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INTRODUCTION: Knowledge of anatomical variants that affect the hepatic duct (HD) are of particular clinical relevance during hepatobiliary surgical procedures. More specifically, the aberrant anatomy of the common HD is the most common anatomical variation affecting the biliary tree. Below, we describe different classifications of anatomical variants that affect this canal. According to Huang's classification, variations are determined depending on the insertion of the right posterior hepatic duct (RPHD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS databases were investigated until January 2024. The methodological quality was assessed with an anatomical studies assurance tool (AQUA). Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model. For the subgroup analysis, Student's T-test was used. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of aberrant hepatic duct (AHD) was 15% (confidence interval [CI] of 7-22%). The first subgroup had cadavers and images. For the cadavers, the prevalence was 15.83% (CI: 11.22-18.3%), while the images had a prevalence of 22.06% (CI: 18.12-25.33%). This subgroup analysis showed no statistically significant difference between these groups (p = 0.127). The second subgroup comprised the continents where the included studies were from. In this subgroup, no statistically significant differences were found (p = 0.613). Finally, regarding the right or left laterality of the HD variant, there were no statistically significant differences (p = 0.089). CONCLUSION: A AHD corresponds to a finding that can occur in a significant percentage of our society, which could be an accidental discovery during surgeries or present asymptomatically throughout life and be a cadaveric discovery later. We believe it is important for surgeons to have prior knowledge of the possible variants of HD to prevent possible complications during and after surgery.

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PURPOSE: The most common anomaly is an anomalous left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery. These variants can be different and depend on the location as well as how they present themselves in their anatomical distribution and their symptomatological relationship. For these reasons, this review aims to identify the variants of the coronary artery and how they are associated with different clinical conditions. METHODS: The databases Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS were researched until January 2024. Two authors independently performed the search, study selection, and data extraction. Methodological quality was evaluated using an assurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA). Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model. RESULTS: A total of 39 studies met the established selection criteria. In this study, 21 articles with a total of 578,868 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The coronary artery origin variant was 1% (CI = 0.8-1.2%). For this third sample, the funnel plot graph showed an important asymmetry, with a p-value of 0.162, which is directly associated with this asymmetry. CONCLUSIONS: It is recommended that patients whose diagnosis was made incidentally and in the absence of symptoms undergo periodic controls to prevent future complications, including death. Finally, we believe that further studies could improve the anatomical, embryological, and physiological understanding of this variant in the heart.

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Background: Glioblastoma is a primary malignant brain tumor; it is aggressive with a high degree of malignancy and unfavorable prognosis and is the most common type of malignant brain tumor. Glioblastomas can be located in the brain, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord, originating from glial cells, particularly astrocytes. Methods: The databases MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and CINAHL were researched up to January 2024. Two authors independently performed the search, study selection, and data extraction. Methodological quality was evaluated with an assurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA). The statistical mean, standard deviation, and difference of means calculated with the Student's t-test for presence between hemispheres and presence in the frontal and temporal lobes were analyzed. Results: A total of 123 studies met the established selection criteria, with a total of 6224 patients. In relation to the mean, GBM between hemispheres had a mean of 33.36 (SD 58.00) in the right hemisphere and a mean of 34.70 (SD 65.07) in the left hemisphere, due to the difference in averages between hemispheres. There were no statistically significant differences, p = 0.35. For the comparison between the presence of GBM in the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe, there was a mean in the frontal lobe of 23.23 (SD 40.03), while in the temporal lobe, the mean was 22.05 (SD 43.50), and for the difference in means between the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe, there was no statistically significant difference for the presence of GBM, p = 0.178. Conclusions: We believe that before a treatment, it will always be correct to know where the GBM is located and how it behaves clinically, in order to generate correct conservative or surgical treatment guidelines for each patient. We believe that more detailed studies are also needed to show why GBM is associated more with some regions than others, despite the brain structure being homologous to other regions in which GMB occurs less frequently, which is why knowing its predominant presence in brain regions is very important.

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The mental foramen (MF) is an opening found bilaterally on the anterolateral aspect of the mandible; it can be round or oval and have different diameters. One of the anatomical variants of the jaw is the presence of an accessory mental foramen (AMF). These are usually smaller than the MF and can be located above, below, or to the sides of the main MF. The objective of this study was to recognize the presence of AMF in dry jaws of the Chilean population and collect information about its clinical relevance reported in the literature. In this descriptive observational study, we have collected dried jaws obtained from three higher education institutions in Santiago de Chile, from the Department of Morphology of the Andrés Bello University, the Normal Human Anatomy Unit of the University of Santiago, and the Human Anatomy pavilion from the Faculty of Medicine of the Finis Terrae University. The samples for this research were obtained by convenience, and the observation of the jaws was carried out in the human anatomy laboratories of each institution by three evaluators independently, and a fourth evaluator was included to validate that each evaluation was correct. The sample for this research came from 260 dry jaws, showing the following findings from the total jaws studied, and to classify as an accessory MF, it will be examined and measured so that it complies with what is declared in the literature as the presence of AMF, which is between 0.74 mm. and 0.89 mm. There were 17 studies included with a sample that fluctuated between 1 and 4000, with a cumulative total of 7946 and an average number of jaws analyzed from the studies of 467.4, showing statistically significant differences between the means with the sample analyzed in this study; p = 0.095. For the cumulative prevalence of the presence of AMF, this was 3.07 in this study, and in the compared studies, the average of AMF was 8.01%, which did not present a statistically significant difference; p = 0.158. Regarding the presence of variants of unilateral AMF, this occurred in five jaws, which is equivalent to 1.84% in the sample of this study, while in previous studies, it was 7.5%, being higher on the left side than on the right. The presence of AMF is a variant with high prevalence if we compare it with other variants of the jaw. Knowledge of the anatomy and position of the AMF is crucial to analyze different scenarios in the face of surgical procedures or conservative treatments of the lower anterior dental region.

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Background: Coronary arteries originate from the first portion of the aorta, emerging from the right and left aortic sinuses. They traverse through the subepicardium and coronary sulcus to supply the myocardium during diastolic function. The objective of this review was to understand how the hypoplasia and agenesis of the coronary arteries are associated with cardiac pathologies. Methods: The databases Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS were researched until January 2024. An assurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA) was used to evaluate methodological quality. The pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model. Results: A total of three studies met the established selection criteria for inclusion in this meta-analysis. The prevalence of coronary artery variants was 3% (CI = 2% to 8%), with a heterogeneity of 77%. The other studies were analyzed descriptively, along with their respective clinical considerations in the presence of the variant. Conclusions: Hypoplasia and the congenital absence of the coronary arteries are often incidental findings and understanding these variants is crucial to prevent misdiagnosis. Additionally, it is essential to exercise caution when considering surgical management for hearts with these variants.

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PURPOSE: The vertebral artery (VA) is a vital branch of the subclavian artery, coursing through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae, and playing a crucial role in irrigating the posterior region of the arterial cerebral circle, also known as the Polygon of Willis. Among the various possible alterations that can affect the VA, vertebral artery hypoplasia (HAV) emerges as a significant variant. This study aims to discern the anatomical features of HAV and its correlation with the clinical conditions of the posterior cerebral circulation. METHODS: The databases Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS were searched until January 2024. Two authors independently performed the search, study selection, and data extraction. Methodological quality was evaluated with an assurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA). Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model. RESULTS: A total of 24 studies met the established selection criteria, with a total of 8847 subjects. In this study, 6 articles were included for the meta-analysis with a total of subjects. The average prevalence of VAH reported in each study was 11% (95% CI 10-12%); the studies had a heterogeneity of 41% based on the funnel plot and a low risk of bias. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of VAH is low, but in the presence of this condition, the changes are mainly in diameter rather than morphological. If it is present, some clinical safeguards must be taken to avoid complications such as stroke.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the main anatomical variants and morphofunctional alterations in the lower limb that compress surrounding nervous structures in the gluteal region, thigh region, and leg and foot region. Methods: We searched the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS databases from their inception up to October 2023. An assurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA) was used to evaluate methodological quality, and the Joanna Briggs Institute assessment tool for case reports was also used. Forest plots were generated to assess the prevalence of variants of the gluteal region, thigh, and leg. Results: According to the forest plot of the gluteal region, the prevalence was 0.18 (0.14-0.23), with a heterogeneity of 93.52%. For the thigh region, the forest plot presented a prevalence of 0.10 (0.03-0.17) and a heterogeneity of 91.18%. The forest plot of the leg region was based on seven studies, which presented a prevalence of 0.01 (0.01-0.01) and a heterogeneity of 96.18%. Conclusions: This review and meta-analysis showed that, in studies that analyzed nerve compressions, the prevalence was low in the thigh and leg regions, while in the gluteal region, it was slightly higher. This is mainly due to the PM region and its different variants. We believe that it is important to analyze all the variant regions defined in this study and that surgeons treating the lower limb should be attentive to these possible scenarios so that they can anticipate possible surgical situations and thus avoid surgical complications.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of anatomical variants in the bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) and report its association with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathology. METHODS: We searched the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS databases from their inception up to September 2023. Two authors independently performed the search, study selection, and data extraction, and they also assessed the methodological quality with an assurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA). Finally, the pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model. RESULTS: A total of 50 studies met the eligibility criteria. Twenty studies, with a total of 88,625 subjects, were included in the meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of the bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) variant was 1% (95% CI = 1% to 2%). CONCLUSIONS: The correlation between the BMC and TMJ pathologies has a relatively low prevalence in studies that present a considerable number of subjects. From a clinical point of view, a direct association cannot be made between the presence of the BMC and TMJ pathologies or symptoms.

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OBJECTIVE: This systematic review analyzes the anatomical variants in the pancreas and its ductal system to report on their association with pancreatic pathologies. METHODS: We conducted a search of the MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS databases from their inception to July 2023. The methodological quality was assessed with the Anatomical Quality Assessment (AQUA) tool. Finally, the pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model. RESULTS: 55 studies were found that met the eligibility criteria. The overall prevalence of pancreas divisum (PD) was 18% (95% CI = 15-21%). The prevalence of PD associated with pancreatitis was 30% (95% CI = 1-61%). CONCLUSIONS: An anatomical variant of the pancreas such as PD may be the cause of bile duct obstruction, resulting in various clinical complications, such as pancreatitis. Hence, knowing this variant is extremely important for surgeons, especially for those who treat the gastroduodenal region.

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El uso de nuevos recursos tecnológicos en la enseñanza de anatomía ha impulsado la necesidad de adaptar el modelo educativo haciéndolo más centrado en el estudiante, dinámico y participativo mediante herramientas digitales y 3D; orientando los conocimientos hacia su aplicación clínica, pero bajo un ajuste curricular que tiende a cursar menos horas presenciales en aula o laboratorio. Este trabajo describe la experiencia local de una nueva Escuela de Medicina en Chile, reportada el año 2018, además y otros trabajos de centros formadores presentados en el "SECTRA Users Meeting 2019 Estocolmo", Karolinska Institutet, Suecia. Este trabajo describe los reportes orales sobre la aplicación de nuevos recursos digitales como; la mesa de disección digital táctil SECTRA® y modelos anatómicos cadavéricos impresos en 3D Erler-Zimmer®, bases de datos sobre anatomía digital, además, su impacto en el desempeño académico, reportado por usuarios de diferentes países, tales como: Australia, Canadá, Chile, China, Colombia, Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (EUA) y Suecia. Los datos fueron recopilados y analizados a partir de la información reportada en las presentaciones orales y resúmenes entregados por los expositores. La gran mayoría de los países expositores declararon el uso combinado de recursos digitales y 3D sumados a los tradicionales para la enseñanza de anatomía. Sólo el representante de EUA declaró usar exclusivamente recursos digitales (en laboratorio y en línea), experiencia correspondiente a una joven e innovadora escuela de medicina. La mayoría de los centros docentes declaró utilizar la mesa de disección digital en una amplia proporción de sus contenidos curriculares, en asociación a plataformas tipo RIS/PACS como IDS7 portal de SECTRA o las utilizadas por el centro formador. El uso de nuevas tecnologías digitales y 3D ha ganado un importante espacio en el currículum de la enseñanza de anatomía, complementando el uso de los recursos tradicionales.

SUMMARY: The use of new technological resources in the teaching of anatomy has promoted the need to adapt the educational model, making it more student-centered, dynamic, and participatory through digital and 3D tools, directing the knowledge towards its clinical application, but under a curricular adjustment that tends to take fewer contact hours in the classroom or laboratory. This work describes the local experience of a new School of Medicine in Chile, reported in 2018, and other work from training centers presented at the "SECTRA Users Meeting 2019 Stockholm", Karolinska Institutet, Sweden. This work describes the oral reports on the application of new digital resources such as; the SECTRA® digital tactile dissection table and Erler- Zimmer® 3D printed cadaveric anatomical models, databases on digital anatomy, in addition, its impact on academic performance, reported by users from different countries, such as Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, United States of America (USA) and Sweden. The data was collected and analyzed from the information reported in the oral presentations and summaries delivered by the speakers.The vast majority of the exhibiting countries declared the combined use of digital and 3D resources added to the traditional ones for teaching anatomy. Only the representative from the USA stated that they exclusively used digital resources (in the laboratory and online), an experience corresponding to a young and innovative medical school. Most of the educational centers stated that they used the digital dissection table in a large proportion of their curricular contents, in association with RIS/PACS-type platforms such as the IDS7 SECTRA portal or those used by the training center. The use of new digital and 3D technologies has gained an important space in the anatomy teaching curriculum, complementing the use of traditional resources.

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INTRODUCTION: The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is the structure responsible for sensory and motor innervation of the larynx, and it has been shown that its lesion due to a lack of surgical rigor led to alterations such as respiratory obstruction due to vocal cords paralysis and permanent phonation impairment. The objectives of this review were to know the variants of the RLN and its clinical relevance in the neck region. METHODS: This review considered specific scientific articles that were written in Spanish or English and published between 1960 and 2022. A systematic search was carried out in the electronic databases MEDLINE, WOS, CINAHL, SCOPUS, SCIELO, and Latin American and Caribbean Center for Information on Health Sciences to compile the available literature on the subject to be treated and was enrolled in PROSPERO. The included articles were studies that had a sample of RLN dissections or imaging, intervention group to look for RLN variants, or the comparison of the non-recurrent laryngeal nerve (NRLN) variants, and finally, its clinical correlations. Review articles and letters to the editor were excluded. All included articles were evaluated through quality assessment and risk of bias analysis using the methodological quality assurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA). The extracted data in the meta-analysis were interpreted to calculate the prevalence of the RLN variants and their comparison and the relationship between the RLN and NRLN. The heterogeneity degree between included studies was assessed. RESULTS: The included studies that showed variants of the RLN included in this review were 41, a total of 29,218. For the statistical analysis of the prevalence of the RLN variant, a forest plot was performed with 15 studies that met the condition of having a prevalence of less than 100%. As a result, the prevalence was shown to be 12% (95% CI, SD 0.11 to 0.14). Limitations that were present in this review were the publication bias of the included studies, the probability of not having carried out the most sensitive and specific search, and finally, the authors' personal inclinations in selecting the articles. DISCUSSION: This meta-analysis can be considered based on an update of the prevalence of RLN variants, in addition to considering that the results show some clinical correlations such as intra-surgical complications and with some pathologies and aspects function of the vocal cords, which could be a guideline in management prior to surgery or of interest for the diagnostic.

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BACKGROUND: The maxillary artery (MA) is one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery (ECA) and through its branches, it is responsible for vascularizing several organs and muscles of the head and neck, including their surrounding soft tissues, the oral and sinonasal cavities, dura mater, and various cranial nerves. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of maxillary artery anatomy according to the Anatomical Quality Assurance (AQUA) checklist. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search through PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, SciELO, Springerlink, WILEY and BIREME databases. We applied the Anatomical Quality Assurance (AQUA) checklist for analysis the methodological quality of the articles. RESULTS: From a total of 11,759 articles found in the first search, and after applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, in addition to eliminating duplicate articles, a final number of 24 articles were identified. The information on the maxillary artery was analyzed from each study regarding its course in relation to the lateral pterygoid muscle, the intra- and extraluminal diameters of the maxillary artery and its branches, and the types of branching of the maxillary artery in the pterygopalatine fossa. CONCLUSION: From this study, it was possible to conclude the importance of anatomical knowledge of the maxillary artery, for its application in the clinical study of the head and neck, as well as the need to apply the AQUA checklist in the development of systematic anatomical reviews to ensure accurate reliability and a better assessment of the effect of anatomical publications.

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RESUMEN: El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en el análisis de la posición del arco palmar superficial en la palma de la mano, con identificación del origen, forma de disposición, anastomosis presentes y terminación del mismo, proporcionando la experiencia propia y comparándola con los referentes del área, sin llevar adelante una comparación de clasificaciones, sino por el contrario, buscando analizar la información desde un punto de vista clínico-quirúrgico, demostrando la importancia del conocimiento de la anatomía real del arco palmar superficial al momento de abordar la anatomía vascular de la mano en todo tipo de situaciones patológicas.

SUMMARY: The objective of this work consists in the analysis of the position of the superficial palmar arch in the palm of the hand, with identification of the origin, form of disposition, present anastomosis and termination of the same, providing the own experience and comparing it with the referents of the area, without carrying out a comparison of classifications, but on the contrary, seeking to analyze the information from a clinical-surgical point of view, demonstrating the importance of knowledge of the real anatomy of the superficial palmar arch when addressing the vascular anatomy of the hand in all kinds of pathological situations.

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INTRODUCTION: The anatomical variations of the mandibular canal have been described according to the number of additional branches it presents, bifid and trifid. Within the bifids we can also find subtypes of variations such as the retromolar mandibular canal. These anatomical variations can have important clinical implications for the work of dental professionals. METHODS: A systematic search of the literature was carried out in different databases that met the following criteria: articles published between 2000 and 2020, and articles that established a clinical correlation with variations in the mandibular canal. RESULTS: After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 32 articles were obtained, in which the variations of the mandibular canal were identified, their prevalence and incidence, which was very varied between the different articles, it was also found that the CBCT was the main technique to identify the anatomical variations of the mandibular canal. Lastly, the anatomical variations of the mandibular canal have a direct clinical correlation with pre-surgical, intra-surgical and postsurgical complications in pathologies that require surgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The anatomical variations of the mandibular canal have a high incidence, so knowing them is of vital importance both for clinicians and anatomy professors who provide morphological training. We believe that research should focus on describing and diagnosing the causes of these anatomical variations. That said, there is also a continuous challenge for all health professionals to learn about the different anatomical variations that the human body presents and how these can affect clinical practice.

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RESUMEN: La disposición anatómica de los músculos faciales es de una notable complejidad y requiere de un estudio pormenorizado para lograr su reconomiento preciso. La comprensión de la disposición morfológica y la funcionalidad del modiolo del ángulo oral (Modiolus angulis oris) es de gran relevancia al momento de analizar la constitución muscular de la comisura labial, y para comprender clínicamente las lesiones del ángulo de la cavidad oral, lo que permitirá un abordaje terapéutico adecuado, crucial para la preservación y reconstitución de la armonía facial.

SUMMARY: The anatomical arrangement of the facial muscles is of considerable complexity and requires a detailed study to achieve its precise recognition. The understanding of the morphological disposition and the functionality of the angle of the mouth (Modiolus angulis oris) is of great relevance when analyzing the muscular constitution of the labial commissure, and to understand clinically the injuries of the angulus oris, what that will allow an adequate therapeutic approach, crucial for the preservation and reconstitution of facial harmony.

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In a recently published article, Andrea Porzionato et al, they expose the relevance of Forensic Clinical Anatomy as a tool in judicial strata when there are medical-legal implications for suspected child abuse and the presence of anatomical variants and traumatic injuries that at any given time are difficult to differentiate. A case is reported where the careful dissection of a minor's body reveals a congenital malformation of the genital-urinary tract that causes repeated urinary tract infections resulting in sepsis and death, based on this description and the context of death is determined that death is associated with child abuse from lack of medical attention.

En un artículo de reciente publicación, Andrea Porzionato et al, exponen la relevancia de la Anatomía Clínica Forense como herramienta en estratos judiciales cuando existen implicaciones médico-legales por sospecha de maltrato infantil y la presencia de variantes anatómicas y lesiones traumáticas que en un momento dado son difíciles de diferenciar. Se reporta un caso donde la cuidadosa disección del cuerpo de un menor revela una malformación congénita del tracto genital-urinario que ocasiona infecciones repetidas del tracto urinario resultando en sepsis y muerte, con base en esta descripción y se determina el contexto de muerte la cual está asociada con abuso infantil por falta de atención médica.

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Anatomical variations in the axillary region do not always appear in modern human anatomy texts, which leaves the risk of diagnostic and surgical errors by doctors unaware of these variations. This work presents an anatomical variation of muscular type in the axillary region that can potentially generate clinical manifestations or iatrogenic results during surgical procedures. Routine dissection of an upper limb in a male cadaver. An atypical muscle was found in the axillary region, located at the base of the right axilla, and conformed by three muscle fascicles that give rise to a common muscular belly. The three fascicles are joined at the base of the axilla, and form a thin flat muscle 120 mm long from this join to its tendon, with a cross-section diameter of 15 mm and a thickness of 2 mm. The common belly of the muscle establishes a posterior relationship with the neurovascular elements of the axillary fossa and partially covers them. The tendon 150 mm in length originates at the level of the union of the upper and middle thirds of the arm and ends inserted in the medial epicondyle of the humerus, relating in its path with muscular and neurovascular elements of the arm. Being familiar with this variation enriches diagnostic and surgical abilities and reduces the possibility of iatrogenia in surgery of the axillary and brachial regions.

Las variaciones anatómicas son frecuentes en la región axilar, sin embargo no siempre figuran en los textos modernos de anatomía humana, existiendo un potencial riesgo de error diagnóstico y quirúrgico para quienes no las consideren. Se presenta una variación anatómica en la región axilar de tipo muscular que potencialmente puede generar manifestaciones clínicas o inducir iatrogenias durante un abordaje quirúrgico. Disección de rutina de miembro superior realizada en un cadáver adulto de sexo masculino. Se detectó un músculo atípico en la región axilar ubicado en la base de la axila derecha, compuesto por 3 fascículos musculares que dieron origen a un vientre muscular común. Los 3 fascículos, se unían en la base de la axila, formando un músculo delgado y plano de 120 mm longitud desde la unión de los fascículos hasta su tendón, con un diámetro transversal de 15 mm y un grosor de 2 mm. El vientre común del músculo establecía una relación posterior con los elementos neurovasculares de la fosa axilar y los cubría parcialmente. A nivel de la unión de los tercios superior y medio del brazo, desde el vientre muscular común se originaba un delgado tendón de 150 mm de longitud, que terminaba insertándose en el epicóndilo medial del húmero, relacionándose en su trayecto con los elementos musculares y neurovasculares del brazo. Conocer esta variación enriquece la capacidad diagnóstica y quirúrgica reduciendo la posibilidad de iatrogenia en la cirugía de las regiones axilar y braquial.

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BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to study the clinical anatomy of the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of the Madras Red sheep through the morphometric analysis of some clinically important parameters pertaining to the regional anaesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in 20 male and 20 female adult Madras Red sheep around 20-25 kg body weight. Eleven parameters re- lated to the clinical regional anaesthesia of the maxillofacial and the mandibular regions were recorded. RESULTS: The distance between the facial tuberosity to the infraorbital canal was 2.25 ± 0.14 cm in males and 2.14 ± 0.15 cm in females. The distance from the infraorbital canal to the root of the alveolar tooth was 1.73 ± 0.28 cm in males and 1.73 ± 0.13 cm in females. The length and height of the mandibles were 15.37 ± 0.56 cm, 9.00 ± 0.24 cm and in males 14.53 ± 0.24 cm, 9.68 ± 0.16 cm in females, respectively. The maximum height of the mandible to the coro- noid process, width or height of the mandibular foramen and the distance from the condyloid process to the base of the mandible were recorded as 9.0 ± 24, 0.82 ± 0.05, 6.68 ± 0.19 cm in males and 9.68 ± 0.16, 0.83 ± 0.04, 6.25 ± ± 0.28 cm in females, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that most of the parameters showed statistically significant difference between the sexes i.e. the males had higher values. However, from the practical point of view, these differences were meagre. The results were discussed with regard to their clinical applications in various regional anaesthesia performed in maxillofacial and mandibular regions of the Madras Red sheep.

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SUMMARY: The lateral costal branch (LCB) is a variation present in 15-30 % of the population. This blood vessel runs parallel and laterally to the internal thoracic artery from which it originates. Knowledge about the LCB is relevant for thoracic surgeons. In this study we present the findings from the dissection in a practical teaching exercise of the cadaver of a 62-year-old male. The thoracic contents were accessed by raising the anterolateral thoracic wall, the pulmonary pedicles were dissected and both lungs were removed. We observed bilaterally the trajectory of the LCB at the level of the medial axillary line parallel to the internal thoracic artery. On the right side, the LCB originates from the internal thoracic artery at the level of the first rib and extends to the eighth intercostal space, with a length of 26 cm and a caliber of 1.95 mm, communicating with the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries. The left branch originates from the internal thoracic close to their origin artery and extends until the sixth intercostal space, with a length of 14 cm and a caliber of 1.55 mm. it connects with the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries. On both sides the arteries were accompanied by a pair of satellite veins. The lateral costal arteries form part of the circulation of the thoracic wall, constituting an accessory arterial system with a trajectory parallel to the internal thorax and the aorta. Knowledge of it is relevant for invasive procedures, and myocardial revascularization procedure.

RESUMEN: La rama costal lateral es una variación presente en el 15-30 % de los casos, y sigue paralelo y lateral a la arteria torácica interna, de la cual se origina, siendo su conocimiento relevante para los cirujanos de tórax. Se presenta un hallazgo durante una disección en una actividad práctica docente, en un cadáver de sexo masculino de 62 años. Se accedió al contenido torácico levantando la pared esternocostal, procedimiento que comenzó con disección de la piel y musculatura hasta exponer ambas clavículas, se realizó un corte transversal de éstas en su tercio lateral para posteriormente realizar sección bilateral desde la primera hasta la octava costilla siguiendo la línea axilar anterior. Una vez revertida la pared esternocostal, se seccionaron los pedículos pulmonares, y se retiraron ambos pulmones. Se observó bilateralmente en la pared torácica el trayecto de un paquete vascular a nivel de la línea axilar media paralela a la arteria torácica interna. En el lado derecho se originaba a 2 cm del trayecto de la arteria torácica interna y se extendía hasta el octavo espacio intercostal con una longitud de 26 cm y un calibre de 1,95 mm, estableciendo comunicaciones con las arterias intercostales anteriores y posteriores, agotándose en ellas. La rama izquierda se originaba a 1,5 cm del trayecto iniciado por la arteria torácica interna extendiéndose hasta el sexto espacio intercostal; presentó un calibre de 1,55 mm y una de longitud de 14 cm, estableciendo comunicaciones con las arterias intercostales anteriores y posteriores, agotándose en ellas. En ambos lados las arterias eran acompañadas por un par de venas satélites. Las arterias costales laterales forman parte de la circulación de la pared torácica, constituyendo un sistema arterial accesorio al de la arteria torácica interna y la aorta. Su conocimiento es relevante en procedimientos invasivos, además de tener un alto valor docente y formativo.

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Introdução: o estudo da anatomia é encarado algumas vezes com obstáculos que não permitem motivação e engajamento dos estudantes prejudicando o seu desempenho. É importante renovar e buscar outras práticas pedagógicas, inserindo metodologias inovadoras, que permitam dinamizar as aulas das ciências morfofuncionais favorecendo a formação de profissionais críticos, reflexivos e com maior tomada de decisões. Objetivo: relatar a experiência no uso de metodologias ativas no processo de ensino e aprendizagem da disciplina Morfofuncional no curso de Medicina da UFOB. Metodologia: realizou-se um relato observacional e descritivo das metodologias ativas no processo de ensino e aprendizagem utilizados na disciplina Morfofuncional de forma interdisciplinar e inovadora. Os métodos ativos utilizados foram mapa conceitual, estudo de caso e construção de peças anatômicas, na qual os discentes foram instruídos a confeccionar modelos anatômicos didáticos que auxiliassem na compreensão da anatomia dos diferentes sistemas do corpo humano, associando a fisiologia e a aplicação clínica para dar significado ao aprendizado. Resultados: as peças anatômicas desenvolvidas estão relacionadas com: deformidade do raquitismo; distrofia muscular de duchenne; condromalácia patelar; acúmulo de cristais de ácido úrico na articulação do osso metatarsal; lesão no ligamento colateral medial do joelho; síndrome do ovário policístico; doença de crohn; endometriose; hipertireoidismo e a gastrite. Os discentes mostraram-se satisfeitos com a dinâmica anatômica, principalmente com absorção do conhecimento e a aplicação clínica. Conclusão: a experiência permitiu uma boa alternativa no ensino das ciências morfofuncionais estimulando a criatividade, o trabalho interdisciplinar, motivação ao trabalhar com problemas reais, interesse, investigação, planejamento, execução e construção do conhecimento

Introduction: the study of anatomy is sometimes faced with obstacles that do not allow students' motivation and engagement to impair their performance. It is important to renew and seek other pedagogical practices, inserting innovative methodologies, that allow to stimulate the classes of the morphofunctional sciences favoring the formation of critical professionals, reflective and with greater decision making. Objective: to report the experience in the use of active methodologies in the teaching and learning process of discipline Morphofunctional in the medical course of the UFOB. Methodology: an observational and descriptive account of the active methodologies in the teaching and learning process used in the Morphofunctional discipline in an interdisciplinary and innovative way was carried out. The active methods used were conceptual map, case study and construction of anatomical pieces, in which the students were instructed to make anatomical didactic models that aided in understanding the anatomy of the different human body systems, associating physiology and clinical application to give meaning to learning. Results: the anatomical pieces developed are related to: rickets deformity; duchenne muscular dystrophy; chondromalacia patelar; the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the metatarsal bone joint; injury to the medial collateral ligament of the knee; polycystic ovarian syndrome; crohn's disease; endometriosis; hyperthyroidism and gastritis. The students were satisfied with the anatomical dynamics, mainly with absorption of knowledge and clinical application. Conclusion: the experience allowed a good alternative in the teaching of the morphofunctional sciences stimulating creativity, interdisciplinary work, motivation when working with real problems, interest, research, planning, execution and construction of knowledge.

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