RESUMEN

Ghee, the clarified butter fat is one of the principal dairy products in India. In some places of India, cotton seed is fed extensively to dairy animals which changes the physico-chemical constants and fatty acid profile of the milk fat. Ghee is often adulterated with cotton seed oil and is marketed as cotton tract area ghee. Physico-chemical constants like RM value, Polenske value, BR reading, saponification value, iodine value and colorimetric tests i.e., Halphen and DPPH radical test were employed to differentiate ghee adulterated with cotton seed oil and that from cotton tract area. Chromatographic techniques like HPLC and GC-MS were also explored. Physico-chemical constants were not useful to differentiate the two types of ghee. Cyclopropenoic acids were observed only in ghee adulterated with cotton seed oil and not in cotton tract ghee. The RP-HPLC could able to distinguish the cotton tract area ghee from ghee adulterated with cotton seed oil on the basis of presence of ß-sitosterol in the latter. Halphen test was positive for cotton tract ghee, but not for the cotton seed oil adulterated ghee. Methylene blue reduction and DPPH radical test were also found to be useful to distinguish both types of ghee.

RESUMEN

The aim the study was to design, formulate, and evaluate self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) of itraconazole for improving the topical antifungal properties of the drug by adopting the nanoemulsion intermediate gel of the optimized system. Solubility study was conducted to select the most appropriate oils and surfactants for formulation. Different possible systems were created. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed to select the most promising system for further study. The nanoemulsion intermediate gel of the selected system was evaluated for stability, dilution effect, viscosity, pH, antifungal activity, droplet size, PDI, and zeta potential. In vitro release of the drug from the selected intermediate gel was investigated, and the kinetic model of drug release was determined. Ex vivo permeation of itraconazole was studied, and the amount of drug accumulated in the skin was calculated. Solubility and phase diagrams revealed that the system consisting of 60% cotton seed oil and 40% span 80 provided the nanoemulsion intermediate gel with the highest drug concentration. The selected system had a droplet size of about 236 nm and zeta potential of - 59.8. The viscosity of the corresponding intermediate gel was 1583.47 cp. The system exhibited high stability at 4°C and 25°C for 12 months and improved antifungal activity. In vitro release study showed complete release of itraconazole within 4 h, while the ex vivo permeation study revealed accumulation of the majority of the drug within the skin layers (72.5%).

Asunto(s)

Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Emulsiones/química , Geles/química , Itraconazol/administración & dosificación , Nanopartículas/química , Animales , Antifúngicos/química , Liberación de Fármacos , Itraconazol/química , Tamaño de la Partícula , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Solubilidad , Tensoactivos/química , Viscosidad

RESUMEN

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3Δ9,12,15) and γ-linolenic acid \ (GLA, 18:3Δ6,9,12) are important trienoic fatty acids, which are beneficial for human health in their own right, or as precursors for the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. ALA and GLA in seed oil are synthesized from linoleic acid (LA, 18:2Δ9,12) by the microsomal ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD3) and Δ6 desaturase (D6D), respectively. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seed oil composition was modified by transforming with an FAD3 gene from Brassica napus and a D6D gene from Echium plantagineum, resulting in approximately 30% ALA and 20% GLA, respectively. The total oil content in transgenic seeds remained unaltered relative to parental seeds. Despite the use of a seed-specific promoter for transgene expression, low levels of GLA and increased levels of ALA were found in non-seed cotton tissues. At low temperature, the germinating cottonseeds containing the linolenic acid isomers elongated faster than the untransformed controls. ALA-producing lines also showed higher photosynthetic rates at cooler temperature and better fiber quality compared to both untransformed controls and GLA-producing lines. The oxidative stability of the novel cottonseed oils was assessed, providing guidance for potential food, pharmaceutical and industrial applications of these oils.

Asunto(s)

Fibra de Algodón , Aceite de Semillas de Algodón/metabolismo , Germinación/genética , Gossypium/genética , Fotosíntesis/genética , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ácido alfa-Linolénico/metabolismo , Ácido gammalinolénico/metabolismo , Brassica napus/genética , Respuesta al Choque por Frío , Fibra de Algodón/normas , Ácido Graso Desaturasas/genética , Ácido Graso Desaturasas/metabolismo , Ingeniería Genética , Gossypium/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Semillas/metabolismo , Ácido alfa-Linolénico/genética , Ácido gammalinolénico/genética

RESUMEN

This article is focused on the production of biodiesel from the waste cotton seed oil (WCSO), after purification, as an alternative to fossil fuels. Waste oil was collected from Sodecoton, a factory producing cotton seed oil in the Far North Cameroon. The WCSO was subjected to purification using activated coal, followed by transesterification under basic conditions (potassium hydroxide (KOH)), using methanol and ethanol. Some physico-chemical properties of biodiesel, such as absorbance of waste and purified oil, density, viscosity, water content, acid value, and its energy content were determined. The result of treating the WCSO with activated coal indicated that purification efficiency of activated coal increased with the contact time and the mass of the absorbent. Absorbance results directly proved that activated coal removed unwanted components. In the same way, activated coal concentration and exposure time influenced the level of free fatty acids of WCSO. The yield of methyl ester was 97%, while that of ethyl ester was 98%. The specific gravity at 25 °C was 0.945 ± 0.0601. An evaluation of the lower calorific value (PCI) was done in order to study the energy content of biodiesel. This was found to be a value of 37.02 ± 3.05 MJ/kg for methyl ester and 36.92 ± 7.20 MJ/kg for ethyl ester. WCSO constitutes feedstock for high volume, good quality, and sustainable production of biodiesel, as well as a realistic means of eliminating the pollution resulting from the indiscriminate disposal of waste oils from both household and industrial users.

RESUMEN

Palmitic acid (C16:0) already makes up approximately 25% of the total fatty acids in the conventional cotton seed oil. However, further enhancements in palmitic acid content at the expense of the predominant unsaturated fatty acids would provide increased oxidative stability of cotton seed oil and also impart the high melting point required for making margarine, shortening and confectionary products free of trans fatty acids. Seed-specific RNAi-mediated down-regulation of ß-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII) catalysing the elongation of palmitoyl-ACP to stearoyl-ACP has succeeded in dramatically increasing the C16 fatty acid content of cotton seed oil to well beyond its natural limits, reaching up to 65% of total fatty acids. The elevated C16 levels were comprised of predominantly palmitic acid (C16:0, 51%) and to a lesser extent palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 11%) and hexadecadienoic acid (C16:2, 3%), and were stably inherited. Despite of the dramatic alteration of fatty acid composition and a slight yet significant reduction in oil content in these high-palmitic (HP) lines, seed germination remained unaffected. Regiochemical analysis of triacylglycerols (TAG) showed that the increased levels of palmitic acid mainly occurred at the outer positions, while C16:1 and C16:2 were predominantly found in the sn-2 position in both TAG and phosphatidylcholine. Crossing the HP line with previously created high-oleic (HO) and high-stearic (HS) genotypes demonstrated that HP and HO traits could be achieved simultaneously; however, elevation of stearic acid was hindered in the presence of high level of palmitic acid.

Asunto(s)

3-Oxoacil-(Proteína Transportadora de Acil) Sintasa/genética , Aceite de Semillas de Algodón/análisis , Regulación hacia Abajo , Mejoramiento Genético , Gossypium/enzimología , Gossypium/genética , Ácido Palmítico/análisis , Interferencia de ARN , Agrobacterium tumefaciens/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Aceite de Semillas de Algodón/química , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Ácidos Grasos/química , Ácidos Grasos Monoinsaturados/química , Silenciador del Gen , Genes de Plantas , Vectores Genéticos , Genotipo , Germinación , Lípidos/análisis , Lípidos/química , Estrés Oxidativo , Ácido Palmítico/química , Fosfatidilcolinas/análisis , Filogenia , Aceites de Plantas/análisis , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , Semillas/genética , Alineación de Secuencia , Ácidos Esteáricos/análisis , Transformación Genética , Triglicéridos/análisis

RESUMEN

The toxic effects of miltefosine on the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and its hemolytic action on erythrocytes have limited its use as an antileishmanial agent. As part of our search for new strategies to overcome the side effects of miltefosine during the treatment of leishmaniasis, we have developed stable miltefosine-loaded lipid nanoparticles in an attempt to reduce the toxic effects of the drug. We have evaluated lipid nanoparticles containing varying amounts of miltefosine and cholesterol, prepared by sonication, in terms of their physicochemical properties, preliminary stability, hemolytic potential toward erythrocytes, and cytotoxicity to macrophages and to promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (L.) chagasi. Miltefosine loading into lipid nanoparticles was 100% for low drug concentrations (7.0 to 20.0mg/mL). Particle size decreased from 143nm (control) to between 43 and 69nm. From fluorescence studies, it was observed that the presence of miltefosine and cholesterol (below 103µM) promoted ordering effects in the phospholipid region of the nanoparticles. The formulation containing 15mg/mL miltefosine was stable for at least six months at 4°C and in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, and did not promote epithelial gastrointestinal irritability in Balb/C mice. When loaded into lipid nanoparticles, the hemolytic potential of miltefosine and its cytotoxicity to macrophages diminished, while its antiparasitic activity remained unaltered. The results suggested that miltefosine-loaded lipid nanoparticles may be promising for the treatment of leishmaniasis and might be suitable for oral and parenteral use.

Asunto(s)

Portadores de Fármacos/química , Nanopartículas/química , Fosforilcolina/análogos & derivados , Animales , Antiprotozoarios/administración & dosificación , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Eritrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/patología , Hemólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Lípidos/química , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Tamaño de la Partícula , Fosforilcolina/administración & dosificación , Células RAW 264.7

RESUMEN

The aim of this work was to study the biodiesel production from cotton seed oil by lipase produced by Pichia guilliermondii lipase, which was immobilized onto hydrophobic magnetic particles (HMPs). The optimum reaction conditions were determined for lipase dosage, methanol-to-oil molar ratio, temperature and water content. Using response surface methodology, a quadratic polynomial equation was obtained for fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content by multiple regression analysis. Verification experiments confirmed the validity of the predicted model. The optimal conditions for the enzymatic transesterification were temperature of 38.76℃, 31.3% immobilized lipase, 10.4% water content, and a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 4.715:1. The gas chromatography- mass spectrometry showed that biodiesel was mainly composed of the methyl esters of hexadecanoic, 9,12-octadecadienoic and 9-octadecadienoic acid.

RESUMEN

The production of a new biosurfactant by Candida glabrata UCP1002 was studied to evaluate the influence of the concentration of the cotton seed oil, glucose and yeast extract. The dynamics of the growth and surfactant production were showed for all the cultivation conditions studied. The best emulsification of the n-hexadecane, quantified by the emulsifying index was observed in the medium containing 7.5 percent cotton seed oil, 5 percent glucose and 0.3 percent yeast extract. The isolated biosurfactant showed a CMC of 2.5 percent and the surface tension at that point showed to be 31mN/m. The potential application of the biosurfactant in oil recovery from the sand, in acid and alkaline environments and over exposure to high salinity and different temperatures was demonstrated by the percentage of oil removal and by the stability of the surface tension, respectively.

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A produção de um novo biossurfactante por Candida glabrata UCP1002 foi inicialmente investigada com a finalidade de avaliar a influência da concentração dos substratos óleo de algodão, glicose e extrato de levedura. As cinéticas de crescimento e de produção do surfactante foram demonstradas para todas as condições de cultivo testadas. A melhor emulsificação do nhexadecano, quantificada através do índice de emulsificação foi observada na condição de cultivo contendo 7,5 por cento de óleo de algodão, 5 por cento de glicose e 0,3 por cento de extrato de levedura. O biossurfactante produzido apresentou uma concentração micelar crítica de 2,5 por cento, sendo a tensão superficial nesse ponto de 31mN/m. O potencial de aplicação do biossurfactante na recuperação de óleo de areia contaminada, em condições ácidas e alcalinas, bem como sob exposição a altas salinidades e diferentes temperaturas, foram demonstrados com base no percentual de remoção do óleo e na estabilidade da tensão superficial, respectivamente.