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Sclareolide, a natural product with bioactive and fragrant properties, is not only utilized in the food, healthcare, and cosmetics industries but also serves as a precursor for the production of ambroxide and some bioactive compounds. Currently, there are three primary methods for producing sclareolide: direct extraction from plants, chemical synthesis using sclareol as a precursor, and the biotransformation of sclareol. Here, we established a platform for producing sclareolide through a modular coculture system with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cryptococcus albidus ATCC 20918. S. cerevisiae was engineered for de novo sclareol biosynthesis from glucose, while C. albidus enabled the production of sclareolide via sclareol biotransformation. To enhance the supply of sclareol, a recombinant yeast strain was constructed through metabolic engineering to produce 536.2 mg/L of sclareol. Further improvement of the coculture system for sclareolide production was achieved by incorporating Triton X-100 facilitated intermediate permeability, inoculation proportion adjustment, and culture temperature optimization. These refinements culminated in a sclareolide yield of 626.3 mg/L. This study presents a novel streamlined and efficient approach for sclareolide preparation, showcasing the potential of the microbial consortium in sustainable bioproduction.
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Cryptococcus , Diterpenos , Ingeniería Metabólica , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Diterpenos/metabolismo , Cryptococcus/metabolismo , Cryptococcus/genética , Consorcios Microbianos , Técnicas de CocultivoRESUMEN
We presented two cases of Cryptococcus albidus fungemia in men who were identified with millary nodules by chest computed tomography (CT). They present cough and fever, with no other abnormal physical examination. The patients were treated successfully with a week-long course of voriconazole tablets. Accurate microbiological diagnosis of NGS and effective therapy as antifungal treatment of voriconazole tablet are critical for C albidus infection. Total of 18 cases of C albidus infection cases were identified from 2000 years to now, eight of which were invasive C albidus infection, and ten were noninvasive infection. None died cases were reported in noninvasive infection.
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ABSTRACT Naganishia albida (Cryptococcus albidus) is considered saprophytic fungi, and is rarely reported as a human pathogen. Cutaneous infections caused by non-neoformans cryptococcus are rare. We describe a case of an immunocompetent older male with cutaneous cryptococcosis caused by Naganishia albida following skin trauma, and conduct a literature review in PubMed, Lilacs, and Embase. Only six previous similar reports were found. The seven cases (including ours) were widely distributed geographically (Brazil, the US, the UK, Hungary, South Korea, and Iran), all males, and their ages varied, ranging from 14 to 86 years. Four individuals had underlying skin diseases (Sezary Syndrome, psoriasis, and skin rash without etiology) plus potentially immunosuppressive underlying conditions (diabetes mellitus, kidney transplantation, and the use of etanercept, adalimumab, and methylprednisolone). Cutaneous presentation was polymorphic, with lesions characterized as warts, ulcers, plaques, and even macules. Two patients presented disseminated disease. Serum cryptococcal antigen was negative in six patients, and diagnosis was made by fungal culture in all. There is a lack of data on optimal antifungal treatment and outcomes.
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Background: Colonization of Cryptococcus rarely occurs in a graft. This study reports a case of malacoplakia and cryptococcoma caused by E. coli and Cryptococcus albidus in a transplanted kidney, with detailed pathology and metagenome sequencing analysis. Case Presentation: We presented a case of cryptococcoma and malacoplakia in the genitourinary system including the transplant kidney, bladder, prostate, and seminal vesicles caused by Cryptococcus albidus and Escherichia coli in a renal-transplant recipient. Metagenome sequencing was conducted on a series of samples obtained from the patient at three different time points, which we termed Phase I (at the diagnosis of cryptococcoma), Phase II (during perioperative period of graftectomy, 3 months after the diagnosis), and Phase III (2 months after graftectomy). Sequencing study in the Phase I detected two and four sequences of C. albidus respectively in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and feces, with resistant Escherichia coli 09-02E presented in urine and renal mass. A 3-month antibiotic treatment yielded a smaller bladder lesion but an enlarged allograft lesion, leading to a nephrectomy. In the Phase II, two sequences of C. albidus were detected in CSF, while the E. coli 09-02E continued as before. In the Phase III, the lesions were generally reduced, with one C. albidus sequence in feces only. Conclusions: The existence and clearance of Cryptococcus sequences in CSF without central nervous system symptoms may be related to the distribution of infection foci in vivo, the microbial load, and the body's immunity. Overall, this study highlights the need for enhanced vigilance against uncommon types of Cryptococcus infections in immunocompromised populations and increased concern about the potential correlation between E. coli and Cryptococcus infections.
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Cryptococcus albidus, synonymous with Naganishia albida, rarely causes opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals. Its clinical features, particularly in children, are not well defined. Here, we report a case of C albidus fungemia in an immunosuppressed child; we also present results of a systematic review, for which we searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science using the keywords "cryptococcus" and "albidus." Our goal was to describe the spectrum of disease, diagnostic approaches, therapies, and outcomes. We identified 20 cases of invasive infection, only 2 of which involved children, and 7 cases of noninvasive infection. The reports originated in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. Of those with invasive infection, 16 (80%) patients had an underlying chronic disorder or had received immunosuppressive therapy, 8 (40%) had fungemia, and 6 (30%) had a central nervous system infection. The attributable case fatality rate was 40%. C albidus is an opportunistic yeast that can rarely cause life-threatening fungemia and central nervous system infection in individuals of any age, especially those who are immunocompromised.
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Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Criptococosis , Cryptococcus , Fluconazol/uso terapéutico , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Arteritis de Takayasu/complicaciones , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Anfotericina B/uso terapéutico , Preescolar , Criptococosis/diagnóstico , Criptococosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Criptococosis/etiología , Criptococosis/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Trasplante de Riñón , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infecciones Oportunistas/tratamiento farmacológico , Trasplante AutólogoRESUMEN
The efficiency of Cryptococcusalbidus was evaluated for its abilities to assimilate onion and apple hydrolysates as a medium for lipid production. Onion waste (OW) and apple waste (AW) were hydrolysed at an organic load of 2% total solids by indigenous microbes under mesophilic conditions. The indigenous microbes effectively hydrolysed both wastes giving the highest reducing sugar content of 4.8 g/L and 10.8 g/L with OW and AW hydrolysates, respectively. The microbiome analysis revealed that most of the indigenous microbes belonged to genus Bacillus and a significant population of α-proteobacteria and γ-proteobacteria were also present. Cell retention culture of C. albidus at a dilution rate of 0.01 h-1 resulted in a total dry cell weight (DCW) of 13.5 g/L with an intracellular lipid content of 20.0% at 168 h, corresponding to an enhancement of 3.48-folds and 2.37-folds in DCW and lipid concentration, respectively, as compared to batch fermentation.
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Biocombustibles , Carbohidratos/biosíntesis , Cryptococcus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Eliminación de Residuos Sanitarios/métodos , Hidrólisis , Lípidos/químicaRESUMEN
A 6-year-old, spayed female cat was presented with acute respiratory signs and pleural effusion. Computed tomography scan revealed a large, lobulated mass effect in the ventral right hemithorax with concurrent sternal lymphadenopathy. A cytologic sample of the mass contained pyogranulomatous inflammation, necrotic material, and abundant yeast structures that lacked a distinct capsule and demonstrated rare pseudohyphal forms. Fungal culture and biochemical testing identified the yeast as Cryptococcus albidus, with susceptibility to all antifungal agents tested. However, subsequent 18S PCR identified 99% homology with a strain of Cryptococcus neoformans and only 92% homology with C. albidus. The patient responded well to fluconazole therapy unlike the only known previous report of C. albidus in a cat. The unusual cytologic morphology in this case underscores the need for ancillary testing apart from microscopy for fungal identification. Though C. albidus should be considered as a potential feline pathogen, confirmation with PCR is recommended when such rare non-neoformans species are encountered.
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Enfermedades de los Gatos/microbiología , Criptococosis/veterinaria , Cryptococcus/clasificación , Cryptococcus/citología , Animales , Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Gatos , Análisis por Conglomerados , Criptococosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Criptococosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Criptococosis/microbiología , Cryptococcus/genética , Cryptococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Técnicas Citológicas , ADN de Hongos/química , ADN de Hongos/genética , ADN Ribosómico/química , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Femenino , Fluconazol/administración & dosificación , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Microscopía , Técnicas de Tipificación Micológica , Filogenia , Derrame Pleural/tratamiento farmacológico , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Derrame Pleural/veterinaria , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , Radiografía Torácica , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Naringinase which was extracted from the fermented broth of Cryptococcus albidus was purified about 42-folds with yield 0.7% by sulfate fractionation and chromatography on Toyopearl HW-60, Fractogel DEAE-650-s, and Sepharose 6B columns. Molecular weight of protein determined by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE was 50 kDa. Naringinase of C. albidus includes high content of the dicarbonic and hydrophobic amino acids. Enzyme contains also carbohydrate component, represented by mannose, galactose, rhamnose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, and glucose. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 60 °C. Naringinase was found to exhibit specificity towards p-nitrophenyl-α-L-rhamnose, p-nitrophenyl-ß-D-glucose, naringin, and neohesperidin. Its K m towards naringin was 0.77 mM and the V max was 36 U/mg. Naringinase was inhibited by high concentrations of reaction product-L-rhamnose. Enzyme revealed stability to 20% ethanol and 500 mM glucose in the reaction mixture that makes it possible to forecast its practical use in the food industry in the production of juices and wines.
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Cryptococcus/enzimología , Proteínas Fúngicas , Complejos Multienzimáticos , beta-Glucosidasa , Estabilidad de Enzimas , Proteínas Fúngicas/química , Proteínas Fúngicas/aislamiento & purificación , Calor , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Complejos Multienzimáticos/química , Complejos Multienzimáticos/aislamiento & purificación , Especificidad por Sustrato , beta-Glucosidasa/química , beta-Glucosidasa/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Cryptococcus albidus and Cryptococcus laurentii are uncommon species of this genus that in recent decades have increasingly caused opportunistic infections in humans, mainly in immunocompromised patients; the best therapy for such infection being unknown. Using a murine model of systemic infection by these fungi, we have evaluated the efficacy of amphotericin B (AMB) at 0.8 mg/kg, administered intravenously, fluconazole (FLC) or voriconazole (VRC), both administered orally, at 25 mg/kg and the combination of AMB plus VRC against three C. albidus and two C. laurentii strains. All the treatments significantly reduced the fungal burden in all the organs studied. The combination showed a synergistic effect in the reduction in fungal load, working better than both monotherapies. The histopathological study confirmed the efficacy of the treatments.
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Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Criptococosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Criptococosis/microbiología , Cryptococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Administración Intravenosa , Administración Oral , Anfotericina B/uso terapéutico , Animales , Criptococosis/sangre , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Fluconazol/uso terapéutico , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Pulmón/microbiología , Ratones , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Bazo/microbiología , Voriconazol/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Naganishia albida (formerly Cryptococcus albidus) is a non-neoformans cryptococcal species rarely isolated as a human pathogen. CASE REPORT: Herein, we present the case of a 26-year-old Iranian man with a superficial cutaneous lesion in the axilla. The initial treatment for pityriasis versicolor by clotrimazole was unsuccessful. We performed skin sampling based on the standard protocol and conducted further investigations by the conventional laboratory tests and molecular analysis of the skin samples. All the mentioned analyses revealed N.albida as the causative agent of infection. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis was carried out for the isolated agent, and the patient was treated using 100 mg daily of oral itraconazole. CONCLUSION: N. albida can be the causative agent of some superficial infections. This is the first report on the successful detection and treatment of a superficial skin infection due to N. albida by oral itraconazole.
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Cryptococcus albidus NT2002, isolated from the soil in Xinjiang, China, appeared to have the ability to accumulate microbial lipid by utilizing various carbon sources. The predominant properties make it as a potential bio-platform for biodiesel production. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of C. albidus NT2002, which might provide a basis for further elucidation of the genetic background of this promising strain for developing metabolic engineering strategies to produce biodiesel in a green and sustainable manner.
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Cryptococcus/genética , Genoma Fúngico , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/métodos , Composición de Base , Tamaño del Genoma , Ingeniería Metabólica , Microbiología del SueloRESUMEN
Cryptococcus albidus is a saprophytic yeast linked to just 26 reports of human infection in the world literature. Here, we report the first case of C. albidus peritonitis, in a patient with end-stage renal disease and hepatitis C-associated cirrhosis who is on peritoneal dialysis. The patient was treated successfully with a week-long course of amphotericin B. Non-neoformans cryptococcal infections present a clinical challenge, because they are difficult to diagnose and lack established guidelines for treatment. We present a review of the literature on C. albidus infections and their treatment.
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Criptococosis/diagnóstico , Cryptococcus neoformans/aislamiento & purificación , Fallo Renal Crónico/terapia , Diálisis Peritoneal/efectos adversos , Peritonitis/microbiología , Anfotericina B/uso terapéutico , Criptococosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Criptococosis/etiología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Fallo Renal Crónico/diagnóstico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Diálisis Peritoneal/métodos , Peritonitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Peritonitis/etiología , Medición de Riesgo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Various organisms have been characterized by molecular methods, including fungi of the genus Cryptococcus. The purposes of this study were: to determine the discriminatory potential of the RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers, the pattern of similarity of the Cryptococcus species, and discuss their useful application in epidemiological studies. We analyzed 10 isolates of each specie/group: C. albidus, C. laurentii complex, C. neoformans var. grubii, all from environmental source, and two ATCC strains, C. neoformans var. grubii ATCC 90112, and C. neoformans var. neoformans ATCC 28957 by RAPD-PCR using the primers CAV1, CAV2, ZAP19, ZAP20, OPB11 and SEQ6. The primers showed a good discriminatory power, revealing important differences between them and between species; the SEQ6 primer discriminated a larger number of isolates of three species. Isolates of C. laurentii showed greater genetic diversity than other species revealed by all six primers. Isolates of C. neoformans were more homogeneous. Only the primer CAV2 showed no amplification of DNA bands for C. albidus. It was concluded that the use of limited number of carefully selected primers allowed the discrimination of different isolates, and some primers (e.g., CAV2 for C. albidus) may not to be applied to some species.
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Humanos , Columbidae , Criptococosis , Cryptococcus/genética , Cryptococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Variación Genética , Técnicas In Vitro , Técnica del ADN Polimorfo Amplificado Aleatorio/métodos , Marcadores Genéticos , Métodos , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
Various organisms have been characterized by molecular methods, including fungi of the genus Cryptococcus. The purposes of this study were: to determine the discriminatory potential of the RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers, the pattern of similarity of the Cryptococcus species, and discuss their useful application in epidemiological studies. We analyzed 10 isolates of each specie/group: C. albidus, C. laurentii complex, C. neoformans var. grubii, all from environmental source, and two ATCC strains, C. neoformans var. grubii ATCC 90112, and C. neoformans var. neoformans ATCC 28957 by RAPD-PCR using the primers CAV1, CAV2, ZAP19, ZAP20, OPB11 and SEQ6. The primers showed a good discriminatory power, revealing important differences between them and between species; the SEQ6 primer discriminated a larger number of isolates of three species. Isolates of C. laurentii showed greater genetic diversity than other species revealed by all six primers. Isolates of C. neoformans were more homogeneous. Only the primer CAV2 showed no amplification of DNA bands for C. albidus. It was concluded that the use of limited number of carefully selected primers allowed the discrimination of different isolates, and some primers (e.g., CAV2 for C. albidus) may not to be applied to some species.
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A capacidade de Cryptococcus spp produzir melanina em meios contendo compostos fenólicos é amplamente utilizada na identificação destas espécies no laboratório. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar a produção desse pigmento em quatro meios de cultura por Cryptococcus sp. Foram testadas 16 cepas de Cryptococcus neoformans, 17 de Cryptococcus albidus, 13 de Cryptococcus laurentii, e 2 de Cryptococcus uniguttulatus nos meios: ágar batata e cenoura, ágar alpiste, ágar semente de girassol e ágar L-dopa. A produção de melanina foi avaliada com base na pigmentação das colônias, e demonstrada em 5 dias de incubação por 93,8 por cento das cepas de Cryptococcus neoformans nos meios ágar batata e cenoura, ágar semente de girassol e ágar L-dopa. Dos isolados de Cryptococcus albidus, 29,4 por cento produziram o pigmento em ágar batata e cenoura e L-dopa, 11,8 por cento em ágar alpiste, e 36 por cento em ágar girassol. De Cryptococcus laurentii, 53,8 por cento produziram em batata e cenoura e em semente de girassol, 61,5 por cento em L-dopa, 84,6 por cento em ágar alpiste. Somente uma cepa de Cryptococcus uniguttulatus produziu fracamente o pigmento em ágar batata e cenoura.
The capacity of Cryptococcus spp to produce melanin in media containing phenol compounds is widely used for identifying these species in the laboratory. The aim of the present study was to compare the production of this pigment by Cryptococcus spp. in four culture media. Sixteen strains of Cryptococcus neoformans, 17 of Cryptococcus albidus, 13 of Cryptococcus laurentii and two of Cryptococcus uniguttulatus were tested in the following media: potato-carrot agar, Niger seed agar, sunflower seed agar and L-dopa agar. The melanin production was evaluated on the basis of colony pigmentation. Its production after five days of incubation was demonstrated by 93.8 percent of the strains of Cryptococcus neoformans in the media of potato-carrot agar, sunflower seed agar and L-dopa agar. From the isolates of Cryptococcus albidus, 29.4 percent produced the pigment in potato-carrot agar and L-dopa agar, 11.8 percent in Niger seed agar and 36 percent in sunflower seed agar. From Cryptococcus laurentii, 53.8 percent produced the pigment in potato-carrot agar and sunflower seed agar, 61.5 percent in L-dopa agar and 84.6 percent in Niger seed agar. Only one strain of Cryptococcus uniguttulatus presented slight production of the pigment, in potato-carrot agar.
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Agar , Medios de Cultivo , Cryptococcus neoformans/enzimología , Cryptococcus/enzimología , Melaninas/biosíntesis , Cryptococcus/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Cryptococcus albidus, a non-neoformans species of the genus Cryptococcus, is generally regarded as a rare cause of disease. There have been only 14 previously reported cases in which this organism has been isolated as a pathogen, none of which occurred in a renal transplant recipient. A 23-year-old renal transplant recipient taking medication consisting of cyclosporine and prednisolone was admitted with a 10-day history of dry cough, fever and progressive dyspnea. The next day, his respiratory status deteriorated dramatically, and he developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and fulminant septic shock. On the eighth hospital day, tender macules on both his shins coalesced to form erythematous patches. Cryptococcus albidus was isolated by skin biopsy and tissue culture. We report here the first case of disseminated cryptococcosis caused by C. albidus in a renal transplant recipient who had been successfully treated with fluconazole monotherapy.