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Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding the clinical and pathological characteristics of CRC patients is essential for improving diagnosis, treatment, and prognostication. S100 proteins play a crucial role in CRC by promoting tumor growth, metastasis, and inflammation through their involvement in various cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, and immune response modulation. Elevated levels of specific S100 proteins have been associated with poor prognosis and serve as potential biomarkers for early detection and therapeutic targets in CRC. This study aims to analyze the general and medical characteristics of CRC patients, with a particular focus on the expression patterns of S100A4 and S100A14 proteins and their correlation with tumor location and various clinical parameters. Methods This cross-sectional study included 98 CRC patients aged 21 to 92 years. Clinical data were collected from Vajeen Hospital (Duhok/ Iraq), including age, gender, and presenting symptoms. Pathological data such as tumor site, tumor size, tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) stage, tumor grade angio-lymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, and metastasis were analyzed. The expression of S100A4 and S100A14 proteins was assessed using immunohistochemistry, and their correlation with clinico-pathological features and tumor location was evaluated using statistical analysis. Results The 98 patients with a mean age of 57.27 years. The majority were over 50 years old (68, 69.39%) with a nearly equal gender distribution. The most common symptom was bleeding per rectum (36, 36.74%). TNM staging revealed 25.51% (n=25) of patients at stage I, 32.65% (n=32) at stage II, 24.49% (n=24) at stage III, and 17.35% (n=17) at stage IV. Angio-lymphatic invasion was present in 65.31% (n=64) of patients, and lymph node invasion in 38.78% (n=38). All tumors were adenocarcinomas, with 82.65% (n=81) being intermediate grade. S100A4 expression was low in early-stage tumors but significantly higher in advanced stages (P < 0.0001). High S100A4 expression was associated with vascular invasion (P = 0.0006), perineural invasion (P = 0.0002), lymph node invasion (P < 0.0001), and metastasis (P = 0.0010). S100A14 expression was inversely correlated with disease severity. Low S100A14 expression was more common in advanced stages (P < 0.0001) and was associated with higher rates of vascular invasion (P = 0.0018), lymph node invasion (P < 0.0001), and metastasis (P = 0.0001). Conclusion This study highlights significant correlations between S100A4 and S100A14 expression with various clinico-pathological features in CRC patients. High S100A4 expression is linked with tumor aggressiveness, whereas low S100A14 expression is associated with advanced disease stages and increased metastasis. However, there is no observed correlation between the expression of these proteins and the tumor site.

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Background and Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to understand the factors affecting disease severity. Prior research has indicated the potential roles of the ABO blood group system in disease susceptibility and progression. Our objective was to investigate the association between ABO Blood groups and the severity of COVID-19 and clinicopathological parameters. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted across three locations of Ziauddin University Hospital, including COVID-19 outpatient departments (OPDs), wards, and intensive care units (ICUs) from May 2020 to December 2020.The study utilized a non-probability convenient sampling technique with a sample size of 120 PCR-positive adult patients, as calculated by OpenEpi with a 95% confidence interval. Patients were excluded if they were under 14, intellectually impaired, post-chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or had a malignant condition. Disease severity was determined based on clinicopathological parameters and associated with blood group data using ANOVA and Chi-square tests in SPSS version 21. Results: A significant association was found between the ABO blood groups and COVID-19 severity. Blood group-A was notably overrepresented in patients with severe COVID-19 and correlated with higher inflammatory markers and coagulation parameters. Conclusion: ABO blood group, particularly Blood Group-A significantly associates with the severity of COVID-19. This finding suggests the potential utility of ABO blood group typing as a predictive marker for disease severity, which could contribute to personalized patient management strategies. Further research is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying this association.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinico-pathological determinants of suicidal thoughts and behavior in patients with post-stroke depression (PSD) in a teaching hospital in south-west Nigeria. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital and it involved 89 consecutively selected outpatients with post-stroke depression (diagnosed using the depression module of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory). Socio-demographic and clinical factors questionnaire, Mini-Mental State Examination, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, and Beck Scale of Suicidal Ideation (BSSI) were administered to the participants. BSSI total score was used as a measure of suicidal thoughts. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics and research committee of Lagos State University Teaching Hospital. RESULT: Time since stroke (the time since onset of the most recent stroke) had a significant negative correlation with suicidal thoughts (r = -0.263, p = 0.013). In the same vein, the probability of attempting suicide significantly reduces with time since stroke, Odds Ratio = 0.925, p = 0.047. CONCLUSION: Suicidal thoughts and behavior occur early in patients with post-stroke depression. The identification of shorter time since stroke as a correlate of suicidal thoughts and behavior among this patient population underscores the need for performing early assessment and prompt intervention for the at-risk individuals.

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Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma is rare, slow-growing, and benign neoplasm that is diagnosed based on clinical characteristics and histological findings. It usually presents as a solitary nodule on the extremities and may arise at birth or in childhood. Although it is usually asymptomatic, in some cases it can cause pain and hyperhidrosis. From a histological perspective, it is characterized by an increase in the number of eccrine glands and a proliferation of vascular channels. We present the case of a 26-year-old woman who developed an eccrine angiomatous hamartoma in her right leg. The rapid growth of the lesion during pregnancy coupled with the challenges posed by a superficial biopsy, complicated the differential diagnosis.

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Unlike other medical specialties, psychiatry has not been involved in the theoretical shift that replaced the syndromal approach with the clinico-pathological method, which consists in explaining clinical manifestations by reference to morbid anatomical and physiological changes. Past and present discussions on the applicability of the clinico-pathological method in psychiatry are based on a pre-Darwinian concept of biology as the study of proximate causation. Distinguishing between mediating mechanisms and evolved functions, an evolutionary perspective offers an original contribution to the debate by overcoming the opposite views of dualism (i.e., the clinico-pathological method is not applicable to disorders of the mind) and neuroessentialism (i.e., the definitive way of explaining psychiatric disorders is by reference to the brain and its activity). An evolutionary perspective offers original insights on the utility of the clinico-pathological method to solve critical questions of psychiatric research and clinical practice, including the distinction between mental health and illness, a better understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology, the classification and differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorders, and the development of more efficacious psychiatric treatments.

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PURPOSE: The Oncotype DX (ODX) test is a commercially available molecular test for breast cancer assay that provides prognostic and predictive breast cancer recurrence information for hormone positive, HER2-negative patients. The aim of this study is to propose a novel methodology to assist physicians in their decision-making. METHODS: A retrospective study between 2012 and 2020 with 333 cases that underwent an ODX assay from three hospitals in the Bourgogne Franche-Comté region (France) was conducted. Clinical and pathological reports were used to collect the data. A methodology based on distributional random forest was developed to predict the ODX score classes (ODX [Formula: see text] and ODX [Formula: see text]) using 9 clinico-pathological characteristics. This methodology can be used particularly to identify the patients of the training cohort that share similarities with the new patient and to predict an estimate of the distribution of the ODX score. RESULTS: The mean age of participants is 56.9 years old. We have correctly classified [Formula: see text] of patients in low risk and [Formula: see text] of patients in high risk. The overall accuracy is [Formula: see text]. The proportion of low risk correct predicted value (PPV) is [Formula: see text]. The percentage of high risk correct predicted value (NPV) is approximately [Formula: see text]. The F1-score and the Area Under Curve (AUC) are of 0.87 and 0.759, respectively. CONCLUSION: The proposed methodology makes it possible to predict the distribution of the ODX score for a patient. This prediction is reinforced by the determination of a family of known patients with follow-up of identical scores. The use of this methodology with the pathologist's expertise on the different histological and immunohistochemical characteristics has a clinical impact to help oncologist in decision-making regarding breast cancer therapy.

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The present investigation focuses on examining the clinical, histopathological, and ultrastructural changes that occurred in pig, during an outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) in 2022 in Assam, India. The disease initially manifested as a per-acute case with high mortality but without any evident clinical signs. Subsequently, some animals exhibited an acute form of the disease characterized by high fever (104-106 °F), anorexia, vomiting, respiratory distress, and bleeding from the anal and nasal orifices. During acute African swine fever virus (ASFV) infections, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF, CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL10 were detected in the palatine tonsil, lymph nodes, spleen, and kidney using qPCR assay. These molecular changes were associated with haemorrhages, edemas, and lymphoid depletion. Postmortem examinations revealed prominent features such as splenomegaly with haemorrhages, haemorrhagic lymphadenitis, severe petechial haemorrhage in the kidney, pneumonia in the lungs, and necrotic palatine tonsil. Histopathological analysis demonstrated lymphocyte depletion in lymphoid organs, multi-organ haemorrhages, and interstitial pneumonia in the lungs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) further confirmed lymphocyte depletion in lymphoid organs through lymphocyte apoptosis and kidney damage with distorted tubules due to red blood cell destruction. Transmission electron microscopy reaffirmed lymphocyte apoptosis by observing chromatin condensation and nucleus margination in lymphocytes of lymphoid organs. These findings provide comprehensive insights into the clinical, histopathological, and ultrastructural aspects of ASF outbreak in pigs. Understanding the pathological changes associated with ASF can contribute to improved diagnosis, prevention, and control measures for this highly contagious and economically devastating viral disease.

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Objectives: Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas form a rare heterogeneous group of pancreatic tumors with variable clinical and diagnostic characteristics. Its incidence has increased in recent years due to improvements in cross-sectional imaging methods and awareness amongst surgeons. Material and Methods: This study aimed to study the demographic, clinical, imaging, and histopathologic characteristics, incidence of malignancy and outcome of surgical resection of pancreatic cystic neoplasms. Retrospective analysis of 91 patients who underwent surgical resection for cystic neoplasm of the pancreas between 2006 to 2017 at a tertiary care institute was done. Results: There was a female preponderance in the study with a mean age of 47.2 years. Abdominal pain (46.1%) and jaundice (23.1%) were the most common symptoms. Computed tomography and endoultrasound (EUS) were the most commonly used imaging methods in the study and demonstrated good surgical correlation. Pancreaticoduodenectomy (37.1%) was the most commonly performed procedure followed by distal pancreaticosplenectomy (31.8%). Of the lesions, 9.8% were found malignant. Solid pseudopapillary epithelial neoplasm (SPEN) (37.3%) was the most common neoplasm followed by serous (21.9%), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) (15.3%) and mucinous neoplasm (14.3%). Preoperative radiological diagnostic correlation was found to be 75-100% implying the importance of imaging in cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Morbidity and mortality in the study group were 28.5% and 2.1%, respectively. Conclusion: Pancreatic cystic neoplasms were mostly benign with female preponderance and presented in the younger age group with prevalence of SPEN higher than IPMN in our subcontinent. These can be reliably diagnosed on preoperative cross-sectional imaging, and surgical resection is associated with favourable outcome and acceptable morbidity.

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BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is a type of malignancy that is highly prevalent in Asian countries. Therefore, an understanding between NPC epidemiological trend, the clinico-pathological and aetiological profiles are needed. This systematic review focuses on asian countries demographic and clinico-pathological presentation reported in 9982 NPC cases diagnosed from the year 2010 to 2021. METHODOLOGY: Data were extracted from databases, such as PubMed, Springer Link, Science Direct, Google Scholar and general search engines, by using pre-determined keywords (e.g. clinico-pathological data, age, sex, tumour stage, nasopharyngeal cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, naso-pharynx and cancer in Asia). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Findings from our systematic review shows that from 2010 to 2021, males in age range below 50 years old are at a higher risk of developing NPC in Asia. NPC is mostly diagnosed at advanced stage in Asia, which is likely due to the deep-seated location of the cancer. Type III NPC and EBV proteins (EBNA1 and LMP2A) are frequently associated with reported EBV-positive NPC cases in Asian countries. Meanwhile, NPC type I, II, and III are associated with EBV-negative NPC cases in Asia. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alleles (A2, B27, and B46) are frequently present in reported EBV-negative NPC cases in Asia. In Asia, males below 50 years old are more prone to NPC and often diagnosed at late stage. EBV-positive and EBV-negative NPC in Asia have unique histological profiles. Systemic approach of this study may help to provide better knowledge on reported NPC cases especially on the risk factors and clinical presentation focusing in Asian countries.

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Basaloid tumors comprise a wide spectrum of benign and malignant tumors like basal cell carcinoma, seborrheic keratosis, pilomatricoma, basosquamous carcinoma, trichoblastoma, and cylindroma. Among them, basal cell carcinoma is the most common type which constitutes about 90% of all malignant skin tumor. This study was aimed at analyzing the clinico-pathological profile of basaloid skin tumors attending radiotherapy and surgery OPD of our institution and compares them with those of the reported literature from rest of the country as well as outside world. All cases of basaloid skin tumors presented at radiotherapy, surgery, and dermatology OPD between January 2020 and June 2021 with or without a histological diagnosis were evaluated. Those without a histological diagnosis underwent biopsy and categorized according to standard histological criteria. After histological confirmation, we collected demographic, clinical, and pathological data of the cases. Among 106 patients analyzed, 54.7% (58) cases were diagnosed as basal cell carcinoma followed by seborrheic keratosis (17.9%), pilomatricoma (13.2%), basosquamous carcinoma (9.4%), trichoblastoma (2.8%), and cylindroma (1.8%). Mean age of presentation was 57.03 (± 7.435) years, and head-neck region was the most common site of involvement for basal cell carcinoma. Twenty-two cases required immunohistochemical assessment for confirmation of diagnosis. To conclude, this study is one of its first from Eastern India and will act as a stepping stone for future studies concentrating on clinico-pathological profile, early diagnosis and treatment of basaloid skin tumors.

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BACKGROUND: The results of the association between aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) expression and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are contradictory. We conducted this meta-analysis to investigate the clinical significance and prognostic value of ALDH1 in NSCLC. METHODS: The databases PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Wanfang, and CNKI were systematically queried to identify eligible studies. The retrieval time was from database establishment to August 2023. We evaluated the correlation between ALDH1 expression and clinical features of NSCLC by employing odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). In addition, we used hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs to evaluate the role of ALDH1 expression in the prognosis of NSCLC. RESULTS: Our study included 21 literatures involving 2721 patients. The expression of ALDH1 in NSCLC was higher than that in normal tissues (OR = 6.04, 95% CI: 1.25-29.27, P = 0.026). The expression of ALDH1 was related to TNM stage (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.06-3.09, P = 0.029), tumor grade (OR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.17-0.48, P < 0.0001), lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.60, 95% CI: 1.52-4.45, P = 0001) and histological subtype (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.52-0.86, P = 0.002). In patients with NSCLC, we found that the over-expression of ALDH1 was significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.15-1.81, P = 0.002) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.45-2.10, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The expression of ALDH1 is closely associated with the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of NSCLC. ALDH1 may serve as a valuable clinical assessment tool and prognostic predictor in NSCLC.

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Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare, sporadic, late-onset progressive neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology, clinically characterized by an akinetic-rigid syndrome, behavior and personality disorders, language problems (aphasias), apraxia, executive and cognitive abnormalities and limb dystonia. The syndrome is not specific, as clinical features of pathologically proven CBD include several phenotypes. This 4-repeat (4R) tauopathy is morphologically featured by often asymmetric frontoparietal atrophy, ballooned/achromatic neurons containing filamentous 4R-tau aggregates in cortex and striatum, thread-like processes that are more widespread than in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), pathognomonic "astroglial plaques", and numerous inclusions in both astrocytes and oligodendroglia ("coiled bodies") in the white matter. Cognitive deficits in CBD are frequent initial presentations before onset of motor symptoms, depending on the phenotypic variant. They predominantly include executive and visuospatial dysfunction, sleep disorders and language deficits with usually preserved memory domains. Neuroimaging studies showed heterogenous locations of brain atrophy, particularly contralateral to the dominant symptoms, with disruption of striatal connections to prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia circuitry. Asymmetric hypometabolism, mainly involving frontal and parietal regions, is associated with brain cholinergic deficits, and dopaminergic nigrostriatal degeneration. Widespread alteration of cortical and subcortical structures causing heterogenous changes in various brain functional networks support the concept that CBD, similar to PSP, is a brain network disruption disorder. Putative pathogenic factors are hyperphosphorylated tau-pathology, neuroinflammation and oxidative injury, but the basic mechanisms of cognitive impairment in CBD, as in other degenerative movement disorders, are complex and deserve further elucidation as a basis for early diagnosis and adequate treatment of this fatal disorder.

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To study the usefulness of clinical features, histopathological and radiological features in diagnosis and management of salivary gland lesions. Prospective study conducted at the department of ENT of a tertiary care centre in central India. A total of 162 patients who were treated over a period of 2 years for salivary gland lesions were studied with regards to correlation between clinical diagnosis, cytological examination and radiological features with histopathological diagnosis. Mean age group was 23.94 (± 15.43) years. There was slight male preponderance. Commonest presenting complaint was swelling. The most common gland involved was minor salivary glands followed by parotid gland. Sensitivity of clinical diagnosis, USG and FNAC for neoplastic lesions was found to be 80%, 95.65% and 79.61% respectively. Specificity of clinical diagnosis, USG and FNAC for neoplastic lesions was found to be 100%, 100% and 97.23% respectively. At the end of the study we concluded that combination of thorough clinical examination, radiological and cytological examination help in proper diagnosis, but it should always be confirmed on histopathology because some surprises are expected with regards to the nature of salivary gland lesions.

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Purpose: Globally, breast cancer is the leading malignancy in females. Indeed, Asian cohorts show prevalence of breast cancer among women with ages below 40 years. Moreover, these younger cases are globally characterized by poorer prognostic features as well as survival outcomes, than older sufferers with ages above 40 years. Despite this, comparative analyses between older and younger cohorts are sparse from India, where data from the country's eastern part falls shortest. This study attempted a comprehensive analysis of breast cancer between these two cohorts representing the Eastern Indian subcontinent. Methods: Documenting retrospective case-files registered between 2010 and 2015, 394 cases of younger (<40 years) and 1250 older (≥40 years) sufferers of primary breast cancer were noted. The relevant features and follow-up information were also retrieved. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to evaluate the survival outcome. Results: The data, in general, revealed a high percentage of younger sufferers from Eastern Indian regions. Moreover, this younger cohort showed poor survival. Among the younger cohort, cases with poor pathological features (triple negative, node-positive, grade III) were proportionately higher than the older cohort. Indeed, survival among these categories scored significantly low, compared to the older cohort. Conclusion: This Eastern Indian subcontinental data matched the analyses from other parts of India as well as Asian data and clearly showed the prevalence of younger sufferers of breast cancer with poor clinico-pathological features and survival outcomes. Impact: Analyzing age-based features and outcomes from Eastern India, this study provides data in supplementing Indian and Asian scenarios of breast cancer.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinicopathological features of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN). METHODS: A total of 13 cases of BPDCN diagnosed in Peking University First Hospital from January 2013 to March 2022 were collected. The clinical features, histopathological characteristics, immunophenotypes and prognosis of the patients were analyzed retrospectively, and the related literatures was reviewed as well. RESULTS: Among the 13 patients, 11 were male and 2 were female, with a median age of 62 years (ranging from 5 to 78 years). Among them, single organ involvement occurred in 5 cases, all of which presented with skin lesions. Two or more organs were involved in other 8 cases (single organ with bone marrow involved in 3 cases; skin, bone marrow and lymph node involved simultaneously in 3 cases; skin, bone marrow, lymph node and spleen involved simultaneously in 2 cases). Histopathologically, it was characterized by the proliferation of medium to large atypical blastic cells, which infiltrated the whole thickness of dermis. When involved, the bone marrow lesions mainly appeared in a diffuse pattern, while the lymph node structure was usually destroyed, and the red pulp of the affected spleen was diffusely invaded. Immunohistochemical staining showed that all the 13 cases were positive for CD4, CD56, and CD123 (13/13) in varying degrees. All the 9 cases expressed TCL1 (9/9). Variable expression of CD68 (KP1) (8/13), TdT (7/12), CD117 (2/6), and high Ki-67 proliferation index (40%~80%) were showed. The neoplastic cells lacked expressions of CD20, CD3, MPO, CD34, or CD30; EBER in situ hybridization were negative (0/9). After definite diagnosis, 6 cases received chemotherapy, among which 1 received adjuvant radiotherapy, and 2 received subsequent bone marrow transplantation. Another 2 cases only received maintenance treatment. The median follow-up time was 14 months (ranging from 6 to 36 months), 5 patients died of the disease (6 to 18 months), 3 patients survived (7 to 36 months up to now), and the remaining 5 patients lost follow-up. CONCLUSION: BPDCN is a rare type of malignant lymphohematopoietic tumor with aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. The diagnosis should be made combining clinical features, histopathology, and immunohistochemical phenotype. Attention should be paid to differentiating BPDCN from other neoplasms with blastoid morphology or CD4+CD56+ tumors.

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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinicopathological features of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN).@*METHODS@#A total of 13 cases of BPDCN diagnosed in Peking University First Hospital from January 2013 to March 2022 were collected. The clinical features, histopathological characteristics, immunophenotypes and prognosis of the patients were analyzed retrospectively, and the related literatures was reviewed as well.@*RESULTS@#Among the 13 patients, 11 were male and 2 were female, with a median age of 62 years (ranging from 5 to 78 years). Among them, single organ involvement occurred in 5 cases, all of which presented with skin lesions. Two or more organs were involved in other 8 cases (single organ with bone marrow involved in 3 cases; skin, bone marrow and lymph node involved simultaneously in 3 cases; skin, bone marrow, lymph node and spleen involved simultaneously in 2 cases). Histopathologically, it was characterized by the proliferation of medium to large atypical blastic cells, which infiltrated the whole thickness of dermis. When involved, the bone marrow lesions mainly appeared in a diffuse pattern, while the lymph node structure was usually destroyed, and the red pulp of the affected spleen was diffusely invaded. Immunohistochemical staining showed that all the 13 cases were positive for CD4, CD56, and CD123 (13/13) in varying degrees. All the 9 cases expressed TCL1 (9/9). Variable expression of CD68 (KP1) (8/13), TdT (7/12), CD117 (2/6), and high Ki-67 proliferation index (40%~80%) were showed. The neoplastic cells lacked expressions of CD20, CD3, MPO, CD34, or CD30; EBER in situ hybridization were negative (0/9). After definite diagnosis, 6 cases received chemotherapy, among which 1 received adjuvant radiotherapy, and 2 received subsequent bone marrow transplantation. Another 2 cases only received maintenance treatment. The median follow-up time was 14 months (ranging from 6 to 36 months), 5 patients died of the disease (6 to 18 months), 3 patients survived (7 to 36 months up to now), and the remaining 5 patients lost follow-up.@*CONCLUSION@#BPDCN is a rare type of malignant lymphohematopoietic tumor with aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. The diagnosis should be made combining clinical features, histopathology, and immunohistochemical phenotype. Attention should be paid to differentiating BPDCN from other neoplasms with blastoid morphology or CD4+CD56+ tumors.

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INTRODUCTION: Worldwide, breast cancer (BC)  is a prominent cause of death, with a disproportionately high incidence in developed countries. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been reported in up to 90% of the world's population.  Although the exact link of EBV infection and breast carcinoma is not yet determined. The present study was carried out to assess the pathological correlation of EBV infection and BC in women from Northern India. METHODOLOGY: In this prospective observational study, 130 patients with histologically proven breast carcinoma were included. After detailed histology, the paraffin block with infiltrative tumor was selected for molecular analysis and further immunohistochemistry (IHC)- EBV PCR and Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) IHC. RESULTS: Most of the patients were diagnosed with Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma not otherwise specified (IDC-NOS), followed by Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma + Ductal Carcinoma in situ (IDC + DCIS). The total of 25 tissues of breast carcinoma had positive EBV PCR results (19.23%). The co-relation between the molecular and immunohistochemical results was significant in 11/25 cases that showed immunoexpression for LMP1 by IHC. Sensitivity of 44% and specificity of 100% were observed for LMP1 IHC, having a PPV value of 100% and an NPV of 88%. No significant correlation was observed between age, tumor subtype, grade, stage with respect to EBV infection; however, there was a significant association with nodal metastasis with extra nodal extension in tumors that had EBV infection. CONCLUSION: The present study establishes an association between LMP1 and patients with EBV positive breast cancer. The authors suggest that additional multicentric studies be conducted to strengthen the reliability and generalizability of the observations of the current study.

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INTRODUCTION: Targeting Kirsten Rat Sarcoma (KRAS) has been deemed impossible for long time, but new drugs have recently demonstrated promising results. Evidence on the outcome of KRAS-mutant advanced-NSCLC treated with new standard regimens are still scarce. Thus, we aimed at assessing the incidence and clinical impact of KRAS mutations in a real-life population of advanced-NSCLC, exploring the prognostic significance of distinct alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present multicenter retrospective study, conducted by 5 Italian Centers from January 2018 to February 2020, involved 297 advanced KRAS mutant NSCLC. Complete clinico-pathological data were evaluated. RESULTS: Out of 297 patients, 130 carried KRAS_G12C mutation, while 167 presented with mutations other than G12C. Within KRAS_non-G12C group, 73%, 16.8% and 8.9% harboured G12X, codon 13 and Q61H alterations, respectively. No significant differences in survival outcome and treatment response were documented according to KRAS_G12C versus non-G12C, nor KRAS_G12C versus G12X versus other mutations. On univariate analysis ECOG PS, number and sites of metastatic lesions and PD-L1 status significantly impacted on survival. A clear trend towards worse prognosis was apparent in chemotherapy-treated patients, while immunotherapy-based regimens were associated to prolonged survival. Investigating the outcome of PD-L1 ≥ 50% population, we did not detect any significant difference between KRAS_G12C and non-G12C subsets. CONCLUSION: Here, we report on real-life data from a large retrospective cohort of advanced NSCLC harbouring KRAS alterations, with particular attention to G12C mutation. Our study offers useful clues on survival outcome, therapeutic response and clinico-pathological correlations in KRAS-mutant setting, especially in the upcoming era of KRAS G12C targeting therapy.

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Aims: This study investigated the relationship between proteinuria levels, clinicopathological features, and renal prognoses in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: Three hundred patients with T2DM and biopsy-proven DN were enrolled. Patients were stratified by 24-h proteinuria levels: Group 1:≤1g/24h); Group 2:1-3g/24h; and Group 3:≥3g/24h. Renal outcomes were defined as having reached end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The proteinuria level's influence on the renal outcomes was evaluated using Cox regression analysis. Results: Among subgroups stratified by proteinuria levels, systolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, BUN, cholesterol, DR and hypertension incidence, the incidences of patients who progressed to ESRD were the lowest in group 1 (P<0.05). However, eGFR, serum albumin and hemoglobin were highest in group 1. Patients with higher proteinuria levels had much lower five-year renal survival rates. Univariate analyses revealed that higher proteinuria levels were significant clinical predictors of renal prognosis (P<0.05), although they were not independent risk factors for progression to ESRD in the multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis (P>0.05). Conclusions: The higher the level of proteinuria, the lower the 5-year renal survival rate of DN patients, but there was no significant correlation between proteinuria level and 5-year renal survival rate. Other factors in the proteinuria group may have more significant effects on the 5-year renal survival rate, such as lower baseline eGFR, serum albumin, hemoglobin and higher cholesterol, higher incidences of DR and more severe lesions.

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Background: Disparity between sexes with regard to incidence, disease aggressiveness, and prognosis has been documented in several cancers. Although various reports have documented the association between male sex and aggressive papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the prognostic impact of sex on PTC has been inconsistent. The role of sex in PTC aggressiveness and outcome in Middle Eastern PTC remains unknown. Therefore, our study retrospectively analyzed the data of a large cohort of Middle Eastern PTC patients to address this issue. Methods: We compared men and women with respect to clinico-pathological characteristics, disease persistence, structural recurrence, risk stratification, and prognosis. We included 1,430 patients-1,085 (75.9%) women and 345 (24.1%) men. Results: The median follow-up was 9.3 years. At diagnosis, 27% (93/345) of men were ≥55 years, compared with 17.8% (193/1085) of women (p = 0.0003). Men had significantly more advanced disease at presentation: higher stage (p = 0.0074), larger tumor size (p = 0.0069), higher rates of lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.0129), extrathyroidal extension (p = 0.0086), regional lymph node metastasis (p = 0.0279), and distant metastasis (p = 0.0101). There was a higher rate of recurrence (p < 0.0001) and TERT mutations (p = 0.0003) in male PTC patients than in female patients. Additionally, radioiodine refractoriness was higher in male PTC patients (p = 0.0014). In multivariate analysis, male sex was an independent prognostic factor for poor recurrence-free survival (RFS) (hazard ratio = 1.58; 95% confidence interval = 1.20-2.06; p = 0.0011). Conclusions: Men with PTC are more likely to present with more advanced and aggressive disease. Importantly, male sex was an independent prognostic factor for RFS. Thus, men may benefit from more aggressive management and therapeutic interventions.

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