso hepático en niños con Dengue. Métodos Estudio descriptivo que incluyó a 108 niños menores de 13 años con diagnóstico de infección por virus de Dengue, confirmada por detección plasmática de NS1 e IgM dengue-específica, que consultaron al Hospital Universitario de Neiva, en el período de junio de 2009 a mayo de 2010.El grado de daño hepático fue evaluado por criterios clínicos y bioquímicos que incluyeron transaminasas y albúmina. El diagnóstico de infección con Leptospira o Hepatitis A fue realizado por detección de IgM plasmática específica medida en fase aguda y convaleciente. Resultados De los casos incluidos, 98 y 10 casos fueron clasificados como dengue con signos de alarma y Dengue grave, respectivamente. Dos de cada tres pacientes con Dengue presentaron signos de alarma y todos los pacientes con Dengue grave presentaron algún grado de compromiso hapático evidenciado clínica y bioquímicamente. Independientemente de la clasificación clínica, la hepatomegalia fue el signo clínico cardinal del compromiso hepático y se presentó en el 85 % del total de niños incluidos. De resaltar, 5 de los pacientes presentaron probable coinfección de dengue y leptospira, siendo la primera descripción en Colombia. En ninguno de los casos analizados se presentó enfermedad aguda por Hepatitis A. Conclusión El compromiso hepático es muy frecuente en la infección por virus Dengue. Enfermedades como la leptospirosis deben ser tenidas en cuenta no sólo en el diagnóstico diferencial del paciente pediátrico febril con compromiso hepático, sino como causa de coinfección en el niño con Dengue en el sur de Colombia.
Objective Dengue is the most important arthropod-borne viral disease in the world; it can be life-threatening because of liver involvement. Aim Determining liver involvement frequency and severity in dengue-infected children. Methods This was a descriptive case series study which involved studying 108 dengue-infected children aged less than 13 years old whose infection had been confirmed by the detection of dengue-specific IgM and NS1 in plasma. Clinical and biochemical parameters were used for evaluating liver involvement, including transaminases and albumin. Hepatitis A and leptospira infection were also evaluated by using ELISA to detect pathogen-specific IgM in plasma during acute and convalescence phases. The study was carried out at a teaching hospital in Neiva from June 2009 to May 2010. Results Ninety-eight of the aforementioned cases were clinically classified as dengue with warning signs (DWS) and 10 as severe dengue (SD). Two out of three DWS patients and all SD patients had some degree of liver involvement, shown clinically and biochemically. Regardless of the clinical classification, hepatomegaly was the main clinical sign of liver involvement and was present in 85% of all the children in the study. It is worth noting that 5 patients had probable dengue and leptospirosis co-infection, this being the first instance of this in Colombia. None of the cases analyzed here had acute hepatitis A. Conclusions Liver compromise should be considered in confirmed cases of dengue as shown in this series of children. Leptospirosis must be considered as differential diagnosis and also as causing co-infection in a febrile child.
Asunto(s)
Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Dengue/complicaciones , Hepatopatías/epidemiología , Hepatopatías/etiología , Colombia/epidemiología , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
A contagem de bolores e leveduras nos alimentos é indicativa de falhas higiênicas ao longo do processamento ou matérias-primas de má qualidade. Nos alimentos desidratados, os fungos xerofílicos representam os principais microrganismos responsáveis de multiplicação. Diversas técnicas e meios de cultura tem sido utilizados para a sua enumeração para alimentos com baixa atividade de água. Dez amostras de diferentes alimentos foram divididas em 5 subamostras cada, totalizando 50 amostras. Os seguintes tratamentos foram avaliados: Petrifilm (controle), Petrifilm (com dicloran) e DG-18 (controle). Os resultados da análise estatística permitem concluir que não há diferença significativa, ao nível de 5 por cento, entre os tratamentos avaliados. A ocorrência de colônias espalhadas parece não estar associada a um tipo de alimento, mas às amostras de um determinado alimento. Ao se usar altas diluições, as colônias espalhadas não estiveram comumente presentes, não afetando, portanto, a contagem no Petrifilm Bolores e Leveduras.(AU)
The yeast and mold enumeration of foods is indicative of poor hygienical conditions in the processing or raw materials of bad quality. In dehydrated foods, the xerophilic fungi are the major responsible of deterioration. Several techniques and culture media have been used for its enumeration, being agar DG-18 recommended for foods with low water activity. Ten differents food samples were divided into five subsamples, totalizing 50 samples. The following treatments were evaluaied: PetrifiIm (control), PetrifiIm (with dicloran) and DG-18 (control). The results of the statistical analysis allow to conclude that it does not have significant difference to the 5% level between the evaluated treatments. The occurrence of spread colonies, seems not to be associated to a type of food, but with samples of one determined food. When high dilutions were used, spread colonies weren't present, not affecting, therefore, the Petrifilm Yeast and Mold counts. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Conservación de Alimentos , Hongos , Levaduras , Aditivos Alimentarios , Microbiología de AlimentosRESUMEN
A contagem de bolores e leveduras nos alimentos é indicativa de falhas higiênicas ao longo do processamento ou matérias-primas de má qualidade. Nos alimentos desidratados, os fungos xerofílicos representam os principais microrganismos responsáveis de multiplicação. Diversas técnicas e meios de cultura tem sido utilizados para a sua enumeração para alimentos com baixa atividade de água. Dez amostras de diferentes alimentos foram divididas em 5 subamostras cada, totalizando 50 amostras. Os seguintes tratamentos foram avaliados: Petrifilm (controle), Petrifilm (com dicloran) e DG-18 (controle). Os resultados da análise estatística permitem concluir que não há diferença significativa, ao nível de 5 por cento, entre os tratamentos avaliados. A ocorrência de colônias espalhadas parece não estar associada a um tipo de alimento, mas às amostras de um determinado alimento. Ao se usar altas diluições, as colônias espalhadas não estiveram comumente presentes, não afetando, portanto, a contagem no Petrifilm Bolores e Leveduras.
The yeast and mold enumeration of foods is indicative of poor hygienical conditions in the processing or raw materials of bad quality. In dehydrated foods, the xerophilic fungi are the major responsible of deterioration. Several techniques and culture media have been used for its enumeration, being agar DG-18 recommended for foods with low water activity. Ten differents food samples were divided into five subsamples, totalizing 50 samples. The following treatments were evaluaied: PetrifiIm (control), PetrifiIm (with dicloran) and DG-18 (control). The results of the statistical analysis allow to conclude that it does not have significant difference to the 5% level between the evaluated treatments. The occurrence of spread colonies, seems not to be associated to a type of food, but with samples of one determined food. When high dilutions were used, spread colonies weren't present, not affecting, therefore, the Petrifilm Yeast and Mold counts.