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The misuse and inevitable release of antibiotics can cause significant harm to both human health and the environment, and the use of polymeric semiconductors for photodegradation of antibiotics in aqueous environments is one of the most effective strategies to alleviate the current dilemma. Nevertheless, the inherently high exciton binding energy (Eb) and low photogenerated carrier transfer efficiency for most photocatalysts results in unsatisfactory photodegradation performance. Hence, this work proposes a donor polarization strategy to regulate the exciton dissociation of conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) by minimizing their Eb. Results exhibited that the introduction of the strong donor unit 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) not only reduces the Eb and effectively promotes exciton dissociation, but also broadens the visible light absorption of CMP. Among them, EdtTz-CMP with the lowest Eb (99 meV) delivered an efficiency of 94.6% in photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC) with in 90 min, significantly higher than those of its analogues. This work provides a viable approach to design CMPs by tuning the intrinsic dipole of the donor for efficient environmental purification.

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Organically synthesized porous carbon (OSPC) is a subclass of conjugated microporous polymer materials that have shown potential applications as anodes in ion batteries. However, a challenging, low-yielding, multistep synthetic route (the A method) has hindered further exploration of this exciting family. Here, OSPC-1 has been synthesized via an alternative, efficient one-pot method from commercially available reagents (the B method), hereafter referred to as OSPC-1b in contrast to OSPC-1a, where it is synthesized via the A method. Characterization revealed the same polymer structure and the highest surface area to date of an OSPC (or OSPC analogue) family member for OSPC-1b with 909 m2 g-1. OSPC-1b was tested as an anode for Li-ion batteries, demonstrating the same high capacity, fast charging, resistance to degradation, and inhibition of the formation of dangerous lithium dendrites as OSPC-1a. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of OSPC-0 were evaluated for the first time, agreeing with previously predicted values, giving scope for the design and targeting of specific properties.

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Well-orchestrated carbon nanostructure with superb stable framework and high surface accessibility is crucial for zinc-ion hybrid capacitors (ZIHCs). Herein, a hydrogen-bonded micelle self-assembly strategy is proposed for morphology-controllable synthesis of conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) derived carbon to boost zinc ion storage capability. In the strategy, F127 micellar assembly through intermolecular hydrogen bonds serves as structure-directed agents, directing CMPs' oligomers grow into nanospherical assembly. The nanospherical carbon frameworks derived from CMPs (CNS-2) have shown maximized surface accessibility due to their plentiful tunable porosity and hierarchical porous structure with abundant mesoporous interconnected channels, and superb stability originating from CMPs' robust framework, thus the CNS-2-based ZIHCs exhibit ultrahigh energy density of 163 Wh kg-1 and ultralong lifespan with 93 % capacity retention after 200, 000 cycles at 20 A g-1. Charged ion storage efficiency also lies in dual-ion alternate uptake of Zn2+ and CF3SO3- as well as chemical redox of Zn2+ with carbonyl/pyridine motifs forming O-Zn-N bonds. Maximized surface accessibility and dual-ion storage mechanism ensure excellent electrochemical performance. Thus, the hydrogen-bond-guide micelle self-assembly strategy has provided a facile way to design nanoarchitectures of CMPs derived carbon for advanced cathodes of ZIHCs.

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BACKGROUND: Since the severe hazard to the ecosystem and widespread distribution through biological and man-made ways of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), it is very urgent to establish the ultrasensitive analytical method to quantitatively and directly monitor PAHs in real samples. However, because of the complicated environmental matrix and their trace concentration, the pre-concentration process is a necessary step to analyze of these compounds. In this study, solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique was proposed to separate and enrich fifteen trace PAHs from environmental samples. RESULTS: In this work, a honeycomb-like triazine-based conjugated microporous polymers (T-CMPs) were prepared by Yamamoto reaction and firstly used as SPME coating material for the ultrasensitive direct-immersion-SPME of PAHs prior to high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The synthesized T-CMPs was characterized using various spectroscopy and electron microscopy techniques. The unique porous network of T-CMPs might deliver abundant adsorption sites for PAHs. Orthogonal experimental design (OED) was used to investigate the influence of four experimental parameters on the enrichment ability. Under optimal situation, a wide linear range (which lasted from 0.003 to 1000 µg L-1) with the coefficients of determination (R2) varying 0.9981 to 0.9993 was obtained. The limits of detection (LODs) for the analytes varied from 0.001 to 1.650 µg L-1, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were between 0.003 and 4.960 µg L-1. The proposed method was effectively employed to the simultaneous and ultrasensitive detection of fifteen PAHs in industrial wastewaters. The relative recoveries for PAHs analysis varied from 74.6 % to 105 % with the relative standard deviations (RSD) of 0.1 %-7.5 % in real water samples. SIGNIFICANCE: The prepared SPME coating material exhibited a simultaneous, high extraction and adsorption capacity for fifteen PAHs due to its honeycomb-like porous structure, ultra-large specific surface area, strong π-π stacking, and hydrophobic interactions. The present research developed a novel strategy for the construction of SPME fiber coating composites and demonstrated great application potential in the field of sample pretreatment and environmental analytical chemistry.

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Vanillin finds widespread applications in various industries, such as food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. However, excessive intake of vanillin could pose risks to human health. This study detailed the successful creation of a heterojunction of branched benzopyrazine-based polymers coating on graphene (CMP-rGO) through the Sonogashira-Hagihara coupling reaction. Utilizing the CMP-rGO, a novel electrochemical sensor for vanillin detection was developed. Besides, the synthesized materials were validated using standard characterization techniques. Both cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques were employed to investigate vanillin's electrochemical characteristics on this sensor. The findings indicated a significant enhancement in vanillin's electrochemical signal responsiveness with the application of CMP-rGO. Under optimal conditions, the sensor demonstrated a linear response to vanillin concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 33 µM and achieved a detection limit as low as 0.014 µM. Also, the constructed electrochemical sensor exhibited excellent selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. It has been effectively employed to detect vanillin in real samples such as human serum, human urine, and vanillin tablets, with a recovery rate of 99.13-103.6 % and an RSD of 3.46-1.26 %. Overall, this innovative sensor offers a novel approach to the efficient and convenient detection of vanillin.

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The Expansion of modern industry underscores the urgent need to address heavy metal pollution, which is a threat to human-health and environment. Efforts are underwent to develop precise technologies for detecting heavy metal ions (M+-ion). One promising approach involves the use of Conjugated Microporous Polymers (CMPs) modified with Triphenylamine (TPA) anderylene (Peryl), known as TPA-Peryl-CMP, which emits strong refluorescence. Various analytical techniques, such as Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), are utilized to characterize the synthesized TPA-Peryl-CMP and understand its functional properties. In addition to its remarkable fluorescence behavior, TPA-Peryl-CMP shows promise as a sensor for Fe3+ ions using a turn-off strategy. Due to its exceptional stability and robust π-electron system, this platform demonstrates remarkable sensitivity and selectivity, significantly improving detection capabilities for specific analytes. Detailed procedures related to the mechanism for detecting Fe3+ ions are outlined for sensing Fe3+ ions, revealing a notably strong linear correlation within the concentration range of 0-3 µM, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9936 and the Limit of detection (LOD) 20 nM. It is anticipated that development of such a kind of TPA-Peryl-CMP will observe broader applications in detecting various analytes related to environmental and biological systems.

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Facile and sensitive methods for detecting neonicotinoids (NEOs) in aquatic environments are crucial because they are found in extremely low concentrations in complex matrices. Herein, nitrogen-based magnetic conjugated microporous polymers (Fe3O4@N-CMP) with quaternary ammonium groups were synthesized for efficient magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of NEOs from tap water, rainwater, and lake water. Fe3O4@N-CMP possessed a suitable specific surface area, extended π-conjugated system, and numerous cationic groups. These properties endow Fe3O4@N-CMP with superior extraction efficiency toward NEOs. The excellent adsorption capacity of Fe3O4@N-CMP toward NEOs was attributed to its π-π stacking, Lewis acid-base, and electrostatic interactions. The proposed MSPE-HPLC-DAD approach based on Fe3O4@N-CMP exhibited a wide linear range (0.1-200 µg/L), low detection limits (0.3-0.5 µg/L), satisfactory precision, and acceptable reproducibility under optimal conditions. In addition, the established method was effectively utilized for the analysis of NEOs in tap water, rainwater, and lake water. Excellent recoveries of NEOs at three spiked levels were in the range of 70.4 to 122.7%, with RSDs less than 10%. This study provides a reliable pretreatment method for monitoring NEOs in environmental water samples.

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The effective capture and recovery of radioiodine species associated with nuclear fuel reprocessing is of significant importance in nuclear power plants. Porous materials have been proven to be one of the most effective adsorbents for the capture of radioiodine. In this work, we design and synthesize a series of conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs), namely, TPDA-TFPB CMP, TPDA-TATBA CMP, and TPDA-TECHO CMP, which are constructed based on a planar rectangular 4-connected organic monomer and three triangular 3-connected organic monomers, respectively. The resultant CMPs are characterized using various characterization techniques and used as effective adsorbents for iodine capture. Our experiments indicated that the CMPs exhibit excellent iodine adsorption capacities as high as 6.48, 6.25, and 6.37 g g-1 at 348 K and ambient pressure. The adsorption mechanism was further investigated and the strong chemical adsorption between the iodine and the imine/tertiary ammonia of the CMPs, 3D network structure with accessible hierarchical pores, uniform micromorphology, wide π-conjugated structure, and high-density Lewis-base sites synergistically contribute to their excellent iodine adsorption performance. Moreover, the CMPs demonstrated good recyclability. This work provides guidance for the construction of novel iodine adsorbent materials with high efficiency in the nuclear power field.

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Photocatalytic oxidative coupling of amines is considered a mild, efficient, and sustainable strategy for the synthesis of imines. As a versatile organic semiconductor, conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are attractive in photocatalysis areas due to the diversity of their polymeric monomers. Herein, we report that in addition to the design of monomers, size-confined polymerization is also a feasible strategy to modulate the structure and photocatalysis properties of CMPs. We adopted dibromopyrazine as polymeric units to prepare pyrazine-involved hollow spherical CMPs (H-PyB) using a template method and successfully performed size-confined polymerization of hollow samples by resizing the templates. Interestingly, the small confinement space induced the formation of CMPs with better conjugate extensibility, resulting in enhanced conductivity, narrowed bandgaps, improved photoelectric performance, etc. As a result, small-sized H-PyB CMPs had superior activity for the photocatalytic oxidation of amines. Particularly, the smallest H-PyB CMPs that we designed in the present work exhibited excellent performance for the photocatalytic coupling oxidation of amines. When using benzylamine as a model substrate, the yield of the corresponding imine reached âˆ¼ 113 mmol·g-1·h-1, accompanied by almost 100 % selectivity. Furthermore, the as-designed confined samples exhibited stable photocatalytic activity as well as good applicability for oxidative coupling of different amines. This work not merely reports a kind of CMP photocatalysts with excellent performance for the imine coupling oxidation but also proposes an alternative strategy for constructing high-performance organic photocatalysts by size-confined synthesis.

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Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are a category of broadly used antibiotics. Development of an effective and sensitive approach for determination of trace FQs in environmental and food samples is still challenging. Herein, the hydroxyl-containing triazine-based conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs-OH) was constructed and served as SPE absorbent for the efficient enrichment of FQs. Based on DFT simulations, the excellent enrichment capacity between CMPs-OH and FQs was contributed by hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions. In combination with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the proposed approach exhibited a wide linear range (0.2-400 ng L-1), low detection limits (0.05-0.15 ng L-1), and good intraday and interday precisions under optimal conditions. In addition, the established method was effectively utilized for the determination of FQs in fourteen samples with recoveries between 82.6 % and 109.2 %. This work provided a feasible sample pretreatment method for monitoring FQs in environmental and food matrices.

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Photoactive conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) as heterogeneous photocatalysts provide a sustainable alternative to classical metal-based semiconductor photosensitizers. However, previously reported CMPs are typically synthesized through metal catalyzed coupling reactions, which bears product separation, but also increases the price of materials. Herein, a new type of sp2 carbon linked DCM-CMPs are successfully designed and synthesized by organic base catalyzed Knoevenagel reaction using 2,6-Dimethyl-4H-pyran-4-ylidene-malononitrile and aromatic polyaldehydes as monomers. The new polymers feature inherent porosity, excellent stability, and fully π-conjugated skeleton with broad visible-light absorption. They effectively induce the synthesis of benzimidazole compounds under light irradiation, and exhibit wide substrate adaptability with outstanding recyclability.

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BACKGROUND: Because of the advantages of good selectivity, high sensitivity, and fast analysis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become one of the modern analytical techniques in wide application range, such as biological analysis, environmental detection, pharmaceutical and food inspection, agriculture and other fields. The stationary phase greatly decides the chromatographic separation performance, so the development of novel stationary phase is most important for HPLC. RESULTS: Pyridyl conjugated microporous polymers (P-CMP) with one to four layers were modified on the surface of amino silica to obtain a novel core-shell material (SiO2@P-CMP) by the layer-by-layer assembly strategy and Chichibabin reaction. The relationship between the structure of SiO2@P-CMP and chromatographic performance was carefully investigated, and the retention mechanism was revealed. The interactions including π-π stacking, hydrophobic effect and hydrogen bond gradually enhanced with the increase of P-CMP layers on the silica surface. Compared with C18 column, SiO2@P-CMP columns displayed better separation selectivity for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). According to the relative retention values (α), the separation performance of SiO2@P-CMP columns (α = 1.144-1.884) for PAH isomers and other analytes was obviously better than that of C18 column (α = 0.998-1.487). Furthermore, the SiO2@P-CMP column with four layers was selected to separate different types of analytes (eight PAHs, four bisphenols, four estrogens and nine phthalates), and the peak order of analytes was different from that on the C18 column due to the influence of hydrogen-bonding and π-π interactions. The relative standard deviations (n = 10) of retention time and peak area on SiO2@P-CMP column were between 0.28 % and 1.98 %. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY: Pyridyl conjugated microporous polymer was introduced as the stationary phase for the first time in HPLC. The proposed column displayed better separation characteristics compared to Zorbax SB-C18 column. It provided a new idea for the separation of small molecules and the development of chromatographic packing or extraction material.

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Rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere are recognized as a threat to atmospheric stability and life. Although this greenhouse gas is being produced on a large scale, there are solutions to reduction and indeed utilization of the gas. Many of these solutions involve costly or unstable technologies, such as air-sensitive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for CO2 capture or "non-green" systems such as amine scrubbing. Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) represent a simpler, cheaper, and greener solution to CO2 capture and utilization. They are often easy to synthesize at scale (a one pot reaction in many cases), chemically and thermally stable (especially in comparison with their MOF and covalent organic framework (COF) counterparts, owing to their amorphous nature), and, as a result, cheap to manufacture. Furthermore, their large surface areas, tunable porous frameworks and chemical structures mean they are reported as highly efficient CO2 capture motifs. In addition, they provide a dual pathway to utilize captured CO2 via chemical conversion or electrochemical reduction into industrially valuable products. Recent studies show that all these attractive properties can be realized in metal-free CMPs, presenting a truly green option. The promising results in these two fields of CMP applications are reviewed and explored here.

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Developing highly efficient photocatalysts based on conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are often impeded by the intrinsically large exciton binding energy and sluggish charge transfer kinetics that result from their vulnerable driving force. Herein, a family of pyrene-based nitrogen-implanted CMPs were constructed, where the nitrogen gradient was regulated. Accordingly, the built-in electric field endowed by the nitrogen gradient dramatically accelerates the dissociation of exciton into free carriers, thereby enhancing charge separation efficiency. As a result, PyCMP-3N generated by polymerization of 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrene and 2,4,6-tris(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine featured an optimized built-in electric field and exhibited the highest photocatalytic removal efficiency of uranium (VI) (99.5 %). Our proposed strategy not only provides inspiration for constructing the built-in electric field by controlling nitrogen concentration gradients, but also offers an in-depth understanding the crucial role of built-in electric field in exciton dissociation and charge transfer, efficiently promoting CMPs photocatalysis.

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Designing photocatalysts with efficient charge transport and abundant active sites for photocatalytic CO2 reduction in pure water is considered a potential approach. Herein, a nickel-phthalocyanine containing Ni-N4 active sites-based conjugated microporous polymer (NiPc-CMP), offering highly dispersed metal active sites, satisfactory CO2 adsorption capability, and excellent light harvesting properties, is engineered as a photocatalyst. By virtue of the covalently bonded bridge, an atomic-scale interface between the NiPc-CMP/Bi2 WO6 Z-scheme heterojunction with strong chemical interactions is obtained. The interface creates directional charge transport highways and retains a high redox potential, thereby enhancing the photoexcited charge carrier separation and photocatalytic efficiency. Consequently, the optimal NiPc-CMP/Bi2 WO6 (NCB-3) achieves efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance in pure water under visible-light irradiation without any sacrificial agent or photosensitizer, affording a CO generation rate of 325.9 µmol g-1 with CO selectivity of 93% in 8 h, outperforming those of Bi2 WO6 and NiPc-CMP, individually. Experimental and theoretical calculations reveal the promotion of interfacial photoinduced electron separation and the role of Ni-N4 active sites in photocatalytic reactions. This study presents a high-performance CMP-based Z-scheme heterojunction with an effective interfacial charge-transfer route and rich metal active sites for photocatalytic CO2 conversion.

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Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have important applications in the fields of optoelectronics and sewage treatment due to their high specific surface area, broad visible absorption, processability and simple synthesis process. Biocompatibility, recycling, mass production and solar photodegradation are particularly important in wastewater treatment. Here, A CMP with a high specific surface area and a hierarchical pore structure (CPOP) was constructed based on 4,4',4″-Tris(carbazol-9-yl)-triphenylamine (3CZ-TPA). Furthermore, a CMP-loaded wood aerogel (CPOP/wood aerogel) with physical adsorption, chemical degradation, bacterial inhibition and self-cleaning properties was prepared by in situ polymerization and used for wastewater treatment. The obtained CPOP/wood aerogel is highly biocompatible and easy to recycle. In addition, the inherent broad visible light absorption property of CPOP endows it with promising photocatalytic properties. Subsequently, we investigated the photocatalytic mechanism of CPOP, and the results showed that it was mainly affected by peroxyl radicals, which implied and confirmed its microbial self-cleaning for secondary cleaning of water pollutants. The reported studies on CPOP/wood aerogel provide a new direction for water purification materials with excellent adsorption, degradation and antibacterial properties.

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Determination of ferri ions in environment and human bodies is very important for environmental protection and disease diagnosis. Recently, conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) used for fluorescence sensing metal ions have attracted much attention, but this technique is done in organic solvents. In this study, the two new fluorescein-based CMPs named FLEDOT and FLBTh were synthesized by "greener method", direct arylation polymerization, with tetraiodofluorescein sodium salt (TIFS) and 3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene or 2,2'-bithiophene. Pleasely, the prepared fluorescein-based CMPs can fluorescently sense for Fe3+ in water with high sensitivity and selectivity. The quenching constants (KSV) of FLEDOT and FLBTh are 1.51 × 104 and 1.09 × 104 L mol-1, and the limits of detection (LODs) as low as 1.99 × 10-10 and 2.75 × 10-10 mol L-1, which are comparable to the sensitivity found in organic solvents' dispersions such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)' dispersions. UV-Vis absorption spectra show that the fluorescence quenching mechanisms of Fe3+ are absorption competition quenching process and energy transfer process.

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Radioactive iodine from nuclear waste poses a huge threat to public safety and raises concerns about environmental pollution. There is thus a growing demand for developing novel adsorbents for highly effective iodine capture. In this work, we design and synthesize three novel conjugated microporous polymers, namely, TPE-PyTTA-CMP, TPE-TAPP-CMP, and TPE-TPDA-CMP, which are constructed by an imidization reaction based on octet and tetratopic linkers. The iodine vapor adsorption experiments show that the three CMPs have an excellent iodine adsorption capacity as high as 3.10, 3.67, and 4.68 g·g-1 under 348 K and ambient pressure conditions, respectively. The adsorbed iodine in the CMPs can be released into methanol in a dramatically rapid manner, and their excellent iodine adsorption performance can still be maintained after multiple cycles. In addition, the CMPs demonstrate good adsorption performance in an n-hexane solution of iodine, and the kinetic experimental data follow the pseudo-second-order model. The hierarchical porosity, extended π-conjugated skeleton, and rich electron-donor nitrogen sites of the CMPs could contribute to their excellent iodine adsorption performance. The knowledge information obtained in this work could open up new possibilities for designing novel CMPs targeting a wide range of environment-related applications.

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The development of n-type organic semiconductors has evolved significantly slower in comparison to that of p-type organic semiconductors mainly due to the lack of electron-deficient building blocks with stability and processability. However, to realize a variety of organic optoelectronic devices, high-performance n-type polymer semiconductors are essential. Herein, conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) comprising isoindigo acceptor units linked to benzene or pyrene donor units (BI and PI) showing n-type semiconducting behavior are reported. In addition, considering the challenges of deposition of a continuous and homogeneous thin film of CMPs for accurate Hall measurements, a plasma-assisted fabrication technique is developed to yield uniform thin films. The fully conjugated 2D networks in PI- and BI-CMP films display high electron mobility of 6.6 and 3.5 cm2 V-1 s-1 , respectively. The higher carrier concentration in PI results in high conductivity (5.3 mS cm-1 ). Both experimental and computational studies are adequately combined to investigate structure-property relations for this intriguing class of materials in the context of organic electronics.

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Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries hold great promise for widespread application on account of their high theoretical energy density (2600 Wh kg-1 ) and the advantages of sulfur. Practical use, however, is impeded by the shuttle effect of polysulfides along with sluggish cathode kinetics. it is reported that such deleterious issues can be overcome by using a composite film (denoted as V-CMP@MWNT) that consists of a conjugated microporous polymer (CMP) embedded with vanadium single-atom catalysts (V SACs) and a network of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). V-CMP@MWNT films are fabricated by first electropolymerizing a bidentate ligand designed to coordinate to V metals on self-standing MWNT films followed by treating the CMP with a solution containing V ions. Li-S cells containing a V-CMP@MWNT film as interlayer exhibit outstanding performance metrics including a high cycling stability (616 mA h g-1 at 0.5 C after 1000 cycles) and rate capability (804 mA h g-1 at 10 C). An extraordinary area-specific capacity of 13.2 mA h cm-2 is also measured at a high sulfur loading of 12.2 mg cm-2 . The underlying mechanism that enables the V SACs to promote cathode kinetics and suppress the shuttle effect is elucidated through a series of electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques.