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INTRODUCTION: Breastfeeding appears to protect the onset of obesity in infants. The aim is to know whether breastfeeding duration is associated with the risk of obesity in infants and toddlers aged 12 and 24 months. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective longitudinal study in a cohort of children born in Spain between April 2017 and March 2018 (LAyDI study) in the paediatric primary care system conducted in the framework of the PAPenRed research network. Analysis of breastfeeding duration (group 1: fewer than 6 months; group: more than 6 months) and its association with anthropometric variables. RESULTS: A total of 1495 patients attended the 12 months preventive child health visit and 1073 patients the 24 months visit. We found a statistically significant association between breastfeeding duration and weight-for-age, BMI-for-age and weight-for-length/height at 12 and 24 months; breastfeeding duration of less than 6 months was significantly associated with overweight and obesity (based on BMI-for-age and weight-for-length/height) at ages 12 and 24 months. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI acted as a modifier on the association between breastfeeding duration and overweight and obesity (based on BMI-for-age). CONCLUSIONS: A breastfeeding duration of less than 6 months is associated with a higher percentage of overweight and obesity at ages 12 and 24 months, although maternal pre-pregnancy BMI modifies this relationship at 24 months.

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BACKGROUND: given the boom in sports in school age, its intensity and the increase in sports in females, we are experiencing a boom in sports injuries characteristic of "adults" in growing patients, the anterior cruciate ligament being an injury with possible serious consequences. METHODS: to show the surgical technique "without bone tunnels" by Micheli-Kocher in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in growing patients based on our results in 20 patients. RESULTS: since 2017 we have performed the technique "without bone tunnels" by Micheli-Kocher in 30 patients, 20 of whom have been followed up for more than 2 years. In our study, we have observed a return to previous sports activity in more than 90% of the patients, with only one patient undergoing reoperation due to a new rupture of the plasty. The results on the IKDC scales show an improvement in mean score from 42 points preoperatively to 84 postoperatively and on the Lysholm scale from 48 preoperatively to 94 postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: the technique "without bone tunnels" by Micheli-Kocher is a technique indicated in patients under 12 years of age and Tanner stage 2 or less. It is a technique of moderate complexity with excellent results in recovery from previous sports activity and knee stability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV (case series).

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Introducción: La acidosis tubular renal (ATR) incluye una clínica diversa que depende del sitio anatómico en el que se encuentre la alteración tubular, diferenciándose cuatro tipos de ATR. La acidosis tubular renal distal (ATRd) o Tipo I es una condición clínica poco frecuente (1:100.000 niños) que es debida a causas primarias o genéticas; en los niños con frecuencia se han encontrado alterados los genes ATP6V0A4 y ATP6V1B1 en forma homocigota, lo que causa una disfunción de la bomba ATPasa de H+ de las membranas apicales en el túbulo distal generando una inadecuada secreción de hidrogeniones traduciéndose en acidosis metabólica hiperclorémica persistente, con trastornos hidroelectrolíticos que pueden generar alteraciones en el metabolismo óseo, alteraciones renales, gastrointestinales y falla para crecer. Conclusión: El diagnóstico oportuno, seguimiento y tratamiento adecuados pueden evitar las complicaciones y permitir un adecuado crecimiento durante la infancia. (provisto por Infomedic International)

Introduction: Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) includes a diverse clinic that depends on the anatomical site where the tubular alteration is located, with four types of RTA being differentiated. Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) or Type I is a rare clinical condition (1:100,000 children) that is due to the presence of a tubular disorder. It is due to primary or genetic causes; In children, the ATP6V0A4 and ATP6V1B1 genes have frequently been found to be homozygously altered, which causes dysfunction of the H+ ATPase pump of the apical membranes in the distal tubule generating an inadequate secretion of hydrogenions resulting in persistent hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, with hydroelectrolytic disorders that can generate alterations in bone metabolism, renal and gastrointestinal alterations, and failure to grow. Conclusion: Timely diagnosis, adequate follow-up and treatment can avoid complications and allow adequate growth during childhood. (provided by Infomedic International)

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Muchos países toman como estrategia la educación de salud, para incrementar los conocimientos de la población en la prevención de enfermedades, en caso de los niños menores de 5 años quienes son vulnerables a las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA), son sus padres a quienes se evalúa el conocimiento en medidas preventivas de las IRA. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de conocimiento de los padres de familia sobre prevención de IRA de un distrito del Perú. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de tipo básico, nivel descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo. Con una muestra de 210 padres de familia, los cuales fueron escogidos por conveniencia. La técnica de recolección de datos fue la encuesta y el instrumento un cuestionario con sus dos dimensiones, la primera dimensión el de medidas preventivas de CRED (Crecimiento y desarrollo) e inmunizaciones, la segunda dimensión sobre medidas preventivas de las condiciones ambientales, mencionado instrumento paso por el proceso de validez y confiabilidad, luego se entregó el consentimiento informado antes de aplicar el instrumento a la muestra en estudio. Resultados: Las edades de los padres de familia en un 71,43% lo conforman de 18 a 33 años, el nivel de conocimiento de los padres de familia sobre prevención de IRA fue considerado alto con 45,24%, en nivel regular con 31,90% y en nivel deficiente con 22,86%. Conclusión: El nivel de conocimiento de los padres de familia de niños menores de 5 años sobre prevención de IRA fue alto en menos del 50%, siendo mayor en la sumatoria de deficiente y regular

Many countries take health education as a strategy to increase the population's knowledge of disease prevention. In the case of children under 5 years of age who are vulnerable to acute respiratory infections (ARI), it is their parents who are evaluates knowledge of preventive measures for ARI. Objective: determine the level of knowledge of parents about ARI prevention in a district of Peru. Materials and methods: Basic type study, descriptive, transversal and prospective level. With a sample of 210 parents, who were chosen by convenience. The data collection technique was the survey and the instrument was a questionnaire with its two dimensions, the first dimension on preventive measures of CRED (Growth and Development) and immunizations, the second dimension on preventive measures of environmental conditions, mentioned instrument step through the validity and reliability process, then informed consent was given before applying the instrument to the study sample. Results: The ages of the parents in 71.43% are between 18 and 33 years old, the level of knowledge of the parents about ARI prevention was considered high with 45.24%, at a regular level with 31.90% and at a deficient level with 22.86%. Conclusion: The level of knowledge of parents of children under 5 years of age about ARI prevention was high at less than 50%, being higher in the sum of deficient and regular.

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Muchos países toman como estrategia la educación de salud, para incrementar los conocimientos de la población en la prevención de enfermedades, en caso de los niños menores de 5 años quienes son vulnerables a las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA), son sus padres a quienes se evalúa el conocimiento en medidas preventivas de las IRA. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de conocimiento de los padres de familia sobre prevención de IRA de un distrito del Perú. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de tipo básico, nivel descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo. Con una muestra de 210 padres de familia, los cuales fueron escogidos por conveniencia. La técnica de recolección de datos fue la encuesta y el instrumento un cuestionario con sus dos dimensiones, la primera dimensión el de medidas preventivas de CRED (Crecimiento y desarrollo) e inmunizaciones, la segunda dimensión sobre medidas preventivas de las condiciones ambientales, mencionado instrumento paso por el proceso de validez y confiabilidad, luego se entregó el consentimiento informado antes de aplicar el instrumento a la muestra en estudio. Resultados: Las edades de los padres de familia en un 71,43% lo conforman de 18 a 33 años, el nivel de conocimiento de los padres de familia sobre prevención de IRA fue considerado alto con 45,24%, en nivel regular con 31,90% y en nivel deficiente con 22,86%. Conclusión: El nivel de conocimiento de los padres de familia de niños menores de 5 años sobre prevención de IRA fue alto en menos del 50%, siendo mayor en la sumatoria de deficiente y regular.

Many countries take health education as a strategy to increase the population's knowledge of disease prevention. In the case of children under 5 years of age who are vulnerable to acute respiratory infections (ARI), it is their parents who are evaluates knowledge of preventive measures for ARI. Objective: determine the level of knowledge of parents about ARI prevention in a district of Peru. Materials and methods: Basic type study, descriptive, transversal and prospective level. With a sample of 210 parents, who were chosen by convenience. The data collection technique was the survey and the instrument was a questionnaire with its two dimensions, the first dimension on preventive measures of CRED (Growth and Development) and immunizations, the second dimension on preventive measures of environmental conditions, mentioned instrument step through the validity and reliability process, then informed consent was given before applying the instrument to the study sample. Results: The ages of the parents in 71.43% are between 18 and 33 years old, the level of knowledge of the parents about ARI prevention was considered high with 45.24%, at a regular level with 31.90% and at a deficient level with 22.86%. Conclusion: The level of knowledge of parents of children under 5 years of age about ARI prevention was high at less than 50%, being higher in the sum of deficient and regular.

Muitos países tomam a educação em saúde como estratégia para aumentar o conhecimento da população sobre a prevenção de doenças. No caso de crianças menores de 5 anos vulneráveis às infecções respiratórias agudas (IRA), são os pais que avaliam o conhecimento das medidas preventivas. IRA. Objetivo: determinar o nível de conhecimento dos pais sobre prevenção de IRA em um distrito do Peru. Materiais e métodos: Estudo do tipo básico, nível descritivo, transversal e prospectivo. Com uma amostra de 210 pais, escolhidos por conveniência. A técnica de coleta de dados foi a pesquisa e o instrumento foi um questionário com suas duas dimensões, a primeira dimensão sobre medidas preventivas de CRED (Crescimento e Desenvolvimento) e imunizações, a segunda dimensão sobre medidas preventivas de condições ambientais, mencionada etapa do instrumento através da validade e processo de confiabilidade, foi dado consentimento informado antes da aplicação do instrumento na amostra do estudo. Resultados: A idade dos pais em 71,43% está entre 18 e 33 anos, o nível de conhecimento dos pais sobre prevenção de IRA foi considerado alto com 45,24%, nível regular com 31,90% e nível deficiente com 22,86%. Conclusão: O nível de conhecimento dos pais de crianças menores de 5 anos sobre prevenção de IRA foi elevado, inferior a 50%, sendo maior na soma de deficiente e regular.

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Newborns who do not reach a weight appropriate for their gestational age and sex can be classified in different ways. This article defines the concepts of small for gestational age (SGA) and intrauterine growth restriction, as well as the underlying causes of these conditions, with the goal of establishing consensus definitions for these patients, in whom treatment with growth hormone throughout childhood may be indicated and who may be at risk of developing endocrine or metabolic disorders in puberty and adulthood. Most SGA children experience spontaneous catch-up growth that is usually completed by age 2 years. In SGA children who remain short, treatment with recombinant human growth hormone is effective, increasing adult height. Small for gestational age infants with rapid catch-up growth and marked weight gain are at increased risk of premature adrenarche, early puberty, polycystic ovary syndrome (girls), insulin resistance and obesity, all of which are risk factors for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in adulthood. The SGA status can affect different areas of neurodevelopment and manifest at different stages in life; neurodevelopmental outcomes are better in SGA infants with spontaneous catch-up growth. Due to the potential risks associated with SGA, adequate characterization of these patients at birth is imperative, as it allows initiation of appropriate follow-up and early detection of abnormalities.

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INTRODUCTION: In recent years, there has been a change in the conceptualization of foetal growth restriction (FGR), which has gone from being defined solely based on weight criteria to being defined and staged based on Doppler criteria. The aim of our study was to evaluate neonatal risk in a cohort of neonates with moderate to severe early-onset FGR defined by Doppler criteria. POPULATION AND METHODS: We conducted a multicentre prospective cohort study in a cohort of neonates with early-onset foetal growth restriction and abnormal Doppler findings and a control cohort without Doppler abnormalities matched for sex and gestational age. RESULTS: A total of 105 patients (50 cases, 55 controls) were included. We found a higher frequency of respiratory morbidity in the FGR group, with an increased need of surfactant (30% vs. 27.3%; OR, 5.3 [95% CI, 1.1-26.7]), an increased need for supplemental oxygen (66% vs. 49.1%; OR, 5.6 [95% CI, 1.5-20.5]), and a decreased survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (70 vs. 87.3%; OR, 0.16 [95% CI, 0.03-0.99]). Patients with FGR required a longer length of stay and more days of parenteral nutrition and had a higher incidence of haematological abnormalities such as neutropenia and thrombopenia. The lactate level at birth was higher in the severe FGR subgroup (6.12 vs. 2.4 mg/dL; P = .02). CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of early-onset moderate to severe FGR defined by Doppler criteria carries a greater risk of respiratory, nutritional and haematological morbidity, independently of weight and gestational age. These patients, therefore, should be considered at increased risk compared to constitutionally small for gestational age preterm infants or preterm infants without FGR.

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Background: Firefighters, in the course of their professional responsibilities, confront an array of stressors contingent upon the distinctive characteristics of their duties.Objective: This study investigated the longitudinal impact of trauma incidents during duty on firefighters using latent transition analysis.Method: Data from 346 firefighters in South Korea who had experienced trauma events while on duty were utilized. Initially, latent groups were identified based on the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and post-traumatic growth (PTG). Groups were labelled based on the analysis of differences in PTSD, mental health, and growth-related factors among classified groups. Subsequently, transition probabilities and patterns from Time 1 to Time 2 were examined, followed by an investigation into variances based on demographic factors (gender, age) and occupational factors (work experience, shift pattern) using variance analysis and multinomial logistic regression analysis.Results: First, at Time 2, a five-group model was classified into 'Growth,' 'Resilience or Numbness,' 'Struggle,' 'Partial Struggle,' and 'PTSD' groups. Second, upon examining the transition patterns between latent groups, four patterns emerged: 'continued distress,' 'growth,' 'adaptation,' and 'escalated distress.' Third, the 'Struggle' group showed a 0% probability of transitioning to the 'Growth' group, whereas it displayed the highest probability among the groups transitioning to the 'PTSD' group. Fourth, latent transition analysis results showed a strong tendency for the 'Growth' group and 'Resilience or Numbness' group to remain in the same category. Fifth, age was found to be a significant factor affecting the transition of latent groups.Conclusion: This research represents the inaugural attempt to longitudinally investigate the interplay between PTSD and PTG among firefighters.

Firefighters, in the course of their professional responsibilities, confront an array of stressors contingent upon the distinctive characteristics of their duties.The transition patterns of firefighters between latent groups revealed at Time 1 and Time 2 were examined, revealing four transition patterns: 'continued distress,' 'growth,' 'adaptation,' and 'escalated distress.'This research represents the inaugural attempt to longitudinally investigate the interplay between post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth among firefighters.

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Resumen Introducción: diversos estudios describen los diferentes beneficios de la práctica de actividad física en niños y adolescentes; su déficit en estos grupos etarios, provoca un aumento concomitante de alteraciones cardiovasculares y metabólicas. Objetivo: analizar los patrones de actividad física, la maduración biológica y el contenido mineral óseo en escolares colombianos entre 8 y 16 años de edad en función del estrato socioeconómico al que pertenecen. Materiales y métodos: estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal con alcance correlacional el cual incluyó una muestra representativa para escolares colombianos entre 8-16 años de edad a los cuales se les valoró el nivel de actividad física a través del PAQ-C, igualmente, se evaluaron diferentes medidas antropométricas y de manera indirecta se determinó la velocidad pico de crecimiento (VPC) y la densidad mineral ósea (DMO). Resultados: se evaluaron un total de 2147 escolares de los cuales el 56,7 % pertenecían a instituciones educativas del sistema público, se encontraron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el sexo y el estrato socioeconómico con el nivel de actividad física (p<0,005) y las demás variables de estudio. Conclusión: se puede concluir que la actividad física, la maduración biológica y la salud ósea guardan estrecha relación con la condición socioeconómica en escolares colombianos lo que permite establecer diagnósticos tempranos y toma de decisiones frente a programas y estrategias educativas y de salud pública.

Abstract Introduction: Several studies describe the different benefits of physical activity in children and adolescents. Indeed, when a deficit of physical activity is evident in these age groups, there is a concomitant increase in metabolic and metabolic disorders. Objective: to analyze the patterns of physical activity, biological maturation and bone mineral content in Colombian schoolchildren between 8 and 16 years of age according to the socioeconomic status to which they belong. Materials and methods: A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study with a correlational scope, which included a representative sample of Colombian schoolchildren between 8 and 16 years of age, who were assessed for their level of physical activity through the PAQ-C, also, different anthropometric measurements are evaluated and indirectly the peak growth velocity (PSV) and bone mineral density (BMD) are prolonged. Results: a total of 2147 schoolchildren were evaluated, of which 56.7% belonged to educational institutions of the public system, statistically significant associations were found between sex and socioeconomic status with the level of physical activity and the other study variables. Conclusion: It can be concluded that physical activity, biological maturation and bone health are closely related to socioeconomic status in Colombian schoolchildren, which allows early diagnoses and decision-making regarding educational and public health programs and strategies.

Resumo Introdução: Vários estudos descrevem os diferentes benefícios da prática de atividade física em crianças e adolescentes. De fato, quando um déficit de atividade física é evidenciado nessas faixas etárias, ocorre um aumento concomitante de distúrbios cardiovasculares e metabólicos. Objetivo: analisar os padrões de atividade física, maturação biológica e conteúdo mineral ósseo em escolares colombianos entre 8 e 16 anos de idade de acordo com o status socioeconômico ao qual pertencem. Materiais e métodos: Um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal com escopo correlacional, que incluiu uma amostra representativa de escolares colombianos entre 8 e 16 anos de idade, que foram avaliados quanto ao seu nível de atividade física por meio do PAQ-C, além disso, diferentes medidas antropométricas são avaliadas e, indiretamente, a velocidade máxima de crescimento (PSV) e a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) são prolongadas. Resultados: Um total de 2147 escolares foram avaliados, dos quais 56,7% pertenciam a instituições educacionais do sistema público, foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significativas entre sexo e status socioeconômico com o nível de atividade física e as outras variáveis do estudo. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que a atividade física, a maturação biológica e a saúde óssea estão intimamente relacionadas ao status socioeconômico em escolares colombianos, o que permite diagnósticos precoces e tomada de decisões em relação a programas e estratégias educacionais e de saúde pública.

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SUMMARY: Binge drinking in adolescents has a negative effect on the developing skeleton and the attainment of peak bone mass. Our study aimed to examine the effect of binge drinking on the growth and functional integrity of the adolescent Sprague Dawley rat mandible and to determine if a dosage of 1.5 g/kg is sufficient to produce a binge-model of consumption. A total of eight 7-week-old adolescent (male) Sprague Dawley rats were randomly placed into 4 groups with two rats each: 1-week alcohol-exposed rats, 1-week pair- fed control rats, 4-week alcohol-exposed rats and 4-week pair-fed control rats. The alcohol exposed groups were administered a single daily dose via oral gavage of 1.5 g/kg of 20 % alcohol 3 days a week (alternate days) for 7 or 28 days. The pair-fed control groups were administered a caloric equivalent dose of maltose dextrin via oral gavage on the same days as the alcohol-exposed rats. The one-week alcohol exposed, and control rats were terminated on day 7 and the four-week alcohol exposed and control rats on day 28. The mandibles were dissected out and osteometric measurements determined using a digital vernier caliper. Bones were scanned using a 3D-microCT scanner (Nikon XTH 255L). Biomechanical tests were done using a Shimadzu universal testing machine. Differences observed were regarding mandibular osteometry, which showed a reduced height in the central portion of the alveolar bone (Al'-Me), and an increase in the height of the condylar head (Cd-Ag) in the 1-week alcohol-exposed rats when compared to the 1-week pair-fed control rats. No other differences were noted. Lack of significant changes seen between the alcohol and pair-fed control groups in both acute binge and chronic binge exposed rats is likely due to the low dose of alcohol administered to the rats in the study thus a higher dose is proposed.

El consumo excesivo de alcohol en adolescentes tiene un efecto negativo en el desarrollo del esqueleto y en la consecución de la masa ósea máxima. Nuestro estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar el efecto del consumo excesivo de alcohol sobre el crecimiento y la integridad funcional de la mandíbula de la rata adolescente Sprague Dawley y determinar si una dosis de 1,5 g/kg es suficiente para producir un modelo de consumo compulsivo. Un total de ocho ratas Sprague Dawley adolescentes (machos) de 7 semanas de edad se colocaron aleatoriamente en 4 grupos con dos ratas cada uno: ratas expuestas al alcohol durante 1 semana, ratas de control alimentadas en parejas durante 1 semana, ratas expuestas al alcohol durante 4 semanas, y ratas de control alimentadas en parejas durante 4 semanas. A los grupos expuestos al alcohol se les administró una dosis única diaria mediante sonda oral de 1,5 g/kg de alcohol al 20 % 3 días a la semana (días alternos) durante 7 o 28 días. A los grupos de control alimentados por parejas se les administró una dosis calórica equivalente de maltosa dextrina mediante sonda oral los mismos días que a las ratas expuestas al alcohol. Las ratas expuestas al alcohol durante una semana, las ratas de control al día 7, las ratas expuestas al alcohol durante cuatro semanas y las ratas de control al día 28. Se diseccionaron las mandíbulas y se determinaron las mediciones osteométricas utilizando un calibre vernier digital. Los huesos se escanearon utilizando un escáner 3D-microCT (Nikon XTH 255L). Las pruebas biomecánicas se realizaron utilizando una máquina de pruebas universal Shimadzu. Las diferencias observadas se relacionaron con la osteometría mandibular, que mostró una altura reducida en la porción central del hueso alveolar (Al'-Me) y un aumento en la altura de la cabeza condilar (Cd-Ag) en las ratas expuestas al alcohol durante una semana, en comparación con las ratas control alimentadas en parejas durante una semana. No se observaron otras diferencias. La falta de diferencias significativas entre los grupos de alcohol y de control alimentados en parejas expuestas a ebriedad aguda y ebriedad crónica, probablemente se deba a la baja dosis de alcohol administrada a las ratas en el estudio, por lo que se propone una dosis más alta.

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Objetivo: identificar los patrones alimentarios de las madres y el estado nutricional de los lactantes de una zona periurbana de la sierra central del Perú. Métodos: el estudio fue observacional, transversal y prospectivo. La población censal fueron 93 madres y sus lactantes, se aplicó un cuestionario de patrones alimentarios; para medir el peso y la talla de los lactantes se aplicaron instrumentos mecánicos. Se aplicó la prueba de Fisher y Rho de Spearman, considerándose p < 0,05. Resultados: los patrones alimentarios de las madres, fueron adecuados 95,7 % (89). Al valorar el estado nutricional de los lactantes, en el peso para la edad, la mayoría tuvo la condición de normal con 79,6 % (74); 15,1 % (14) tuvieron sobrepeso, un 5,4 % (5) tuvieron desnutrición global; en el peso para la talla, 64,5 % (60) tuvieron el diagnóstico de normal, seguido de los desnutridos agudos 24,7 % (23), sobrepeso 7,5 % (7) fueron el 3,2 % (3). Y, en la talla para la edad, 77,4 % (72) fueron normales. A mayor cantidad de miembros en la familia el estado nutricional del lactante era peor (Rho = -0,294; p-valor = 0,004) y la talla para la edad del lactante tuvo relación con la visita de la madre al nutricionista (p-valor = 0,018). Conclusión: a mayor cantidad de miembros en la familia, el estado nutricional del lactante era peor, en el peso para la edad y la talla para la edad del lactante se halló relación con la visita al nutricionista.

Objective: identify the dietary patterns of mothers and the nutritional status of nursing children of a peri-urban zone of the central highlands of Perú. Methodology: the study was observational, cross-sectional and prospective. Census population were 93 mothers and their nursing children, It was applied a dietary patterns questionnaire; to measure the weight and height of the nursing children was applied machanics instruments. It was applied Fisher y Rho de Spearman test, considering p<0,05. Results: the dietary patterns of mothers were proper 95,7 % (89). To value the nutritional status of nursing children; in the weight for age, the most of them had the normal condition with 79,6 % (74); 15.1 % (14) al lof them had overweight, 5,4 % (5) underweight; in weight-for-height, 64,5 % (60) had the normal diagnosis, followed by acuate malnutrition 24,7 % (23), overweight 7,5 % (7) were 3,2 % (3). And, in height for age, 77,4 % (72) were normals. The higher the amount of family members the nutritional status of nursing children was worse (Rho = -0,294; p-value = 0,004) and the height for age of nursing children had relation with the mother visit had to the nutricionist (p-value = 0,018). Conclusion: the higher amount of members family, the nutritional status of nursing children was worse, in weight for age and height for age of nursing children was found relation with the visit to the nutritionist.

Objetivo: identificar os padrões alimentares das mães e o estado nutricional dos bebês em uma área periurbana do planalto central do Peru. Métodos: o estudo foi observacional, transversal e prospectivo. A população censitária foi de 93 mães e seus bebês, foi aplicado um questionário sobre padrões alimentares; Instrumentos mecânicos foram aplicados para medir o peso e a altura dos bebês. Foi aplicado o teste Rho de Fisher e Spearman, considerando p < 0,05. Resultados: o padrão alimentar das mães estava adequado em 95,7% (89). Ao avaliar o estado nutricional dos lactentes, em peso para idade, a maioria apresentou estado normal com 79,6% (74); 15,1% (14) apresentavam excesso de peso, 5,4% (5) apresentavam desnutrição global; no peso para estatura, 64,5% (60) tiveram o diagnóstico de normalidade, seguido de desnutrição aguda 24,7% (23), excesso de peso 7,5% (7) foram 3,2% (3). E, na altura para idade, 77,4% (72) eram normais. Quanto maior o número de familiares, pior o estado nutricional do lactente (Rho = -0,294; p-valor = 0,004) e a altura do lactente para a idade esteve relacionada com a visita da mãe ao nutricionista (p-valor = 0,018). Conclusão: quanto maior o número de membros na família pior o estado nutricional do lactente. No peso para idade e altura para idade do lactente foi encontrada relação com a visita ao nutricionista.

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Background: The initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic significantly deteriorated mental health, especially among college students. Self-compassion has demonstrated benefits for psychological outcomes such as depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and posttraumatic growth (PTG). Notably, existing literature suggests that the protective and vulnerable aspects within the Self-Compassion Scale, namely, compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding (CSR and USR), can coexist within individuals and influence their mental health through various coexisting patterns. However, this process has not been sufficiently explored.Objective: This study aimed to explore the combined effects of CSR and USR on college students' depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, PTSS, and PTG during the initial wave of the pandemic.Method: In this cross-sectional study, 4450 Chinese college students (51.9% females, Mage = 20.58 years, SD = 1.49) completed self-report measures amid the COVID-19 pandemic's initial wave in 2020. Response surface analyses were utilised to investigate the combined effects of CSR and USR.Results: Simultaneously increased CSR and USR were associated with a slight increase in depressive symptoms, PTSS, and life satisfaction, but a substantial increase in PTG. Conversely, increased CSR and decreased USR were associated with a considerable decrease in depressive symptoms and PTSS, a significant increase in life satisfaction, and a moderate increase in PTG.Conclusions: CSR and USR demonstrated protective and vulnerable impacts, respectively. It is imperative to analyse their combined effects as an interactive system and consider the specific characteristics of different psychological responses.

Increased CSR and decreased USR were associated with less depressive symptoms and PTSS as well as more life satisfaction.CSR mitigated the negative effects of USR on depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, and PTSS.Simultaneously increased CSR and USR were associated with a substantial increase in PTG.

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In retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) type I, the use of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB), which is an inhibitor of endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has become popular despite not being a therapy approved by regulatory agencies. However, IVB has shown positive effects in halting disease progression at lower costs compared to other anti-VEGF therapies (ranibizumab or aflibercept). In this report, we present the experience during the treatment with IVB of 102 Colombian children with ROP type I, with a success rate of 98% (100). Complications occurred in 3.9% (4). Finally, we conclude that a single dose of IVB is an effective therapy for the management of ROP type I, with a lower risk of complications and retreatment.

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INTRODUCTION: Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have modulatory effects on bowel function and its microbiota. Our aim was to investigate whether low levels of GH and IGF-1 in patients with GH deficiency are associated with changes in gut physiology/integrity as well as in the composition of the gut microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a case-control study in 21 patients with GH deficiency, at baseline and after 6 months of GH treatment, and in 20 healthy controls. We analysed changes in anthropometric and laboratory characteristics and bacterial translocation and studied the composition of the microbiome by means of massive 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS: Growth hormone deficiency was accompanied by a significant increase in serum levels of sCD14, a marker of bacterial translocation (P < .01). This increase was reversed by GH treatment. We did not find any differences in the composition or α- or ß-diversity of the gut microbiota after treatment or between cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our work is the first to demonstrate that the presence of GH deficiency is not associated with differences in gut microbiota composition in comparison with healthy controls, and changes in microbiota composition are also not found after 6 months of treatment. However, GH deficiency and low IGF-1 levels were associated with an increase in bacterial translocation, which had reversed after treatment.

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Introducción: el déficit de crecimiento mandibular es un aspecto muy importante en los pacientes en crecimiento, ya que genera diferentes tipos de patología a nivel facial, bucal y funcional. Objetivo: el propósito de este trabajo es dar a conocer resultados de la investigación realizada sobre los cambios faciales, alveolares y dentales que se producen en tratamientos sobre pacientes en crecimiento con Twin Block Modificado (TBM), combinado con aparatología fija multibrackets para el acabado dentario final. Material y método: la población estudiada son 24 pacientes, 16 de sexo femenino (66,6%), y 8 de sexo masculino (33,33%), con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 15 años, que presentaron un valor del ángulo ANB de clase II (ángulo formado por el punto A - punto Na - punto B). Se utilizaron las telerradiografías laterales de cráneo iniciales y finales del mencionado grupo, habiéndose creado un método específico de 26 medidas para realizar la investigación. Resultados: en los resultados obtenidos de la muestra se ha observado un claro aumento de los valores del crecimiento mandibular, tanto verticales como horizontales, como los valores que evalúan la posición sagital horizontal de los dientes inferiores del grupo estudiado. Conclusiones: los resultados muestran una relevante diferencia a favor de tratar con TBM a los pacientes que se encuentren en crecimiento con la mandíbula en una posición posterior respecto al maxilar. (AU)

Introduction: Mandibular growth deficiency is a very important condition in patients who are still growing, as it can lead to different types of pathology at the facial, mouth and functional level. Objective: The purpose of this work is to publicize the results of the research that the doctoral candidate is carrying out on the facial, alveolar and dental changes that occurin treatments on growing patients with Modified Twin Block (from this moment abbreviated as TBM). Material and method: The population studied is 24 patients, 16 female (66.6%), and 8 male (33.33%), aged between 12 and 15 years, who presented a value of the class II ANB angle (angle formed by point A - point Na - point B). The initial and final lateral skull radiographs of the aforementioned group were used, having created a specific method of 27 measurements to carry out the research. Results: In the results obtained from the sample, a clear increase in the values of mandibular growth, both vertical and horizontal, has been observed, as well as the values that evaluate the horizontal sagittal position of the lower teeth of the group studied. Conclusions: The results show a relevant difference in favor of treating with TBM patients who are growing with the mandible in a posterior position with respect to the maxilla. (AU)

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Introducción: La evaluación del crecimiento físico y la aptitud física es considerada una tarea beneficiosa para la salud y del rendimiento deportivo. Objetivo: Comparar el crecimiento físico y la aptitud física de jóvenes nadadores y no-nadadores de una región del Perú. Metodología: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo (comparativo) en niños y adolescentes de 6 a 13 años. Se conformó dos grupos de estudio. Grupo 1: Practicantes de natación (nadadores) y Grupo 2: No-practicantes de natación (no-nadadores). Se evaluó las medidas antropométricas de peso, estatura, circunferencia de la cintura (CC) y las pruebas físicas de salto horizontal (SH) y agilidad. Se calculó el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y el estado de madurez. Resultados: No hubo diferencias en el peso y estatura entre ambos grupos en todos los rangos de edad (p>0,05). En la CC, los nadadores de ambos sexos mostraron valores inferiores en relación a los no-nadadores al menos desde los 6-7 años, 8-9 años y 10-11 años (p<0,05). En las pruebas físicas, no hubo diferencias en la agilidad entre ambos grupos (p>0,05), sin embargo, en el SH, los nadadores mostraron mejor despeño que sus similares no-nadadores (P<0,05), en los hombres a los 10-11 años y 12-13 años (p<0,05) y en las mujeres en todos los rangos de edad (p<0,05). Conclusión: Los jóvenes nadadores y no-nadadores presentaron un similar patrón de crecimiento físico en peso y estatura, excepto en la CC, donde los no-nadadores mostraron valores superiores. En las pruebas físicas, ambos grupos evidenciaron similares valores de agilidad en todos los rangos de edad y los nadadores mostraron mejores resultados en el SH que sus similares no nadadores. Estos resultados sugieren la práctica de la natación de tres veces por semana, lo que podría ayudar a mantener un adecuado perfil antropométrico y mejorar la fuerza de los miembros inferiores.(AU)

Introduction: The evaluation of physical growth and fit-ness is considered a beneficial task for health and sports per-formance.Objective: To compare the physical growth and fitness ofyoung swimmers and non-swimmers in a region of Peru Methodology: A descriptive (comparative) study was car-ried out in children and adolescents aged 6 to 13 years. Twostudy groups were formed. Group 1: Swimming practitioners(swimmers) and Group 2: Non-swimming practitioners (non-swimmers). Anthropometric measurements of weight, height,sitting height, waist circumference (WC) and the physicaltests of horizontal jump (HH) and agility were evaluated.Body Mass Index (BMI) and maturity status were calculated.Significant differences were determined by means of the “t”test for independent samples.Results: There were no differences in weight, sittingheight and height between both groups in all age ranges(p>0.05). In CC, swimmers of both sexes showed lower val-ues in relation to non-swimmers at least from 6-7 years, 8-9years and 10-11 years (p<0.05). In the physical tests, therewere no differences in agility between both groups (p>0.05),however, in the SH, swimmers showed better performancethan their similar non-swimmers (P<0.05), in males at 10-11years and 12-13 years (p<0.05) and in females in all ageranges (p<0.05).Conclusion: Young swimmers and non-swimmers pre-sented a similar pattern of physical growth in weight andheight, except in CC, where non-swimmers showed highervalues. In the physical tests, both groups evidenced similaragility values in all age ranges and swimmers showed betterresults in SH than their similar non-swimmers. These resultssuggest that the practice of swimming three times a week hasa positive role on the anthropometric profile, adipose andlower limb strength performance.(AU)

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Objectives: Evaluate indicators and identify associated factors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and post-traumatic growth (PTG) in individuals undergoing oncological treatment. Method: Quantitative, cross-sectional, analytical survey design with a non-probabilistic sample of 74 participants. Six instruments measuring PTSD, PTG, spiritual well-being, illness perception, and social support were employed. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Results: It was evidenced that 21.60% of patients presented clinical indices of PTSD, and 85.12% showed a high index for PTG. High satisfaction indices were also observed for social support (86.48%), spiritual well-being (95.94%), and in identifying cancer as a potential threat to life (71.57%). Females, unmarried individuals, those inactive or unemployed, and those receiving public health support exhibited higher PTG indices. Women exhibit higher PTSD indices than men. Negative correlations were found between PTSD and spiritual well-being, and positive correlations with illness perception. Illness perception emerged as the variable with the greatest predictive power for PTSD indices. Conclusions: It is concluded that the threatening perception of the illness is a predictor of PTSD, highlighting it as a risk factor that requires attention in health prevention plans.(AU)

Objetivos: Evaluar los indicadores e identificar los factores asociados al trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y al crecimiento postraumático (CPT) en personas sometidas a tratamiento oncológico. Método: Diseño cuantitativo, transversal, analítico y de encuesta, con una muestra no probabilística compuesta por 74 participantes, utilizando seis instrumentos que miden TEPT, CPT, bienestar espiritual, percepción de la enfermedad y apoyo social, analizados a través de estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales, en el Programa Estadístico para Ciencias Sociales (SPSS). Resultado: Se evidenció que 21,60% de los pacientes presentaron índices clínicos de TEPT y 85,12% un índice elevado para CPT. También se observaron índices elevados de satisfacción con el apoyo social (86,48%), bienestar espiritual (95,94%) e identificación del cáncer como una posible amenaza a la vida (71,57%). Las personas del género femenino, solteras, inactivas o desempleadas y atendidas por el servicio público de salud presentan mayores índices de CPT. Las mujeres muestran mayores índices de TEPT que los hombres. Se encontraron correlaciones negativas entre TEPT y bienestar espiritual y correlaciones positivas con la percepción de la enfermedad. La percepción de la enfermedad fue la variable con mayor poder predictivo para los índices de TEPT. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la percepción amenazante de la enfermedad es un predictor de TEPT, siendo esta una variable de riesgo que requiere atención en los planes de prevención de daños a la salud.(AU)

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Background: During peacekeeping missions, military personnel may be involved in or exposed to potentially morally injurious experiences (PMIEs), such as an inability to intervene due to a limited mandate. While exposure to such morally transgressive events has been shown to lead to moral injury in combat veterans, research on moral injury in peacekeepers is limited.Objective: We aimed to determine patterns of exposure to PMIEs and associated outcome- and exposure-related factors among Dutch peacekeepers stationed in the former Yugoslavia during the Srebrenica genocide.Method: Self-report data were collected among Dutchbat III veterans (N = 431). We used Latent Class Analysis to identify subgroups of PMIE exposure as assessed by the Moral Injury Scale-Military version. We investigated whether deployment location, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), posttraumatic growth, resilience, and quality of life differentiated between latent classes.Results: The analysis identified a three-class solution: a high exposure class (n = 79), a moderate exposure class (n = 261), and a betrayal and powerlessness-only class (n = 135). More PMIE exposure was associated with deployment location and higher odds of having probable PTSD. PMIE exposure was not associated with posttraumatic growth. Resilience and quality of life were excluded from analyses due to high correlations with PTSD.Conclusions: Peacekeepers may experience varying levels of PMIE exposure, with more exposure being associated with worse outcomes 25 years later. Although no causal relationship may be assumed, the results emphasize the importance of better understanding PMIEs within peacekeeping.

Peacekeeping veterans reported different patterns of exposure to potentially morally injurious experiences: high exposure, moderate exposure, or experiences of betrayal and powerlessness only.Deployment location predicted the pattern of exposure.More exposure was associated with worse psychological outcomes 25 years later.

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Background: Various coping strategies have been shown to alleviate the negative effects of trauma, yet the significance of prosocial behaviour in this realm has been notably underexplored. The present study explored the hypothesis that engaging in prosocial behaviour mitigates the impacts of trauma by promoting a sense of competence and relatedness, post-traumatic growth (PTG), and reconstruction of meaning.Methods: Three consecutive studies were conducted with college students to compare differences in consequence of prosocial behaviours between a trauma group and a control group. Study 1 (N = 96) used self-reported experiences of traumatic vs non-traumatic events; Study 2 (N = 43) used exposure vs. no exposure to video of an earthquake; Study 3 (N = 20) used a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a prosocial-themed intervention vs. no intervention. Outcomes in all studies were assessed by self-report questionnaires.Results: Trauma damaged participants' sense of competence and meaningfulness. Prosocial behaviour relieved the impact of trauma on meaning, specifically manifested in the individuals' sense of meaningfulness and their search for meaning. Group interventions with a prosocial theme (based on effect size results) reduced post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and enhanced PTG in victims. The promoting effect on PTG persisted a month later, and its enhancing effect on meaning manifested with a delay.Conclusion: Prosocial behaviour can potentially serve as a beneficial strategy for individuals coping with trauma because it helps enhance meaning and promotes PTG in victims. This conclusion is supported by laboratory experiments and a tentative small-scale intervention study, which provide an innovative perspective for future trauma interventions.

Prosocial behaviour can potentially serve as a beneficial strategy for individuals coping with trauma.Prosocial behaviour relieved the impact of trauma on meaning.Prosocial-themed intervention reduced PTSD and enhanced PTG in victims (based on effect size results).

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Introducción. El tamaño al nacer se encuentra sujeto a influencias genéticas y ambientales; la altura geográfica es muy influyente. El peso al nacer (PN) es el indicador más utilizado para evaluarlo; existen diferentes estándares y referencias. Debido a la variabilidad de la distribución del PN en relación con la altura en la provincia de Jujuy (Argentina), este trabajo analiza la distribución percentilar del PN para tierras altas (TA) y tierras bajas (TB) jujeñas según edad gestacional (EG) y sexo, y su comparación con una referencia nacional y el estándar internacional INTERGROWTH-21st (IG-21). Población y métodos. Se analizaron los registros de 78 524 nacidos vivos en Jujuy en el período 20092014. Utilizando el método LMS, se estimaron los percentiles 3, 10, 50, 90 y 97 de PN/EG por sexo, para TA (≥2000 msnm), TB (<2000 msnm) y el total provincial, y se compararon gráficamente con la referencia poblacional argentina de Urquía y el estándar IG-21. La significación estadística se determinó mediante la prueba de Wilcoxon. Resultados. El PN en Jujuy presentó distribución heterogénea, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p <0,05) entre TB y TA. Al comparar con la referencia nacional y el estándar IG-21, se observaron diferencias por altitud, principalmente en los percentiles 90 y 97 para ambas regiones, y en los percentiles 3 y 10 en TA comparados con el estándar. Conclusiones. Se observó variabilidad de la distribución del PN asociada a la altura geográfica, por lo que, para evaluar el crecimiento intrauterino, resulta fundamental incluir la EG y el contexto donde transcurre la gestación.

Introduction. Size at birth is subject to genetic and environmental influences; altitude is highly influential. Birth weight (BW) is the most widely used indicator to assess size at birth; different standards and references are available. Due to the variability in BW distribution in relation to altitude in the province of Jujuy (Argentina), the purpose of this study is to analyze the percentile distribution of BW in the highlands (HL) and the lowlands (LL) of Jujuy based on gestational age (GA) and sex and compare it with a national reference and the INTERGROWTH-21 st (IG-21) international standard. Population and methods. The records of 78 524 live births in Jujuy in the 2009­2014 period were analyzed. Using the LMS method, the 3 rd, 10 th, 50 th, 90 th, and 97 th percentiles of BW/GA by sex were estimated for the HL (≥ 2000 MASL), the LL (< 2000 MASL), and the total for Jujuy, and compared with the Argentine population reference by Urquía and the IG-21 standard using growth charts. The statistical significance was established using the Wilcoxon test. Results. BW in Jujuy showed a heterogeneous distribution, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the LL and the HL. When compared with the national reference and the IG-21 standard, differences in terms of altitude were observed, mainly in the 90 th and 97 th percentiles for both regions and the 3 rd and 10 th percentiles in the HL compared with the international standard. Conclusions. BW distribution varied in association with altitude; therefore, to assess intrauterine growth, it is critical to include GA and the environment in which the pregnancy takes place.

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