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High-throughput transcriptomics (HTTr) is increasingly being used to identify molecular targets of chemicals that can be linked to adverse outcomes. Cell proliferation is an important key event in chemical carcinogenesis. Here, we describe the construction and characterization of a gene expression biomarker that is predictive of the cell proliferation (CP) status in human and rodent tissues. The biomarker was constructed from 30 genes known to be increased in expression in prostate cancers relative to surrounding tissues and in cycling human MCF-7 cells after estrogen receptor (ER) agonist exposure. Using a large compendium of gene expression profiles to test utility, the biomarker could identify increases in cell proliferation in 1) 367 tumor vs. normal surrounding tissue comparisons from 6 human organs, 2) MCF-7 cells after activation of ER, 3) after partial hepatectomy in mice and rats, and 4) the livers of mice after exposure to nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens. The biomarker identified suppression of CP 1) under conditions of p53 activation by DNA damaging agents in human cells, 2) in human A549 lung cells exposed to therapeutic anticancer kinase inhibitors (dasatinib, nilotnib) and 3) in the mouse liver when comparing high levels of CP at birth to the low background levels in the adult. The responses using the biomarker were similar to those observed using conventional markers of CP including PCNA, Ki67, and BrdU labeling. The CP biomarker will be a useful tool for interpretation of HTTr data streams to identify cell proliferation status after exposure to chemicals in human cells or in rodent tissues.

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PURPOSE: Knowledge of neurovascular anatomy is vital for neurosurgeons, neurologists, neuro-radiologists and anatomy students, amongst others, to fully comprehend the brain's anatomy with utmost depth. This paper aims to enhance the foundational knowledge of novice physicians in this area. METHOD: A comprehensive literature review was carried out by searching the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using primary keywords related to brain vasculature, without date restrictions. The identified literature was meticulously examined and scrutinized. In the process of screening pertinent papers, further articles and book chapters were obtained through analysis and additional assessing of the reference lists. Additionally, four formalin-fixed, color latex-injected cadaveric specimens preserved in 70% ethanol solution were dissected under surgical microscope (Leica Microsystems Inc, 1700 Leider Ln, Buffalo Grove, IL 60089 USA). Using microneurosurgical as well as standard instruments, and a high-speed surgical drill (Stryker Instruments 1941 Stryker Way Portage, MI 49002 USA). Ulterior anatomical dissection was documented in microscopic images. RESULTS: Encephalic circulation functions as a complex network of intertwined vessels. The Internal Carotid Arteries (ICAs) and the Vertebral Arteries (VAs), form the anterior and posterior arterial circulations, respectively. This work provides a detailed exploration of the neurovascular anatomy of the anterior circulation and its key structures, such as the Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) and the Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA). Embryology is also briefly covered, offering insights into the early development of the vascular structures of the central nervous system. Cerebral venous system was detailed, highlighting the major veins and tributaries involved in the drainage of blood from the intracranial compartment, with a focus on the role of the Internal Jugular Veins (IJVs) as the primary, although not exclusive, deoxygenated blood outflow pathway. CONCLUSION: This work serves as initial guide, providing essential knowledge on neurovascular anatomy, hoping to reduce the initial impact when tackling the subject, albeit the intricate vasculature of the brain will necessitate further efforts to be conquered, that being crucial for neurosurgical and neurology related practice and clinical decision-making.

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PURPOSE: This article presents a comprehensive exploration of neurovascular anatomy of the encephalon, focusing specifically on the intricate network within the posterior circulation and the posterior fossa anatomy; enhancing understanding of its dynamics, essential for practitioners in neurosurgery and neurology areas. METHOD: A profound literature review was conducted by searching the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using main keywords related to neurovascular anatomy. The selected literature was meticulously scrutinized. Throughout the screening of pertinent papers, further articles or book chapters were obtained through additional assessment of the reference lists. Furthermore, four formalin-fixed, color latex-injected cadaveric specimens preserved in 70% ethanol solution were dissected under surgical microscope (Leica Microsystems Inc, 1700 Leider Ln, Buffalo Grove, IL 60089, USA), using microneurosurgical as well as standard instruments, and a high-speed surgical drill (Stryker Instruments 1941 Stryker Way Portage, MI 49002, USA). Ulterior anatomical dissection was performed. RESULTS: Detailed examination of the basilar artery (BA), a common trunk formed by the union of the left and right vertebral arteries, denoted a tortuous course across the basilar sulcus. Emphasis is then placed on the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA), Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) and Superior Cerebellar Artery (SCA). Each artery's complex course through the posterior fossa, its divisions, and potential stroke-related syndromes are explored in detail. The Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) is subsequently unveiled. The posterior fossa venous system is explained, categorizing its channels. A retrograde exploration traces the venous drainage back to the internal jugular vein, unraveling its pathways. CONCLUSION: This work serves as a succinct yet comprehensive guide, offering fundamental insights into neurovascular anatomy within the encephalon's posterior circulation. Intended for both novice physicians and seasoned neuroanatomists, the article aims to facilitate a more efficient clinical decision-making in neurosurgical and neurological practices.

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Background: Energy expenditure may be difficult to assess when hiking difficult trails. Case presentation: We measured physical activity exercise energy expenditure (PAEE) directly from oxygen uptake using a mobile device (cardiopulmonary exercise testing, CPET), and by using a formula based on heart rate (HR), or metabolic equivalent values from the Compendium of Physical Activity, and other physiological outcomes. Outcomes and implications: Total PAEE (1342 kcal) using CPET showed a two-fold difference between ascending and descending (887 vs. 455 kcal) during a 124-min hike. For HR, PAEE was 1893kcal (+551 kcal overreporting), while compendium-based scenarios ranged from 1179 to 1446 kcal, which was in closer range (-163 to +104 kcal/min) compared to the CPET data. Fluid consumption was 1300 mL/hour, with 1.1% bodyweight loss, peak skin temperature of 35.2°C and core body temperature of 39.2°C. Recommendations: Tables reasonably predict energy expenditure while not precisely reflecting the actual situation.

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Unlike surgical instruments and endoscopic equipment, Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) devices are not readily available or accessible to the clinicians who may like to add this form of treatment modality for selected patients and on an ad hock basis. There is in fact a vacuum in finding the "tools" of PDT for those clinicians who are not part of a "Centre" with a built-in knowledge base and contacts for manufacturers. In this compendium the Yorkshire Laser Centre /YLC in the UK, (the Project of the Moghissi Laser Trust - (Charity number 326689) requested three experienced clinicians (RA, ZH, KM) to produce essential information on the use of and equipment for PDT in the clinic. The YLC also sponsored a researcher (ID) to search and compile a detailed but non-exhaustive list of approved photosensitizing agents, pharmaceutical companies, light sources and laser manufacturers with appropriate delivery devices for PDT. Thus, this Mini -Compendium is the end result of what is hoped to be a useful adjunct for practitioners, scientists and students of PDT.

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An increasing number of aerogels as nanostructured highly porous materials are entering the market in every day products, with an attractive portfolio of properties for emerging applications ranging from health care and leisure to electronics, cosmetics, energy, agriculture, food and environmental. However, the novelty in properties and forms of aerogels makes the development of a legislative framework particularly challenging for ensuring the safe development and use of nano-enabled products. The presented safety regulatory Compendium intends to share knowledge with the international aerogels community, as well as end-users and stakeholders, on the regulatory and safe handling procedures, as best safety practices, to be followed during the production process, handling, transport and end-use of aerogel-based formulations to mitigate human and environmental risks considering lack of data availability for this purpose in general.

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Among the plant molecular mechanisms capable of effectively mitigating the effects of adverse weather conditions, the heat shock proteins (HSPs), a group of chaperones with multiple functions, stand out. At a time of full progress on the omic sciences, they look very promising in the genetic engineering field, especially in order to conceive superior genotypes, potentially tolerant to abiotic stresses (AbSts). Recently, some works concerning certain families of maize HSPs (ZmHSPs) were published. However, there was still a lack of a study that, with a high degree of criteria, would fully conglomerate them. Using distinct but complementary strategies, we have prospected as many ZmHSPs candidates as possible, gathering more than a thousand accessions. After detailed data mining, we accounted for 182 validated ones, belonging to seven families, which were subcategorized into classes with potential for functional parity. In them, we identified dozens of motifs with some degree of similarity with proteins from different kingdoms, which may help explain some of their still poorly understood means of action. Through in silico and in vitro approaches, we compared their expression levels after controlled exposure to several AbSts' sources, applied at diverse tissues, on varied phenological stages. Based on gene ontology concepts, we still analyzed them from different perspectives of term enrichment. We have also searched, in model plants and close species, for potentially orthologous genes. With all these new insights, which culminated in a plentiful supplementary material, rich in tables, we aim to constitute a fertile consultation source for those maize researchers attracted by these interesting stress proteins.

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Understanding the factors that shape variation in the human microbiome is a major goal of research in biology. While other genomics fields have used large, pre-compiled compendia to extract systematic insights requiring otherwise impractical sample sizes, there has been no comparable resource for the 16S rRNA sequencing data commonly used to quantify microbiome composition. To help close this gap, we have assembled a set of 168,484 publicly available human gut microbiome samples, processed with a single pipeline and combined into the largest unified microbiome dataset to date. We use this resource, which is freely available at microbiomap.org, to shed light on global variation in the human gut microbiome. We find that Firmicutes, particularly Bacilli and Clostridia, are almost universally present in the human gut. At the same time, the relative abundance of the 65 most common microbial genera differ between at least two world regions. We also show that gut microbiomes in undersampled world regions, such as Central and Southern Asia, differ significantly from the more thoroughly characterized microbiomes of Europe and Northern America. Moreover, humans in these overlooked regions likely harbor hundreds of taxa that have not yet been discovered due to this undersampling, highlighting the need for diversity in microbiome studies. We anticipate that this new compendium can serve the community and enable advanced applied and methodological research.

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Owing to the complexities of bacterial RNA biology, the transcriptomes of even the best studied bacteria are not fully understood. To help elucidate the transcriptional landscape of E. coli, we compiled a compendium of 3,376 RNA-seq data sets composed of more than 7 trillion sequenced bases, which we evaluate with a transcript assembly pipeline. We report expression profiles for all annotated E. coli genes as well as 5,071 other transcripts. Additionally, we observe hundreds of instances of co-transcribed genes that are novel with respect to existing operon databases. By integrating data from a large number of sequencing experiments corresponding to a wide range of conditions, we are able to obtain a comprehensive view of the E. coli transcriptome.

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Thousands of Pseudomonas aeruginosa RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) gene expression profiles are publicly available via the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Sequence Read Archive (SRA). In this work, the transcriptional profiles from hundreds of studies performed by over 75 research groups were reanalyzed in aggregate to create a powerful tool for hypothesis generation and testing. Raw sequence data were uniformly processed using the Salmon pseudoaligner, and this read mapping method was validated by comparison to a direct alignment method. We developed filtering criteria to exclude samples with aberrant levels of housekeeping gene expression or an unexpected number of genes with no reported values and normalized the filtered compendia using the ratio-of-medians method. The filtering and normalization steps greatly improved gene expression correlations for genes within the same operon or regulon across the 2,333 samples. Since the RNA-seq data were generated using diverse strains, we report the effects of mapping samples to noncognate reference genomes by separately analyzing all samples mapped to cDNA reference genomes for strains PAO1 and PA14, two divergent strains that were used to generate most of the samples. Finally, we developed an algorithm to incorporate new data as they are deposited into the SRA. Our processing and quality control methods provide a scalable framework for taking advantage of the troves of biological information hibernating in the depths of microbial gene expression data and yield useful tools for P. aeruginosa RNA-seq data to be leveraged for diverse research goals. IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a causative agent of a wide range of infections, including chronic infections associated with cystic fibrosis. These P. aeruginosa infections are difficult to treat and often have negative outcomes. To aid in the study of this problematic pathogen, we mapped, filtered for quality, and normalized thousands of P. aeruginosa RNA-seq gene expression profiles that were publicly available via the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Sequence Read Archive (SRA). The resulting compendia facilitate analyses across experiments, strains, and conditions. Ultimately, the workflow that we present could be applied to analyses of other microbial species.

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Identification of host transcriptional response signatures has emerged as a new paradigm for infection diagnosis. For clinical applications, signatures must robustly detect the pathogen of interest without cross-reacting with unintended conditions. To evaluate the performance of infectious disease signatures, we developed a framework that includes a compendium of 17,105 transcriptional profiles capturing infectious and non-infectious conditions and a standardized methodology to assess robustness and cross-reactivity. Applied to 30 published signatures of infection, the analysis showed that signatures were generally robust in detecting viral and bacterial infections in independent data. Asymptomatic and chronic infections were also detectable, albeit with decreased performance. However, many signatures were cross-reactive with unintended infections and aging. In general, we found robustness and cross-reactivity to be conflicting objectives, and we identified signature properties associated with this trade-off. The data compendium and evaluation framework developed here provide a foundation for the development of signatures for clinical application. A record of this paper's transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information.

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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) includes over ten thousand herbal medicines, some of which were introduced from outside countries and territories. The Silk Road enabled the exchange of merchandise such as teas, silks, carpets, and medicines between the East and West of the Eurasia continent. During this time, the 'Compendium of Materia Medica' (CMM) was composed by a traditional medicine practitioner, Shizhen Li (1,518-1,593) of the Ming Dynasty. This epoch-making masterpiece collected knowledge of traditional medical materials and treatments in China from the 16th century and before in utmost detail, including the origin where a material was obtained. Of 1892 medical materials from the CMM, 46 came from Persia (now Iran). In this study, the basic information of these 46 materials, including the time of introduction, the medicinal value in TCM theory, together with the current status of these medicines in China and Iran, are summarized. It is found that 20 herbs and four stones out of the 46 materials are registered as medicinal materials in the latest China Pharmacopoeia. Now most of these herbs and stones are distributed in China or replacements are available but saffron, ferula, myrrh, and olibanum are still highly dependent on imports. This study may contribute to the further development, exchange, and internationalization of traditional medicine of various backgrounds in the world, given the barriers of transportation and language are largely eased in nowadays.

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A Chinese Compilation of Physical Activities was compiled to estimate the energy costs of physical activities (PAs) using data on adults aged 18-64. Data were obtained from published articles and laboratory measurements. Databases, including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Ebsco, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang Data, National Science and Technology Report Service, Public Health Scientific Data were searched to collect data from inception to January 2022, on energy expenditure associated with PA in the healthy Chinese population. Two reviewers independently screened the literature and extracted, classified, and summarized data. Data were measured for 36 PAs using indirect calorimetry. Detailed descriptions of specific activities and metabolic equivalent values were provided by summarizing 241 physical activities in 13 categories. The first edition of the Chinese Compilation of PAs in Healthy Adults Aged 18-64(CCPA) was created. It provides valuable resources for people who regularly engage in physical exercise, researchers, educators, fitness professionals, and health or commercial sectors to quickly obtain various PA MET intensities. In the future, the energy expenditure of various PAs of different ages within the Chinese population can be measured based on the CCPA.

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BACKGROUND: The 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities provides metabolic equivalent (MET) values for household and eldercare activities (physical activities [PAs]). METs are from published studies, estimated if values are not published, or combined with other PAs with different METs in a single entry. Some PAs are missing from the Compendium. This study measures the energy costs for 15 household and eldercare PAs with estimated METs, PAs in combined entries, and new PAs. METHODS: Participants were 30 adults (14 males and 16 females), ages 22-58 years (33.7 [11.2] y). PAs were measured in a laboratory for 8 minutes with a 4-minute rest between PAs. A portable indirect calorimeter measured oxygen uptake (in milliliters per kilogram per minute). Standard METs were computed as activity VO2/3.5 mL·kg-1·min-1. RESULTS: Cooking, meal tasks, laundry, light cleaning, and watering plants ranged from 1.8 to 2.3 METs. Sweeping, walking, and carrying groceries and boxes on the ground and stairs ranged from 3.0 to 5.5 METs. Eldercare ranged from 1.8 to 3.0 METs. Measured METs differed from estimated values by ±0.3 to 2.2 METs. Most measured METs were lower than estimated METs. CONCLUSION: Updating estimated METs with measured values and separating PAs from combined entries increases the accuracy of household and eldercare PAs presented in the Compendium.

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Successfully integrating transcriptomic experiments is a challenging task with the ultimate goal of analyzing gene expression data in the broader context of all available measurements, all from a single point of access. In its second major release VESPUCCI, the integrated database of gene expression data for grapevine, has been updated to be FAIR-compliant, employing standards and created with open-source technologies. It includes all public grapevine gene expression experiments from both microarray and RNA-seq platforms. Transcriptomic data can be accessed in multiple ways through the newly developed COMPASS GraphQL interface, while the expression values are normalized using different methodologies to flexibly satisfy different analysis requirements. Sample annotations are manually curated and use standard formats and ontologies. The updated version of VESPUCCI provides easy querying and analyzing of integrated grapevine gene expression (meta)data and can be seamlessly embedded in any analysis workflow or tools. VESPUCCI is freely accessible and offers several ways of interaction, depending on the specific goals and purposes and/or user expertise; an overview can be found at https://vespucci.readthedocs.io/.

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The 2011 Compendium presents MET values for sedentary behaviors (SBs) and light-intensity physical activities (LIPAs). Some entries have estimated METs, others have multiple activities in a single entry, and newer activities are not in the Compendium. Accurate MET values are needed to increase the validity and generalizability of the Compendium. This study measured and analyzed SBs and LIPAs' energy costs in reclining, sitting, standing postures, and fidgeting. Indirect calorimetry measured the energy costs (VO2, ml·kg-1.min-1) in 11 males and seven females (30.7 ± 7.6 y). Two groups of 9 participants each completed 17 randomly assigned activities (9 in group 1; 8 in group 2) for 5 minutes with a 2-minute rest between tasks. Standard METs were calculated as VO2 ml·kg-1.min-1/3.5 ml·kg-1.min-1. Results showed mean MET values for doing nothing (recline: 1.3, sit: 1.3. stand: 1.3); Watching TV on a mobile phone (recline: 1.3, sit: 1.3); Reading (recline; 1.5, sit: 1.0); Writing (recline: 1.5, sit: 1.3, stand: 1.3); Texting or viewing websites on a mobile phone (recline: 1.3, sit: 1.3, stand: 1.3); Fidgeting (sit hands only: 1.5, sit feet only: 1.8, stand hands and feet: 2.0); Typing (stand: 1.3). Measured vs. Compendium METs were the same for five SBs and LIPAs, higher for three SBs and LIPAs (by 0.2 METs), and lower for one SB (by 0.3 METs). In conclusion, the activities ranged from 1.0 to 2.0 METs, categorized as sedentary and light-intensity. Increasing the accuracy of Compendium MET values increases its utility for the correct classification of SB and LIPAs.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on almost all aspects of human society and endeavor; the natural world and its conservation have not been spared. Through a process of expert consultation, we identified and categorized, into 19 themes and 70 subthemes, the ways in which biodiversity and its conservation have been or could be affected by the pandemic globally. Nearly 60% of the effects have been broadly negative. Subsequently, we created a compendium of all themes and subthemes, each with explanatory text, and in August 2020 a diverse group of experienced conservationists with expertise from across sectors and geographies assessed each subtheme for its likely impact on biodiversity conservation globally. The 9 subthemes ranked highest all have a negative impact. These were, in rank order, governments sidelining the environment during their economic recovery, reduced wildlife-based tourism income, increased habitat destruction, reduced government funding, increased plastic and other solid waste pollution, weakening of nature-friendly regulations and their enforcement, increased illegal harvest of wild animals, reduced philanthropy, and threats to survival of conservation organizations. In combination, these impacts present a worrying future of increased threats to biodiversity conservation but reduced capacity to counter them. The highest ranking positive impact, at 10, was the beneficial impact of wildlife-trade restrictions. More optimistically, among impacts ranked 11-20, 6 were positive and 4 were negative. We hope our assessment will draw attention to the impacts of the pandemic and, thus, improve the conservation community's ability to respond to such threats in the future.

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto enorme sobre casi todos los aspectos de la sociedad humana y sus proyectos; el mundo natural y su conservación no han sido la excepción. Por medio de un proceso de consultas a expertos, identificamos y categorizamos en 19 temas y 70 subtemas las maneras en las que la biodiversidad y su conservación han sido o podrían ser afectadas mundialmente por la pandemia. Casi el 60% de los efectos han sido claramente negativos. Posteriormente, creamos un compendio de todos los temas y subtemas, cada uno con textos explicativos, para que en agosto de 2020 un grupo diverso de conservacionistas experimentados con conocimiento de todos los sectores y geografías evaluara cada subtema de acuerdo con su probabilidad de impactar sobre la conservación de la biodiversidad en todo el mundo. Los nueve subtemas con la clasificación más alta tienen un impacto negativo. Estos temas son, en orden de clasificación: los gobiernos dejando de lado al ambiente durante su recuperación económica, reducción de los ingresos basados en el turismo de fauna, incremento en la destrucción de hábitat, financiamiento reducido del gobierno, aumento de la contaminación por plásticos y otros desechos sólidos, debilitamiento de las regulaciones en pro de la naturaleza y su aplicación, incremento en la captura ilegal de animales, disminución de la filantropía y amenazas para la supervivencia de las organizaciones de conservación. La combinación de estos impactos representa un futuro preocupante lleno de amenazas para la conservación de la biodiversidad y una capacidad reducida para contrarrestarlas. El impacto positivo con la clasificación más alta, el 10, fue el impacto benéfico de las restricciones en el mercado de fauna. De manera más optimista, entre los impactos clasificados de los lugares del 11 al 20, seis fueron positivos y cuatro fueron negativos. Esperamos que nuestra evaluación enfoque la atención hacia los impactos de la pandemia y así mejore la habilidad de la comunidad conservacionista para responder a tales amenazas en el futuro. Importancia Relativa de los Impactos de la Pandemia de COVID-19 sobre la Conservación Mundial de la Biodiversidad.

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Two new and two known species of the genus Paraoxydirus Jairajpuri and Ahmad, 1978 are described and illustrated from Western Ghats of India. P. vulvalpapillatus n. sp. is characterized by having large sized body (L = 4.6 - 4.8 mm); lip region continuous with completely amalgamated lips; amphidial fovea cup - shaped; 5 - 6 µm long odontostyle; 11 - 13 µm long odontophore; pharyngeal expansion about 28 - 36 % of neck length; transverse vulva; vulval papillae conspicuous; males with 46 - 54 µm long spicules; 11 - 14 continuous ventromedian supplements and long filiform tail similar in both sexes. P. indicus n. sp. is characterized by having large sized body (L = 4.0 - 4.8 mm); lip region poorly offset with amalgamated lips; amphidial fovea cup-shaped; 7 - 8 µm long, robust odontostyle; 17 - 18 µm long odontophore; pharyngeal expansion about 32 - 40 % of neck length; 21 - 26 µm long cardia; longitudinal vulva; 748 - 894 µm long filiform tail; males with 45 - 54 µm long spicules and 12 - 15 continuous ventromedian supplements. P. gigas Jairajpuri, 1964 and P. novus Jairajpuri, 1965 are redescribed based on specimens collected from several localities. A diagnostic Key and compendium to the identification of its eight valid species is provided.

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To better understand cellular life, it is essential to decipher the contribution of individual components and their interactions. Minimal genomes are an important tool to investigate these interactions. Here, we provide a database of 105 fully annotated genomes of a series of strains with sequential deletion steps of the industrially relevant model bacterium Bacillus subtilis starting with the laboratory wild type strain B. subtilis 168 and ending with B. subtilis PG38, which lacks approximately 40% of the original genome. The annotation is supported by sequencing of key intermediate strains as well as integration of literature knowledge for the annotation of the deletion scars and their potential effects. The strain compendium presented here represents a comprehensive genome library of the entire MiniBacillus project. This resource will facilitate the more effective application of the different strains in basic science as well as in biotechnology.

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A newly recovered population of the genus Laimaphelenchus from a dead maritime pine wood sample in Potchefstroom, South Africa, representing a new species, named L. africanus n. sp., is herein described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular data. The new species is mainly characterized by the following: 750-987 µm long females; a cephalic region with no disc and six cephalic lobs not divided by ribs; a 10.0-12.5 µm long stylet; four incisures in the lateral field; secretory-excretory pore (SE-pore) at slightly posterior to the nerve ring; vulva with a well-developed anterior flap, vagina with two well-developed sclerotized pieces; post-vulval uterine sac (PUS) 63-125 µm long; tail conical, 30-44 µm long, ventrally curved with a subventral stalk in terminus, lacking tubercles, with six to nine small projections at the tip in scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and rare males with 17 µm long spicules. The new species was morphologically compared to those species of the genus with a stalk in tail terminus, lacking tubercles, a vulval flap and four incisures in the lateral field viz., L. liaoningensis, L. preissii, L. simlaensis, L. sinensis, L. spiflatus, and L. unituberculus. Phylogenetically, the new species was placed into the major Laimaphelenchus clade using partial large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA D2-D3) sequences. An overall literature review corroborated the presence of the stalk (currently with two main groups) at the tail end is the main characteristic trait delimiting the genus. A compendium based on the characters of the stalk, presence/absence of a vulval flap in females and number of the lateral lines was also established.