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OBJECTIVE: To analyse the effect of resistance training (RT) frequency on muscle mass, appendicular lean soft tissue, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), testosterone, and their changes with detraining in older women. METHODS: Forty-five physically independent older women (≥ 60 years) were randomly assigned to perform RT either two (G2X, n = 21) or three times/week (G3X, n = 24), during 12 weeks (8 exercises, 1 set of 10-15 repetition maximum). Muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, IGF-1, testosterone, and dietary intake were measured at pre-training, post-training, and after detraining (12 weeks). RESULTS: Muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue significantly increased post-training (G2X = +5.5% and G3X = +5.8%, P < .0001) with no differences between groups, and gains were retained after detraining (G2X = 100% and G3X = 99%, P < .0001). IGF-1 and dietary intake did not change for the groups during the study. Testosterone did not change post-training but significantly decreased after detraining (G2X = -21% and G3X = -50%, P < .0001). CONCLUSION: We conclude that lower RT frequency is as effective as higher frequency to improve muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, and to maintain testosterone and IGF-1. Additionally, detraining may reduce testosterone regardless of RT frequency. These results are specifically for community-dwelling older women and may not be generalized to other populations.

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Este experimento investigou o efeito do treino de relações condicionais entre estímulos fracionários na forma de figuras e numéricos, com e sem treino de composição, sobre a aprendizagem do conceito de proporção. Avaliou-se a formação de classes de equivalência, sua expansão e generalização, e a resolução de problemas, com lápis e papel, com estímulos fracionários. Participaram 20 alunos do sexto ano do Ensino Fundamental. Os grupos GEQ e GEQTC passaram por treinos e testes de relações condicionais, mas este último foi exposto, adicionalmente, ao treino de composição de frações antes dos treinos das relações condicionais; dois grupos controle fizeram apenas as avaliações inicial e final. Os resultados indicaram a formação de classes de equivalência, mas não evidenciaram efeito do treino de composição...

This experiment investigated the effect of training conditional relations between pictorial and numerical fractional stimuli, with and without composition training, upon the learning of the proportion concept. It was evaluated the formation of equivalence classes, expansion of classes formed, generalization to new situations, and pencil and paper problem solving with fractional stimuli. The participants were 20 students of the sixth grade of Elementary School. The QEG and TCQEC groups were exposed to training and testing of conditional relations, but the last group was exposed, additionally, to a fractional composition training before the conditional relations training; two control groups were exposed only to the initial and final tests. The results indicated the formation of equivalence classes, but did not show effects of the composition training...

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Este experimento investigou o efeito do treino de relações condicionais entre estímulos fracionários na forma de figuras e numéricos, com e sem treino de composição, sobre a aprendizagem do conceito de proporção. Avaliou-se a formação de classes de equivalência, sua expansão e generalização, e a resolução de problemas, com lápis e papel, com estímulos fracionários. Participaram 20 alunos do sexto ano do Ensino Fundamental. Os grupos GEQ e GEQTC passaram por treinos e testes de relações condicionais, mas este último foi exposto, adicionalmente, ao treino de composição de frações antes dos treinos das relações condicionais; dois grupos controle fizeram apenas as avaliações inicial e final. Os resultados indicaram a formação de classes de equivalência, mas não evidenciaram efeito do treino de composição.(AU)

This experiment investigated the effect of training conditional relations between pictorial and numerical fractional stimuli, with and without composition training, upon the learning of the proportion concept. It was evaluated the formation of equivalence classes, expansion of classes formed, generalization to new situations, and pencil and paper problem solving with fractional stimuli. The participants were 20 students of the sixth grade of Elementary School. The QEG and TCQEC groups were exposed to training and testing of conditional relations, but the last group was exposed, additionally, to a fractional composition training before the conditional relations training; two control groups were exposed only to the initial and final tests. The results indicated the formation of equivalence classes, but did not show effects of the composition training.(AU)

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Objective: We performed a randomized double-blind study in distance runners to investigate the possible biological effects of daily consumption of soybean peptides. Methods: Twenty-one trained male distance runners, randomly divided into three groups: control group (C,n=7), carbohydrate supplementation group (CS, n=6) and soybean peptides supplementation group (SP,n=8), took part in the study.Their hormonal and serum metabolic profile was examined in a 4-week program of strenuous training. Daily training (4～6 hours per day, endurance and strength), food and medication were similar for all athletes. Group SP received a soy sports beverage supplement containing 8g soybean peptides and 35g carbohydrate once a day. Group CS received a sport drink containing 35g carbohydrate. Group C supplemented a placebo identical in appearance and flavor. Body weight, lean body mass, RPE, serum total testosterone, blood urea, hemogram, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and immunoglobulins were measured before, during and after the 4-week training program. Results: Data demonstrated that Group SP had an increase in body weight, especially in lean body mass and cyclic total testosterone level (P