RESUMEN
Se plantea el problema educativo en el marco del currículo de la educación superior, cuestionando la relación que existe entre la descripción de los elementos curriculares, con la conceptuación propuestas en las teorías educativas. Objetivo: analizar el diseño curricular de la especialidad de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación para mejorar el modelo curricular como base para la creación de la Subespecialidad en Medicina de Rehabilitación Pediátrica. Método: el presente estudio desarrolla un enfoque cualicuantitativo de tipo observacional, descriptivo, transversal y documental. Busca analizar los elementos curriculares del Programa Académico de la Especialidad en Medicina Física y Rehabilitación y su fundamentación filosófica. Se realizó entrevistas estructuradas a 11 docentes instructores, 3 docentes responsables, 20 especialistas egresados y 4 expertos de la especialidad reconocidos en Bolivia. Análisis y revisión de la literatura, como de diferentes programas de la especialidad. De tipo propositivo porque plantea el rediseño curricular de la especialidad mediante un análisis socio-educativo y filosofía transcompleja. Resultados: los elementos curriculares de la especialidad de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación se encuentran fragmentados. La metodología curricular no muestra una relación clara entre la fundamentación, perfil profesional, organización y evaluación. Existe la necesidad de apertura de nuevos posgrados. Conclusiones: En base a los resultados obtenidos en la investigación se plantea un rediseño curricular bajo el paradigma educativo transcomplejo que propone las bases teóricas para la reforma del desarrollo curricular de la especialidad en estudio
The educational problem is raised within the framework of the higher education curriculum, questioning the relationship that exists between the description of the curricular elements with the conceptualization proposed in educational theories. Objective: to analyze the curricular design of the specialty of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation to improve the curricular model as a basis for the creation of the Subspecialty in Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine. Method: the present study develops a qualitative-quantitative approach of an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and documentary type. It seeks to analyze the curricular elements of the Academic Program of the Specialty in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and its philosophical foundation. Structured interviews were conducted with 11 instructor teachers, 3 responsible teachers, 20 graduate specialists and 4 experts in the specialty recognized in Bolivia. Analysis and review of the literature, as well as of different specialty programs. Propositive because it proposes the curricular redesign of the specialty through a socioeducational analysis and transcomplex philosophy. Results: the curricular elements of the specialty of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation are fragmented. The curricular methodology does not show a clear relationship between the foundation, professional profile, organization and evaluation. There is a need to open new postgraduate courses. Conclusions: Based on the results obtained in the research, a curricular redesign is proposed under the transcomplex educational paradigm that proposes the theoretical bases for the reform of the curricular development of the specialty under study
RESUMEN
Resumo: Introdução: As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) da graduação em Medicina enfatizam a formação no contexto da atenção básica de saúde e têm como eixos do desenvolvimento curricular as necessidades de saúde da população e a integração ensino-serviço-comunidade (Iesc), preferencialmente nos serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Dessa forma, a rede básica de saúde é um cenário de aprendizagem singular, pois proporciona aos alunos a possibilidade de eles vivenciarem as políticas de saúde e o trabalho multiprofissional, além de permitir que lidem com problemas reais, vinculando a formação médico-acadêmica às necessidades sociais da saúde. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as características da integração ensino-serviço que contribuem para a universidade, os serviços de saúde e a comunidade, e as suas dificuldades e os seus desafios por meio da percepção dos discentes, usuários e profissionais de saúde envolvidos no ambulatório de cirurgia ambulatorial e no projeto de extensão da Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ) nas unidades de saúde em Tiradentes, em Minas Gerais. Método: Trata-se de estudo qualitativo que utilizou como instrumentos de coleta de dados entrevistas semiestruturadas com usuários, discentes e profissionais de saúde sobre a percepção da IESC. Para a análise dos dados, empreendeu-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultado: Os dados mostraram que a IESC permitiu melhorar a qualidade do trabalho no serviço de saúde, qualificar os profissionais ali presentes, além de ampliar a realização pessoal dos atores dessa interação. Também trouxe melhorias à atenção primária, possibilitando a compreensão da organização da prática no trabalho e maior resolubilidade da unidade básica de saúde. Ainda foi possível uma percepção dos desafios e impasses dessa integração a serem superados, como falta de estrutura e materiais, desconforto minoritário, mas, não menos importante, de pacientes a serem atendidos pelos estudantes e confronto da rotina dos profissionais de saúde locais com a universidade. Conclusão: A universidade inserida dentro da realidade social e dos serviços de atenção primária forma profissionais mais capacitados para problemas mais prevalentes ao mesmo tempo que beneficia a população e as equipes de saúde locais.
Abstract: Introduction: The National Curriculum Guidelines (DCN, Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais) for the undergraduate medical course emphasize the educational training in the context of primary health care and have as axes of the curricular development, the health needs of the population and the teaching, service, and community integration (TSCI), preferably in services of the Brazilian Health System (SUS). Thus, the primary health network is a unique learning scenario, as it provides students the opportunity to experience health policies, as well as the multi-professional work, in addition to the possibility of dealing with real-life problems, associating medical-academic training to the social health needs. Objectives: This work aims to analyze the characteristics of the teaching-service integration, which contribute to the university, health services and the community. It also aims to analyze the difficulties and challenges through the perception of the students, the users and the health professionals involved in the outpatient Surgery Clinic and in the extension project of UFSJ (Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei) in the health units in Tiradentes-MG. Methods: This work is a qualitative study which used, as data collection instruments, semi-structured interviews with users, students and health professionals, about the perception of Teaching Service-Community Integration (TSCI). The Content Analysis technique was used for the data analysis. Results and Discussion: The data showed that the TSCI allowed improving the quality of work in the health service, qualifying the professionals who were working there, in addition to enhancing personal achievement of the actors in this interaction. It also brought improvements to primary care, allowing an understanding of the organization of the work practice and greater effectiveness of the Basic Health Unit. Furthermore, it was possible to perceive the challenges and impasses of this integration to be overcome, such as: lack of structure and materials, a minor discomfort, but no less important, of patients to be cared by students and confrontation of the routine of local health professionals with the University. Conclusion: The university inserted in the social reality and in the primary care services trains professionals who are more qualified for more prevalent problems while benefiting the population and the local health teams.
RESUMEN
Resumen La educación de calidad permite a los jóvenes adquirir habilidades y desarrollar conocimientos que facilitan su inserción en el mercado laboral, y de esta forma mejorar su calidad de vida y bienestar social. El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar las percepciones de los jóvenes de dos instituciones de educación superior en México, con respecto a variables que miden la calidad en los rubros de los planes de estudio, los profesores, las actividades extracurriculares y la tutoría, para determinar sus posibles diferencias, y de esta forma, realizar un comparativo que permita ubicar las zonas de posible mejora. El estudio fue de tipo transversal y descriptivo. Los datos se recabaron a través de un cuestionario aplicado a una muestra de 3 431 estudiantes. Se realizaron inferencias estadísticas a través del análisis factorial, prueba U de Mann-Whitney y los modelos lineales generalizados. Se encontró que en el caso del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), los alumnos de la licenciatura en administración industrial tuvieron una buena percepción con respecto al plan de estudios, caso contrario pasó con la ingeniería en informática y ciencias de la informática que obtuvieron menor puntuación. También se halló que los jóvenes de este instituto que no laboraban, valoraron más el trabajo de los profesores, mientras que los estudiantes del Instituto Tecnológico Nacional de México (TeCNM), que señalaron estar en el campo laboral, calificaron de mejor manera a sus maestros. Se concluye que ambas instituciones trabajan en condiciones disímiles, sin embargo, las dos requieren esforzarse para cambiar la percepción de los estudiantes en las diversas esferas que evalúan la calidad de la educación.
Abstract Providing quality education allows young people to acquire skills and develop knowledge that can facilitate their insertion into the labor market, which in turn can help them improve the quality of their life and social welfare. The aim of the paper was to analyze the perceptions of students from two institutions of higher education in Mexico regarding variables that measure quality, including the academic curriculum, faculty, extracurricular activities and tutoring, in order to determine similarities and differences and to identify areas in need of improvement. A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted. Data were collected through a questionnaire administered to a sample of 3 431 students. Statistical inferences were made through a factor analysis, a Mann-Whitney U test and the generalized linear models. It was found that in the case of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), undergraduate students of industrial management had a positive perception of the curriculum, unlike those majoring in technology related areas who rated it low. It was also found that the IPN students who do not have a job value the work of the faculty members more than those who do. In contrast, the TecNM students who indicated that they are in the labor market gave their faculty higher ratings. The article concludes by highlighting that both institutions work under different conditions. However, it also stresses the need for the two of them to engage in further efforts to change the perception that students have about the various areas that evaluate the quality of education.
RESUMEN
As transformações ocorridas no Brasil e no mundo nas últimas décadas, como a evolução da ciência e da tecnologia e a mudança na concepção do conhecimento, associadas à criação do Sistema Único de Saúde e à promulgação das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais, passou a exigir das Instituições de Ensino Superior a reformulação dos currículos dos cursos de graduação da área da saúde. Atender ao novo perfil de profissional exigido, além de garantir a qualidade do ensino foram aspectos requeridos nas reformulações curriculares. A fim de avaliar a efetivação dessas diretrizes com vistas a uma educação de qualidade foi instituído o Sistema Nacional de Avaliação do Ensino Superior, que estabelece duas formas de avaliação, a formativa e a somativa. Uma das formas de se promover a avaliação formativa, é por meio da avaliação curricular desenvolvida na perspectiva participativa e emancipatória, e tomada como referência neste estudo, por possibilitar a promoção de mudanças curriculares em prol da formação mais ajustada às necessidades da sociedade e de afetar os sujeitos nela envolvidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o currículo do curso de nutrição, a partir de diferentes perspectivas, a do docente, do estudante e do egresso. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, com abordagem mista, tendo o Curso de Nutrição da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais como objeto de estudo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em duas fases. A primeira envolveu a análise do Projeto Pedagógico do Curso e a coleta de dados se deu por meio da análise documental. A segunda constou da avaliação curricular propriamente dita, desenvolvida em três perspectivas diferentes: a do egresso, a do estudante e a do docente. Para os dois primeiros sujeitos, o questionário estruturado foi utilizado como instrumento de coleta de dados e, para a avaliação na perspectiva dos docentes, a oficina foi a técnica utilizada. A apresentação dos resultados se deu por distribuição de frequência. Já a análise, se deu à luz de autores da área da educação e da saúde. Os resultados da primeira fase serviram como subsídio para a elaboração dos instrumentos de coleta de dados, para as discussões nas oficinas docentes e para complementar a análise dos dados da pesquisa. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que, em grande parte a percepção dos atores sobre o currículo foi consensual. Prevaleceu a percepção positiva dos participantes em relação à efetivação dos objetivos e finalidades do curso, do perfil do egresso pretendido, do desenvolvimento das habilidades e competências, das estratégias de ensino utilizadas e da relação professor-aluno, propostos no Projeto Pedagógico do Curso. Tal constatação, demonstra que a apropriação, realocação e (re)interpretação do Projeto Pedagógico, na prática pedagógica, tem conduzido, em grande parte, à uma formação do nutricionista tal como proposto. Houve destaque para a percepção negativa dos participantes, em relação à efetivação dos princípios da interdisciplinaridade, da relação teoria e prática e da flexibilização curricular. A efetivação desses princípios pode ter sido comprometida pelo desconhecimento do projeto pedagógico do curso por alguns docentes, pela falta de clareza, no projeto pedagógico, sobre a concepção desses princípios e pela própria dificuldade de colocá-los em prática. Os resultados também indicaram uma emergente necessidade de revisão da matriz curricular. Conclui-se que prevaleceu a percepção positiva dos sujeitos em relação ao currículo, mas há indicativos, de que a concepção e a forma como são promovidos os princípios curriculares, assim como a organização curricular do curso, necessitam ser revistos para que possam propiciar uma formação do nutricionista ainda mais ajustada ao perfil profissional que se pretende. A avaliação desenvolvida na perspectiva participativa e emancipatória contribuiu e poderá continuar contribuindo para a melhoria e o aperfeiçoamento da proposta curricular do curso e ofereceu oportunidades para a produção de novos modos de subjetivação, ao engendrar, junto aos docentes, movimentos coletivos de reflexão e crítica sobre o planejamento de ensino e a prática pedagógica.(AU)
In recent decades, transformations that have occurred in Brazil and the world, have resulted in changes in the National Curricular Guidelines for undergraduate courses in the health area. These changes have been necessitated by the transformations in the evolution of science and technology and the concept of knowledge that has been associated with the creation of the Unified Health System. In order to create the new profile for health professionals, modifications in curriculum were required to guarantee the quality of teaching. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of these guidelines for quality education, the National System for the Evaluation of Higher Education was established. The National System for the Evaluation of Higher Education evaluation method establishes two forms of evaluation, formative and summative. One of the ways to promote formative evaluation is through the curricular evaluation developed in a participatory and emancipatory perspective used as reference in this study. These perspectives allow the promotion of curricular changes in favor of training that is more adapted to the needs of society and affecting the subjects involved in it. The objective of this study was to evaluate the curriculum of the course of nutrition, from different perspectives, the teacher, the student and the graduate. It is a case study, with a mixed approach, of the Nutrition Course of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. The research was developed in two phases. The first phase involved the analysis of the Pedagogical Project of the Course and the data collection took place through a documentary analysis questionnaire. The second consisted of the curricular evaluation itself, developed from three different perspectives: that of the graduate, that of the student and that of the teacher. For the first two subjects, a structured questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection and, for the evaluation of the teachers' perspective, the workshop was the technique used. The results were analyzed by frequency distribution and written in a descriptive form. The analysis was based on authors from the area of education and health. The results of the first phase were used to create a data collection questionnaire, facilitate discussions in teaching workshops and to complement the analysis of the research data. The results of the research showed that the majority of all participants agree in the effectiveness of the objectives and purposes of the course, the profile of the desired output, the development of skills and competences, the teaching strategies used and the teacher-student relationship proposed in the Pedagogical Project of the Course. This finding demonstrates that the appropriation, reallocation and (re) interpretation of the Pedagogical Project in pedagogical practice led, in large part, to nutritionist training as proposed. The results showed a negative perception of the participants regarding the effectiveness of the principles of interdisciplinary studies, the relationship between theory and practice and curricular flexibility. The implementation of these principles may have been compromised by the lack of knowledge of the pedagogical project of the course by some professors, the lack of clarity in the pedagogical project, the concept of these principles and the difficulty of putting them into practice. The results also indicated an emerging need for revision of the curricular matrix. It is concluded that the majority of participants had a positive perception in relation to the curriculum. There are however indications that the concepts and the way in which the curricular principles are promoted, as well as the curricular organization of the course, need to be revised so that they can provide training for the nutritionist adapted to the professional profile that is intended. The evaluation developed in the participatory and emancipatory perspective led to the improvement of the curricular proposal of the course, as well as implicating new methods of teacher subjectivation.(AQU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Curriculum , Ciencias de la Nutrición/educación , Universidades , Tesis AcadémicaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To relate engagement and academic burnout with curriculum evaluation among speech therapy students. METHODS: This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted at the end of the first academic semester for each level and at the end of a theoretical class in order to ensure the maximum participation rate at the University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile, and comprised students of a speech and language therapy programme.Curriculum evaluation scale, academic engagement and academic burnout questionnaires were used. STATA SE 11 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the 200 participants, 157(78.50%) were women and 43(21.50%) men. The overall mean age was 20.81±2.15 years (range: 18-30 years). Emotional burnout was inversely correlated with the evaluation of teaching and evaluation methods, distribution of fields, teaching team and achievement of objectives (p<0.05 each). Depersonalisation was inversely associated with the distribution of teaching and learning activities (r=-0.13; p<0.05). Lack of personal accomplishment was also significantly and statistically associated with seven out of the eight factors of the curriculum evaluation scale (p<0.05 each). Involvement in studies was statistically and significantly related to all factors (p<0.05 each), except the achievement of objectives. Finally, satisfaction with studies was directly, statistically and significantly related to six of the eight factors (p<0.05 each). CONCLUSIONS: A more positive evaluation of the academic curriculum was associated with lower levels of burnout and higher levels of academic engagement.