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Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), fibromyalgia (FM), silicone breast implants (SBI), Coronavirus-19 infectious disease (COVID), COVID-19 vaccination (post-COVIDvac-syndrome), Long-COVID syndrome (PCS), sick-building syndrome (SBS), post-orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (PoTS), and autoimmune/ inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) are a cluster of poorly understood medical conditions that have in common a group of ill-defined symptoms and dysautonomic features. Most of the clinical findings of this group of diseases are unspecific, such as fatigue, diffuse pain, cognitive impairment, paresthesia, tachycardia, anxiety, and depression. Hearing disturbances and vertigo have also been described in this context, the underlying pathophysiologic process for these conditions might rely on autonomic autoimmune dysbalance. The authors procced a literature review regarding to hearing and labyrinthic disturbances in CSF, FM, SBI, COVID, post-COVIDvac-syndrome, PCS, SBS, POTS, and ASIA. The PRISMA guidelines were followed, and the literature reviewed encompassed papers from January 1990 to January 2024. After the initial evaluation of the articles found in the search through Pubmed, Scielo and Embase, a total of 172 articles were read and included in this review. The prevalence of hearing loss, dizziness, vertigo and tinnitus was described and correlated with the diseases investigated in this study. There are great variability in the frequencies of symptoms found, but cochlear complaints are the most frequent in most studies. Vestibular symptoms are less reported. The main pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed. Direct effects of the virus in the inner ear or nervous pathways, impaired vascular perfusion, cross-reaction or autoimmune immunoreactivity, oxidative stress, DNA methylation, epigenetic modifications and gene activation were implicated in the generation of the investigated symptoms. In clinical practice, all patients with these autoimmune conditions who have any audiological complaint an ENT consultation followed by an audiometry are needed.

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According to the latest report from the World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization, COVID-19 currently presents a morbidity of 29.6 % and constituted 43.6 % of deaths worldwide. Although mortality rates have decreased considerably, many cases of patients with post-COVID sequelae have been reported around the world; in fact, more than 87 % of patients continue to experience at least one symptom two months after the onset of infection. The objective of the present review is to describe myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome as a Complication of the post-acute syndrome of COVID-19 in Adults. Cases of survivors of COVID-19 have been reported who report the presence of sequelae, persisting for several months after being discharged. Data from post-acute COVID-19 patient reports and early observational studies suggest a syndrome similar to myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, a chronic, multisystem disease that has been associated with other infections. Within the general population, the prevalence of chronic fatigue ranges between 10 and 40 %, while the ME/CFS association constitutes 0.17-0.89 % and is more common in females.

De acuerdo al último reporte de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, actualmente la COVID 19 presenta una morbilidad del 29,6 %  constituyó el 43,6 % de las muertes en todo el mundo. Aunque las tasas de mortalidad disminuyeron considerablemente, múltiples casos de pacientes con secuelas post-COVID se han reportado alrededor del mundo, de hecho, más del 87 % de los pacientes continúan experimentando al menos un síntoma dos meses después del inicio de la infección. El objetivo de la presente revisión es describir la encefalomielitis miálgica/síndrome de fatiga crónica como una Complicación del síndrome post-agudo de COVID-19 en Adultos. Se han reportado casos de sobrevivientes de COVID-19 que refieren la presencia de secuelas, persistiendo varios meses después de haber recibido el alta. Los datos provenientes de los relatos de pacientes después del cuadro agudo de COVID-19 y los primeros estudios observacionales sugieren un síndrome similar a la encefalomielitis miálgica/síndrome de fatiga crónica, una enfermedad de evolución crónica que afecta a múltiples sistemas y se ha asociado con otras infecciones. Dentro de la población general, la prevalencia de la fatiga crónica oscila entre el 10 y 40 %, mientras que la asociación ME/CFS constituye del 0,17-0,89 % y es más común en el sexo femenino.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of physical therapy on cancer-related fatigue (CRF) during cytotoxic anticancer treatment. METHODS: Systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials published from 2010 to 2021 (EMBASE, MEDLINE, PEDro; SciELO, and LILACS). Studies assessing the effect of supervised physical therapy (IG) for the management of CRF on adults undergoing anticancer treatment compared with a control group (CG) covering usual care or any uncontrolled practice, such as recommendations about exercise and health education, were included in this review. RESULTS: A total of 22 studies were included in the SR and 21 in the meta-analysis, resulting in 1.992 individuals (CG = 973 and IG = 1.019). There was a reduction in general fatigue [SMD = - 0.69; 95%CI (- 1.15, - 0.22) p < 0.01; I2 = 87%; NNT = 3], with greater weight attributed to combined exercise (44%). Physical fatigue also reduced [SMD = - 0.76; 95%CI (- 1.13, - 0.39) p < 0.01; I2 = 90%; NNT = 2], with greater weight for resistance exercise (50%) and greater effect with combined exercise [SMD = - 1.90; 95%CI (- 3.04, - 0.76) p < 0.01; I 2 = 96%]. There was reduction in general fatigue with moderate intensity (74%) [SMD = - 0.89; 95%CI (- 1.61, - 0.17) p < 0.02; I2 = 90%] and physical fatigue [SMD = - 1.00; 95%CI (- 1.54, - 0.46) p < 0.01; I2 = 92%], while high intensity reduced only general fatigue [SMD = - 0.35; 95%CI (- 0.51, - 0.20) p < 0.01; I2 = 0%]. The number of overall and weekly sessions has been shown to contribute to the reduction of CRF. CONCLUSION: Physical rehabilitation with moderate intensity promoted greater relief of general and physical fatigue. Even after controlling for high heterogeneity, the quality of evidence, summarized in GRADE, was considered moderate for general fatigue and low for physical fatigue.

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BACKGROUND: Scarce evidence about the organic and functional abnormalities of systemic exertion intolerance disease (SEID) is found in literature and the pathophysiology is still unclear. METHODS: Following the CARE Guidelines, this case report describes a patient with a 5-year history of nonspecific symptoms, lately recognized as SEID. RESULTS: Low serum thyroid- and adrenocorticotropic stimulating hormone levels, and 24-h urinary cortisol excretion almost twice the upper limit were detected. Computed tomography scan found significant cortical atrophy. Low-dose modafinil improved the clinical outcome, added to nonpharmacologic approach. CONCLUSION: To ascertain an accurate SEID diagnosis and treatment are a challenge in daily clinical practice, that must be engaged based in clear methods and good practice recommendations. Thus, family practitioners should be aware of this diagnosis.

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Clinical sequelae and symptoms for a considerable number of COVID-19 patients can linger for months beyond the acute stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection, "long COVID". Among the long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection, cognitive issues (especially memory loss or "brain fog"), chronic fatigue, myalgia, and muscular weakness resembling myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) are of importance. Melatonin may be particularly effective at reducing the signs and symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection due to its functions as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immuno-modulatory agent. Melatonin is also a chronobiotic medication effective in treating delirium and restoring the circadian imbalance seen in COVID patients in the intensive care unit. Additionally, as a cytoprotector, melatonin aids in the prevention of several COVID-19 comorbidities, including diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and ischemic and non-ischemic cardiovascular diseases. This narrative review discusses the application of melatonin as a neuroprotective agent to control cognitive deterioration ("brain fog") and pain in the ME/CFS syndrome-like documented in long COVID. Further studies on the therapeutic use of melatonin in the neurological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection are warranted.

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Coronavirus 2 is responsible for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the main sequela is persistent fatigue. Post-viral fatigue is common and affects patients with mild, asymptomatic coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). However, the exact mechanisms involved in developing post-COVID-19 fatigue remain unclear. Furthermore, physical and cognitive impairments in these individuals have been widely described. Therefore, this review aims to summarize and propose tools from a multifaceted perspective to assess COVID-19 infection. Herein, we point out the instruments that can be used to assess fatigue in long-term COVID-19: fatigue in a subjective manner or fatigability in an objective manner. For physical and mental fatigue, structured questionnaires were used to assess perceived symptoms, and physical and cognitive performance assessment tests were used to measure fatigability using reduced performance.

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Objectives: Several studies have shown not only a high prevalence of fatigue but also a reduction in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with rheumatic diseases. Owing to insufficient research in this area, we aimed to assess the prevalence of fatigue and its contribution to impairment of HRQoL in patients with Takayasu arteritis (TAK). Methods: This single-centre case-control study included 53 TAK patients who were matched by age, BMI and sex with 100 healthy individuals. Aside from the patients' general data, the following information was collected: disease activity, level of activities of daily living (HAQ), physical activity levels and chronic fatigue. Results: The TAK patients and healthy individuals were comparable in terms of current age, BMI and sex distribution. The median disease duration of TAK was 13.0 (7.0-20.0) years, and 11 (20.8%) patients had active disease. Compared with healthy individuals, patients with TAK had a higher prevalence of fatigue and lower HAQ score, physical activity level and intensity, and physical and psychosocial domains of the modified fatigue impact scale (P < 0.01). Moreover, TAK patients had increased fatigue rates compared with the healthy individuals (fatigue severity scale: odds ratio = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.2, 5.4; modified fatigue impact scale: odds ratio = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.2, 5.5). Fatigue was positively correlated with worsening HAQ, CRP levels, daily prednisone dose and disease activity, and negatively correlated with disease duration. Conclusion: TAK patients have a higher prevalence of fatigue, which affects different aspects of the disease, including physical function. Thus, fatigue-focused treatments should also be considered in clinical practice. Trial registration: The Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (ReBEC), https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/, RBR-9n4z2hh.

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BACKGROUND: Despite the multitude of clinical manifestations of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), studies applying statistical methods to directly investigate patterns of symptom co-occurrence and their biological correlates are scarce. METHODS: We assessed 30 symptoms pertaining to different organ systems in 749 adults (age = 55 ± 14 years; 47% female) during in-person visits conducted at 6-11 months after hospitalization due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including six psychiatric and cognitive manifestations. Symptom co-occurrence was initially investigated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and latent variable modeling was then conducted using Item Response Theory (IRT). We investigated associations of latent variable severity with objective indices of persistent physical disability, pulmonary and kidney dysfunction, and C-reactive protein and D-dimer blood levels, measured at the same follow-up assessment. RESULTS: The EFA extracted one factor, explaining 64.8% of variance; loadings were positive for all symptoms, and above 0.35 for 16 of them. The latent trait generated using IRT placed fatigue, psychiatric, and cognitive manifestations as the most discriminative symptoms (coefficients > 1.5, p < 0.001). Latent trait severity was associated with decreased body weight and poorer physical performance (coefficients > 0.240; p ⩽ 0.003), and elevated blood levels of C-reactive protein (coefficient = 0.378; 95% CI 0.215-0.541; p < 0.001) and D-dimer (coefficient = 0.412; 95% CI 0.123-0.702; p = 0.005). Results were similar after excluding subjects with pro-inflammatory comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: Different symptoms that persist for several months after moderate or severe COVID-19 may unite within one latent trait of PASC. This trait is dominated by fatigue and psychiatric symptoms, and is associated with objective signs of physical disability and persistent systemic inflammation.

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Approximately 10% of all COVID patients develop long COVID symptoms, which may persist from 1 month up to longer than 1 year. Long COVID may affect any organ/system and manifest in a broad range of symptoms such as shortness of breath, post-exercise malaise, cognitive decline, chronic fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal pain and deterioration of mental health. In this context, health institutions struggle with resources to keep up with the prolonged rehabilitation for the increasing number of individuals affected by long COVID. Tai Chi is a multicomponent rehabilitation approach comprising correct breathing technique, balance and neuromuscular training as well as stress- and emotional management. In addition, practicing Tai Chi elicits the relaxation response and balances the autonomic nervous system thus regulating respiration, heart rate, blood pressure and vitality in general. Moreover, Tai Chi has been shown to increase lung capacity, improve cognitive status and mental health, and thereby even the quality of life in diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Hence, we advocate Tai Chi as potent and suitable rehabilitation tool for post-COVID-19-affected individuals.

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OBJECTIVE: To examine demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) with and without joint hypermobility We hypothesized that patients who were joint hypermobility-positive would have an earlier onset of ME/CFS symptoms as well as increased severity, a greater number of comorbid conditions, and a lower health-related quality of life. STUDY DESIGN: From an observational cohort study of 55 individuals meeting the Fukuda criteria for ME/CFS, we compared groups using a Beighton score cutoff of 4 or higher to indicate joint hypermobility. Chart data were collected to examine the age and type of onset of ME/CFS and the presence of comorbid conditions. The impact on quality of life was assessed through questionnaires that included the Peds QL, Functional Disability Inventory, Peds QL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale, and Anxiety Subscale of the Symptom Checklist 90. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between groups in mean ± SD age at onset of ME/CFS (13.3 ± 3.3 years vs 13.3 ± 2.3 years; P = .92), sex, frequency, and severity of ME/CFS symptoms, orthostatic intolerance symptoms, or comorbid conditions. There was no significant difference between the groups in measures of health-related quality of life using a Beighton score cutoff of 4 or a cutoff of 5 to define joint hypermobility. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being a risk factor for the development of ME/CFS, joint hypermobility as defined in this study was not associated with other clinical characteristics of the illness.

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The aim of this study was to describe the clinical evolution during 6 months of follow-up of adults recovered from COVID-19. We tried to determine how many met the definition of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). A total of 130 patients (51.0 ± 14 years, 34.6% female) were enrolled. Symptoms were common, participants reported a median number of 9 (IQR 5-14) symptoms. Fatigue was the most common symptom (61/130; 46.9%). Patients with fatigue were older 53.9 ± 13.5 years compared with 48.5 ± 13.3 years in those without fatigue (p = 0.02) and had a longer length of hospital stay, 17 ± 14 days vs. 13 ± 10 days (p = 0.04). There was no difference in other comorbidities between patients with fatigue and those without it, and no association between COVID-19 severity and fatigue. After multivariate adjustment of all baseline clinical features, only age 40 to 50 years old was positively associated with fatigue, OR 2.5 (95% CI 1.05-6.05) p = 0.03. In our survey, only 17 (13%) patients met the Institute of Medicine's criteria for "systemic exertion intolerance disease," the new name of ME/CFS. In conclusion, in some patients, the features of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome overlap with the clinical features of ME/CFS.

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Objectives: A previous study has shown that schizophrenia (SCZ) is accompanied by lowered levels of trace/metal elements, including cesium. However, it is not clear whether changes in cesium, rubidium, and rhenium are associated with activated immune-inflammatory pathways, cognitive impairments, and the symptomatology of SCZ. Methods: This study measured cesium, rubidium, and rhenium, cognitive impairments (using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia [BACS]), and the levels of cytokines/chemokines interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and eotaxin (CCL11) in 120 patients with SCZ and 54 healthy controls. Severity of illness was assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), the Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Rating (FF) Scale, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). Results: Serum cesium was significantly lower in patients with SCZ as compared with controls. Further, serum cesium was significantly and inversely associated with CCL11 and TNF-α, but not IL-1β, in patients with SCZ; significant inverse associations were also noted between serum cesium levels and BPRS, FF, HAM-D, and SANS scores. Finally, cesium was positively correlated with neurocognitive probe results including the Tower of London, Symbol Coding, Controlled Word Association, Category Instances, Digit Sequencing Task, and List Learning tests. Conclusion: The results suggest that lowered serum cesium levels may play a role in the pathophysiology of SCZ, contributing to specific symptom domains including negative, depressive and fatigue symptoms, neurocognitive impairments (spatial working, episodic, and semantic memory and executive functions), and neuroimmune pathways.

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This perspective article focuses on dorsal root ganglia (DRG) as potential fibromyalgia main pain source. Humans possess 31 pairs of DRG lying along the spine. These ganglia have unique anatomical and physiological features. During development, DRG are extruded from the central nervous system and from the blood-brain barrier but remain surrounded by meningeal layers and by cerebrospinal fluid. DRG house the pain-transmitting small nerve fiber nuclei; each individual nucleus is tightly enveloped by metabolically active glial cells. DRG possess multiple inflammatory/pro-nociceptive molecules including ion channels, neuropeptides, lymphocytes, and macrophages. DRG neurons have pseudo-unipolar structure making them able to generate pain signals; additionally, they can sequester antigen-specific antibodies thus inducing immune-mediated hyperalgesia. In rodents, diverse physical and/or environmental stressors induce DRG phenotypic changes and hyperalgesia. Unfolding clinical evidence links DRG pathology to fibromyalgia and similar syndromes. Severe fibromyalgia is associated to particular DRG ion channel genotype. Myalgic encephalomyelitis patients with comorbid fibromyalgia have exercise-induced DRG pro-nociceptive molecules gene overexpression. Skin biopsy demonstrates small nerve fiber pathology in approximately half of fibromyalgia patients. A confocal microscopy study of fibromyalgia patients disclosed strong correlation between corneal denervation and small fiber neuropathy symptom burden. DRG may be fibromyalgia neural hub where different stressors can be transformed in neuropathic pain. Novel neuroimaging technology and postmortem inquest may better define DRG involvement in fibromyalgia and similar maladies. DRG pro-nociceptive molecules are attractive fibromyalgia therapeutic targets.

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Resumen Introducción: Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes causadas por el Herpes Virus Humano Tipo 6 (HHV-6) ocurren en niños menores de 2 años, presentan lesiones en piel tipo roséola o exantema súbito. En adultos, las manifestaciones clínicas relacionadas a HHV-6 son muy variables, y pueden sobreponerse con otras afecciones. Objetivo: Presentar una serie de casos de pacientes diagnosticados con infección activa por HHV-6, quienes mostraban manifestaciones neurológicas, dermatológicas y de fatiga crónica. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó análisis de historias clínicas de 6 pacientes que fueron diagnosticados con infección activa por HHV-6, a través de métodos moleculares. Resultados: Se reportan 6 pacientes que fueron diagnosticados con infección activa por HHV-6 mediante métodos moleculares, quienes presentaron manifestaciones clínicas comunes tales como: fiebre, cefalea, depresión, decaimiento, pérdida de memoria y concentración, dolor fibromuscular, dolor poliarticular, sueño no reparador, exantema, nevus rubí, liquen plano y parestesias. Conclusiones: A través de esta serie de casos se espera resaltar la importancia de identificar la infección activa por HHV-6 a través de métodos moleculares, y sensibilizar a la comunidad médica sobre el papel que juega el virus en la evolución de diversas patologías.

Abstract Introduction: The most frequent clinical manifestations of Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) in children under 2 years of age are roseola-like skin lesions and sudden rash. In adults, the clinical manifestations associated with HHV-6 are highly variable and can overlap with other conditions. Objective: To present a case series of patients diagnosed with active HHV-6 infection, who showed neurological, dermatological and chronic fatigue manifestations. Materials and methods: An analysis of medical records of 6 patients who were diagnosed with active HHV-6 infection through molecular methods was performed. Results: 6 patients were diagnosed with active HHV-6 infection using molecular methods, who had common clinical manifestations such as fever, headache, depression, tiredness, loss of memory and concentration, fibromuscular pain, polyarticular pain, nonrestorative sleep, rash, ruby nevus, lichen planus and paresthesia. Conclusions: This case series highlights the importance of identifying active HHV-6 infection through molecular methods and creating awareness in the medical community of the role that the virus plays on the development of diverse pathologies.

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RESUMEN Introducción: La fibromialgia es una causa común de dolor crónico en el mundo, con una prevalencia en la población general del 0,2% al 6,4%. Estos pacientes tienen una mayor probabilidad de presentar trastornos neuropsiquiátricos. El objetivo fue describir el perfil sociodemográfico y clínico de pacientes con fibromialgia y comorbilidad neuropsiquiátrica. Métodos: Estudio transversal, descriptivo. Se recolectó información de las historias clínicas de pacientes con fibromialgia y comorbilidad neuropsiquiátrica, de una institución especializada en Antioquia, durante los años 2010 al 2016. Se aplicaron herramientas de estadística descriptiva. Resultados: De 1.106 registros médicos con diagnóstico confirmado de fibromialgia, 497 presentaban comorbilidad neuropsiquiátrica. La mediana de edad fue de 54 años (RIC 15), la mayoría eran mujeres, residían en zona urbana y estaban casados o convivían con su pareja. Estatus socioeconómico bajo-medio y nivel educativo básico-medio, fueron los más reportados. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron alteraciones del sueño (70,6%), mialgias (66,4%) y fatiga crónica (55,9%). Los trastornos neuropsiquiátricos más frecuentes fueron depresión (85,7%), migraña (35%) y ansiedad (14,7%). Los fármacos más utilizados fueron los inhibidores de la recaptación de serotonina y duales, acetaminofén y gabaérgicos. Manejo con terapias complementarias e intervención psicológica se observaron en baja proporción. Conclusiones: La fibromialgia y las enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas son patologías que coexisten con frecuencia; la presentación sociodemográfica y clínica es similar a lo descrito en la literatura, sin embargo, la presencia de depresión en esta población fue mayor. Un enfoque terapéutico transdisciplinario, favorecería la calidad de vida de los pacientes y el curso de la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Fibromyalgia is a common cause of chronic pain in the world, with a prevalence of 0.2% to 6.4% in the general population. These patients are more likely to have neuropsychiatric disorders. The objective of this study was to describe the sociodemographic and clinical profile of patients with fibromyalgia and neuropsychiatric comorbidity. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in which Information was collected from the medical records of patients with fibromyalgia and neuropsychiatric comorbidity, from specialist institution in Antioquia, during the years 2010 to 2016. Descriptive statistics tools were applied. Results: Of the 1,106 medical records with a confirmed diagnosis of fibromyalgia, 497 had neuropsychiatric comorbidity. The median age was 54 years (IQR 15), and the majority were women, residing in an urban area, and were married or living with their partner. Low-medium socioeconomic status and basic-medium educational level were the most reported. The most frequent symptoms were sleep disturbances (70.6%), myalgia (66.4%), and chronic fatigue (55.9%). The most frequent neuropsychiatric disorders were depression (85.7%), migraine (35%), and anxiety (14.7%). The most commonly used drugs were serotonin and dual reuptake inhibitors, acetaminophen, and GABAergic drugs. A low percentage was managed with complementary therapies and psychological intervention. Conclusions: Fibromyalgia and neuropsychiatric diseases are diseases that frequently coexist. Although the sociodemographic and clinical presentation is as described in the literature, the presence of depression was greater in this population. A multidisciplinary therapeutic approach would favour the quality of life of the patients and the course of the disease.

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RESUMEN Se supone que aproximadamente 80 millones de personas a nivel mundial están infectadas con el virus de la hepatitis C. Un aproximado del 60 % de dichos pacientes aqueja síndrome de fatiga crónica. Se presentó un paciente portador de hepatitis crónica de tipo C, con manifestaciones clínicas de síndrome de fatiga crónica por más de dos años. Se han reportado estudios internacionales que han demostrado la relación existente entre el desarrollo de la respuesta inmune y el daño que ocasiona en el tejido cerebral la infección por virus de hepatitis C. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo la presentación del primer caso que se tiene referencia (AU).

ABSTRACT It is believed that almost 80 million persons are infected with the Hepatitis C virus around the world, and 60 % of them suffer the chronic fatigue syndrome. For that reason we present the case of a patient who is a carrier of the chronic fatigue syndrome for more than two years. Reports of international research have showed the relation between the immune answer and the damage caused by the infection of the hepatitis C virus in the brain tissues. The aim of this work is presenting the first case reported in Cuba (AU).

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Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating chronic disease of unknown aetiology that is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) as a disorder of the brain. The disease predominantly affects adults, with a peak age of onset of between 20 and 45 years with a female to male ratio of 3:1. Although the clinical features of the disease have been well established within diagnostic criteria, the diagnosis of ME/CFS is still of exclusion, meaning that other medical conditions must be ruled out. The pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear but the neuro-immuno-endocrinological pattern of CFS patients gleaned from various studies indicates that these three pillars may be the key point to understand the complexity of the disease. At the moment, there are no specific pharmacological therapies to treat the disease, but several studies' aims and therapeutic approaches have been described in order to benefit patients' prognosis, symptomatology relief, and the recovery of pre-existing function. This review presents a pathophysiological approach to understanding the essential concepts of ME/CFS, with an emphasis on the population, clinical, and genetic concepts associated with ME/CFS.

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OBJECTIVES: To develop a scale for the severity of mononucleosis. STUDY DESIGN: One to 5 percent of college students develop infectious mononucleosis annually, and about 10% meet criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) 6 months following infectious mononucleosis. We developed a severity of mononucleosis scale based on a review of the literature. College students were enrolled, generally when they were healthy. When the students developed infectious mononucleosis, an assessment was made as to the severity of their infectious mononucleosis independently by 2 physicians using the severity of mononucleosis scale. This scale was correlated with corticosteroid use and hospitalization. Six months following infectious mononucleosis, an assessment is made for recovery from infectious mononucleosis or meeting 1 or more case definitions of CFS. RESULTS: In total, 126 severity of mononucleosis scales were analyzed. The concordance between the 2 physician reviewers was 95%. All 3 hospitalized subjects had severity of mononucleosis scores ≥2. Subjects with severity of mononucleosis scores of ≥1 were 1.83 times as likely to be given corticosteroids. Students with severity of mononucleosis scores of 0 or 1 were less likely to meet more than 1 case definition of CFS 6 months following infectious mononucleosis. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of mononucleosis scale has interobserver, concurrent and predictive validity for hospitalization, corticosteroid use, and meeting criteria for CFS 6 months following infectious mononucleosis.

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Nessa dissertação foi realizada uma scoping review com objetivo de buscar na literatura o que existe, até o presente momento, para explicar a relação entre o metabolismo mitocondrial com a síndrome da fadiga crônica (SFC). A SFC se apresenta de forma diferente para cada indivíduo, o que torna complexo seu entendimento, uma vez que não foram identificados biomarcadores específicos para auxiliar em um diagnóstico definitivo que favoreça uma intervenção adequada e tratamentos mais eficazes. Diferentes mecanismos biológicos são estudados, sendo que alterações no metabolismo mitocondrial têm sido foco de pesquisas recentes. Tais alterações podem ser a causa de fadiga severa e estudos sobre SFC mostraram que entre os principais indicadores da disfunção mitocondrial, envolvidos com a menor produção de ATP, está o comprometimento das vias de fosforilação oxidativa. O método utilizado nessa revisão, scoping review, é utilizado para investigar conceitos-chave subjacentes a uma nova área de pesquisa, bem como esclarecer definições de trabalhos, analisando o título e resumo de artigos para seleciona-los. Como critérios de inclusão ficaram determinados: (1) estudos clínicos que registram pacientes adultos (>= 18 anos de idade); (2) mostram uma relação entre questões do metabolismo e bioenergética mitocondrial com síndrome da fadiga crônica; (3) são escritos em português, inglês ou espanhol; (4) artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos. E de exclusão: (1) utilizaram modelos animai; (2) relatos de casos, editoriais, cartas, revisões de literatura, resumos e dissertações de reuniões; (3) literatura cinzenta. Entre os descritores comuns, utilizados para realizar a busca nas bases de dados estão: mitochondria OR mitochondrial, fatigue, bioenergy OR bioenergetic OR energy metabolism. O estudo foi guiado pela seguinte questão: ""Alterações no metabolismo energético mitocondrial estão relacionados com a origem e prevalência da síndrome da fadiga crônica?". Após utilizar a estratégia de busca, específica para cada uma das quatro bases de dados (PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS e Web of Science), foram encontrados 228 artigos, os quais foram exportados para o software Rayyan QCRI e removidos aqueles que se encontravam em duplicata. Este software permitiu que dois revisores executassem, de forma independente, a leitura dos títulos e resumos de 150 artigos e 27 foram selecionados para a leitura na íntegra, por atenderem aos critérios supracitados. Dentre esses últimos, apenas 10 relatavam alterações no metabolismo mitocondrial relacionadas à SFC. As alterações compreendem modificações nas vias de transporte mitocondrial e na cadeia respiratória; mutações no DNA mitocondrial e, até mesmo, disfunções energéticas em células do sistema imune, como as natural-killer. Foram encontrados dados de pesquisas em diversas áreas clínicas, tais como: cardiologia, oncologia e distúrbios musculares, os quais podem colaborar para trazer luz às causas biológicas dessa síndrome. Desta forma, tornou-se ainda mais evidente a conexão entre distúrbios na bioenergética mitocondrial, como uma menor capacidade de transporte de oxigênio por meio das vias de transporte, ou até mesmo, a insuficiência mitocondrial para produção de ATP, com a SFC. De acordo com os estudos que compuseram a amostra final desta revisão (n=10), o metabolismo mitocondrial e suas principais atividades, como a produção e transporte de ATP, são um alvo potencial para auxiliar na compreensão de incógnitas existentes sobre a SFC. Esses resultados são promissores para a enfermagem, sobretudo na área da ciência dos sintomas, com impacto na qualidade de vida e no manejo personalizado de sintomas em diferentes condições crônicas, especialmente na SFC

In this dissertation a scoping review was carried out with the objective of searching in the literature what exists to date to explain the relationship between mitochondrial metabolism and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). SFC presents itself differently for each individual, which makes complex their understanding, since no specific biomarkers were identified to aid in a definitive diagnosis that favors an appropriate intervention and more effective treatments. Different biological mechanisms are studied, and changes in mitochondrial metabolism have been the focus of recent research. Such alterations may be the cause of severe fatigue and studies on CFS have shown that among the main indicators of mitochondrial dysfunction, involved in the lower production of ATP, is the involvement of oxidative phosphorylation pathways. The method used in this review, scoping review, is used to investigate key concepts underlying a new research area, as well as clarifying definitions of papers, analyzing the title and abstract articles to select them. As inclusion criteria were determined: (1) clinical studies that register adult patients (>= 18 years of age); (2) show a relationship between metabolism and bioenergetic mitochondrial issues with chronic fatigue syndrome; (3) written in Portuguese, English or Spanish; (4) articles published in the last 10 years. The exclusion criteria: (1) used animal models; (2) case reports, editorials, letters, literature reviews, abstracts and dissertations; (3) gray literature. Among the common descriptors used to perform the search in the databases are: mitochondria OR mitochondrial, fatigue, bioenergy OR bioenergetic OR energy metabolism. The study was guided by the following question: "" Changes in mitochondrial energy metabolism are related to the origin and prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome? ". After using the search strategy, specific to each of the four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Web of Science), 228 articles were found, which were exported to the Rayyan QCRI software and removed from those that were in duplicate. This software allowed two reviewers to independently perform the reading of the titles and abstracts of 150 articles and 27 were selected for reading in full, because they meet the aforementioned criteria. Among the latter, only 10 reported changes in mitochondrial metabolism related to CFS. The changes comprise modifications in mitochondrial transport pathways and respiratory chain; mutations in mitochondrial DNA, and even energy dysfunctions in cells of the immune system, such as natural killer. Research data have been found in several clinical areas, such as: cardiology, oncology and muscular disorders, which can collaborate to bring light to the biological causes of this syndrome. Thus, the connection between disturbances in mitochondrial bioenergetics, such as reduced oxygen transport capacity, or even mitochondrial insufficiency for ATP production, with CFS became even more evident. According to the studies that compose the final sample of this review (n = 10), mitochondrial metabolism and its main activities, such as the production and transport of ATP, are a potential target to aid in the understanding of existing unknowns about CFS. These results are promising for nursing, especially in the area of symptom science, with an impact on quality of life and personalized management of symptoms in different chronic conditions, especially CFS

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ResumenEl síndrome de fatiga crónica es una patología que se caracteriza por fatiga intensa de como mínimo seis meses de duración, que se acompaña de otros síntomas y que en ocasiones podría ser tan intenso que causa la disminución de las actividades cotidianas del individuo que lo padece. El comienzo de los síntomas puede ser repentino o también de forma paulatina, muchas veces las personas recuerdan el momento en que comenzó y el principio de estos puede ser un cuadro similar a una gripe. A continuación, se hará una revisión bibliográfica sobre los principales aspectos de esta enfermedad, causa, criterios diagnósticos y tratamiento.

AbstractChronic fatigue syndrome is a pathology characterized by intense fatigue of at least six months duration, which is accompanied by other symptoms and which at times could be so intense that it causes the daily activities of the individual suffering from it to diminish. The onset of symptoms may be sudden or also gradually, many times people remember the time they started and the beginning of these can be a flu-like four. Next, a bibliographic review will be done on the main aspects of this disease, cause, diagnostic criteria and treatment.

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