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To evaluate the changes of choroidal thickness (CT) and blood flow related to myopia, and its effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) on choroidal vessels in myopia. Subjects were included and divided into emmetropia (EM), non-high myopia (Non-HM) and high myopia (HM) groups. we measured choroidal thickness (CT), choriocapillaris vessel density (VD), and VEGFA content in tears in humans (137 subjects for CT, VD and 84 for tear) and detected the role of VEGFA in the choroid in form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in guinea pigs. Twenty-four guinea pigs were divided into control and FDM groups, and the expression changes of choroidal vessels and VEGFA were observed and compared using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Twenty-one guinea pigs were divided into control, FDM + Vehicle and FDM + Conbercept groups. The changes of diopter, axis length and choroidal vessels after intravitreal injection of Conbercept were observed. There were significant differences in CT and VD among the three groups (p < 0.05). VEGFA levels in tears were significantly lower in the myopic groups, with a decreasing trend from EM to Non-HM to HM. The choroidal vascular area fraction of FDM decreased compared to the control group. FDM guinea pigs exhibited reduced choroidal vasculature and significant downregulation of VEGFA expression. Following intravitreal injection of conbercept, the FDM + Conbercept group showed greater myopia, longer axial length, and lower choroidal vascular area fraction compared to the control group. VEGFA may participate in the regulation of choroidal blood vessels and blood flow in the progression of myopia. The reduction in VEGFA may accelerates the progression of myopia.

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BACKGROUND: Considering that changes in the choroidal thickness are closely related to ocular growth, we studied the choroidal thickness (CT) and the blood flow features in children with unilateral myopic anisometropia (UMA) as well as investigating the relationship between choroidal changes and myopia. METHODS: Subjective refractive, axial length (AL), and biometric parameters were measured in 98 UMA children (age: 8-15 years). CT and choroidal blood-flow features, including the choroidal vessel volume (CVV), choroidal vascularity index (CVI), and choriocapillaris perfusion area (CCPA), were measured through swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography. The macular region was categorized into four concentric circles of diameters 0-1 mm (central fovea), 1-3 mm (parafovea), 3-6 mm (perifovea), and 6-9 mm (extended), and further categorized into superior (S), inferior (I), temporal (T), and nasal (N) quadrants. RESULTS: The aforementioned four regions of myopic eyes displayed significantly lower CT, CVV, and CVI than those of non-myopic eyes. CCPA changes differed across different regions of both the eyes (parts of N and T quadrants). There was an inverse association between CT and the interocular AL difference (central and other regions S, T quadrant). No correlation was noted between CVV and CVI with interocular AL difference. CT and CVV were positively correlated in the 0-6-mm macular region of myopic eyes (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.763, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In UMA children, CCT and blood flow may be related to myopia progression. A robust correlation between CT and CVV in the 0-6-mm macular region and reduced CT and diminished blood flow indicated an association with myopia.

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The choroid, which is a highly vascularized layer between the retina and sclera, is essential for supplying oxygen and nutrients to the outer retina. Choroidal vascular dysfunction has been implicated in numerous ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, central serous chorioretinopathy, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, and myopia. Traditionally, the in vivo assessment of choroidal blood flow relies on techniques such as laser Doppler flowmetry, laser speckle flowgraphy, pneumotonometry, laser interferometry, and ultrasonic color Doppler imaging. While the aforementioned methods have provided valuable insights into choroidal blood flow regulation, their clinical applications have been limited. Recent advancements in optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography have expanded our understanding of the choroid, allowing detailed visualization of the larger choroidal vessels and choriocapillaris, respectively. This review provides an overview of the available techniques that can investigate the choroid and its blood flow in vivo. Future research should combine these techniques to comprehensively image the entire choroidal microcirculation and develop robust methods to quantify choroidal blood flow. The potential findings will provide a better picture of choroidal hemodynamics and its effect on ocular health and disease.

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Myopia is a common refractive error that affects a large proportion of the population. Recent studies have revealed that alterations in choroidal thickness (ChT) and choroidal blood flow (ChBF) play important roles in the progression of myopia. Reduced ChBF could affect scleral cellular matrix remodeling, which leads to axial elongation and further myopia progression. As ChT and ChBF could be used as potential biomarkers for the progression of myopia, several recent myopia treatments have targeted alterations in ChT and ChBF. Our review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent literature review on the relationship between ChBF and myopia. We also highlight the importance of ChT and ChBF in the progression of myopia and the potential of ChT as an important biomarker for myopia progression. This summary has significant implications for the development of novel strategies for preventing and treating myopia.

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PURPOSE: we aimed to report on the optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) outcomes of eight patients with optic disc pit maculopathy (ODP-M) who were treated with 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). METHODS: We examined sixteen eyes of eight patients-eight eyes with ODP-M and eight healthy fellow eyes. Fundus color photography, fundus autofluorescence, fundus fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCTA were performed. The vascular density, choriocapillaris blood flow (CCBF), and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) were analyzed using OCTA. Moreover, the correlation between the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and macular OCTA parameters was assessed. RESULTS: Compared with the healthy fellow eyes, the eyes with ODP-M preoperatively were found to have decreased BCVA, superficial capillary plexus (SCP) vascular density (i.e., total, foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal), deep capillary plexus (DCP) vascular density (i.e., total, parafoveal, and perifoveal), and CCBF but a significantly increased FAZ (p < 0.05). When the eyes with ODP-M were analyzed pre- and postoperatively at month 12 after surgery, the BCVA, SCP vascular density (i.e., perifoveal), and CCBF had significantly increased, and the FAZ had significantly decreased (p < 0.05). When the eyes with ODP-M were compared with the healthy fellow eyes postoperatively at month 12, the BCVA, SCP, and DCP vascular density parameters had increased, along with CCBF, and the FAZ had decreased in eyes with ODP-M, though not to the levels of the healthy fellow eyes (p < 0.05). Moreover, a positive correlation was found between the postoperative BCVA and SCP total vascular density (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The BCVA and macular OCTA parameters improved in eyes with ODP-M at month 12 following surgery. However, the BCVA and OCTA of the eyes operated on did not reach the levels of the healthy fellow eyes, possibly due to impaired choroidal blood flow (CBF) recovery and the presence of a larger FAZ. In summary, OCTA seems to be useful for assessing qualitative and quantitative perioperative microvascular changes.

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Purpose: Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis (ASPPC) is a rare form of ocular syphilis. However, its pathophysiology is not fully understood. Laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) can facilitate the non-invasive evaluation of blood flow and allow investigations into the effects of treatments in various ocular diseases. We report a case of ASPPC that presented with symptoms only in the right eye but showed bilateral disease in LSFG. Observations: A 54-year-old man presented with decreased vision and visual field defects in the right eye 2 days prior to the initial visit. Fundoscopy images showed a typical yellowish placoid lesion in the macular area, and optical coherence tomography showed disruption of the outer retinal layers and nodular appearance of the retinal pigment epithelium. Fluorescence angiography showed excessive leakage of the placoid lesion characterized by hypofluorescent dots in the inner area ("leopard spotting"). The patient was diagnosed with unilateral ASPPC based on multiple imaging and serological tests. Penicillin was administered for 2 weeks, and the patient showed improvement in symptoms and restoration of the retinal structure. The mean blur rate of the right/left eye was 2.1/5.9 arbitrary units (AU) before treatment and increased to 4.5/9.3 AU 6 months after treatment. Conclusions and importance: Despite the absence of typical imaging signs and symptoms in the left eye, both eyes may have been affected with different degrees of severity. Thus, LSFG may facilitate the evaluation of treatment effects and the prediction of ocular inflammatory diseases in the early stages.

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The authors present a new paper examining the disturbances in ocular circulation and electrophysiological changes in the presence of neuro-ophthalmic manifestations in a patient with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infracts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Symptoms reported by the patient included: transient vision loss (TVL), migraines, diplopia, bilateral peripheral visual field loss and convergence insufficiency. CADASIL was confirmed by the presence of NOTCH3 gene mutation (p.Cys212Gly), the presence of granular osmiophilic material (GOM) in cutaneous vessels in an immunohistochemistry test (IHC) and bilateral focal vasogenic lesions in the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere, with micro-focal infarct in the left external capsule on a magnetic resonance imaging test (MRI). Color Doppler imaging (CDI) confirmed decreased blood flow and increased vascular resistance in the retinal and posterior ciliary arteries, with reduced P50 wave amplitude on a pattern electroretinogram (PERG). An eye fundus examination and fluorescein angiography (FA) revealed the constriction of retinal vessels and a peripheral retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy with focal drusen. The authors suggest that the cause of TVL may be changes in the hemodynamics of the retinochoroid vessels associated with the narrowing of small vessels and the presence of druses in the retina-which is supported by a decrease in the amplitude of the P50 wave in PERG, changes in OCT correlating simultaneously with changes in MRI imaging and other neurological symptoms.

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Choroidal thickness is susceptible to age, sex and hormone levels under normal physiological conditions.In addition, under pathological conditions, the choroid is also vulnerable to ocular and systemic inflammatory reactions, resulting in the corresponding vascular reactivity changes, so that hemodynamic disorders will occur.When the normal physiological function of choroid is disrupted, imaging examination will show abnormal choroidal thickness.Optical coherence tomography can directly measure the changes in choroidal thickness, and its non-invasive detection method is convenient for patient follow-up and provides the basis for evaluating the progression of the disease.In recent years, researchers in various fields have proposed that the changes in choroidal thickness can become a new potential inflammatory index to evaluate ocular inflammatory diseases and systemic inflammatory diseases.In the long-term chronic inflammatory reaction, such as recurrent uveitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases, the choroidal thickness is significantly lower than the normal value.But in the acute inflammatory response, such as the acute phase of sympathetic ophthalmia and the acute phase of posterior scleritis, the choroidal thickness will increase significantly compared with the normal value, and with the control of the inflammatory response, the thickened choroid will also decrease.However, the changing pattern of choroidal thickness is not the same, for example, the choroid is thickened in keratoconus, diabetic retinopathy, ankylosing spondylitis and other chronic inflammatory reactions.This article reviews the changes in choroidal thickness in ocular and systemic inflammation and its potential as a marker of inflammation.

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Myopia is the most common type of refractive error. At present, the characteristics of the low age and rapid growth of myopia in our country are obvious, and the myopia of adolescents and children has become a public health problem of concern to the whole society. Visual experience guides the development of children's refractive state and emmetropization. The occurrence and development of myopia is accompanied by changes in the structure of the eyeball, and the choroid has a thinning trend. The thickness change of the choroid may be determined by blood flow perfusion. Decreased choroidal blood flow perfusion may lead to scleral ischemia and hypoxia, and hypoxia induces scleral matrix remodeling and axial length growth. This article reviews the relationship between choroidal blood flow and myopia, and suggests the significance of paying attention to choroidal changes in the prevention and control of myopia.

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Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of oral administration of the combination of astaxanthin (AXT), lutein, folic acid, vitamin D3, and bromelain with antioxidants on choroidal blood flow in patients with age-related intermediate macular degeneration (AMD). Materials and Methods: Patients affected by intermediate AMD and treated with daily oral nutritional supplement with AXT, bromelain, vitamin D3, folic acid, lutein, and antioxidants for a period of at least 6 months were included in this retrospective study. A control group homogenous for age and sex was also included in the analysis. All participants underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) evaluation. Outcome measures were choroidal thickness (CHT) and choriocapillary vessel density (CCVD) after six months of AXT assumption. Results: CCVD values showed statistically significant difference between cases and controls at baseline (p < 0.001) and in the cases during follow-up (p < 0.001). The CHT measurements showed statistically significant difference between cases and controls (p = 0.002) and in the cases during follow-up (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The combined use of structural OCT and OCTA allows for a detailed analysis in vivo of perfusion parameters of the choriocapillaris and choroid and evaluation of changes of choroidal blood flow after oral nutritional supplements that affect blood flow velocity.

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Background: It is important to determine changes in posterior ocular structures in the early period before retinopathy develops in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Objective: To evaluate inner plexiform layer (IPL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thicknesses, as well as the relationship between choroidal thickness (CT) and ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) in type 1 diabetic children without diabetic retinopathy (DR). Design: A prospective observational study. Methods: Group 1 (n = 44) consisted of pediatric patients with type 1 DM without DR, and Group 2 (n = 65) of pediatric control subjects. Both intraocular pressure (IOP) and OPA were measured using a dynamic contour tonometer. CT, IPL, GCL, and RNFL were all measured using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Results: The mean IOP and OPA values were 16.67 ± 2.34 and 1.85 ± 0.34, respectively, in group 1, and 15.14 ± 2.17 and 1.65 ± 0.25 in Group 2 (p = 0.001 for both). The mean subfoveal CT value was 294.30 ± 67.61 µm in group 1 and 394.42 ± 69.65 µm in Group 2 (p < 0.001). The mean GCL and RNFL values were 1.09 ± 0.11 and 96.46 ± 11.69, respectively, in group 1, and 1.14 ± 0.09 and 101.73 ± 9.33 in Group 2 (p = 0.005 and p = 0.008, respectively). Conclusions: IOP and OPA values were higher, and CT, GCL, and RNFL values were lower in children with type 1 DM during the early stages than in the healthy control group. These findings suggest that CT may be a marker of retinal involvement in children with type 1 DM without DR.

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) confers neural control of the entire body, mainly through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Several studies have observed that the physiological functions of the eye (pupil size, lens accommodation, ocular circulation, and intraocular pressure regulation) are precisely regulated by the ANS. Almost all parts of the eye have autonomic innervation for the regulation of local homeostasis through synergy and antagonism. With the advent of new research methods, novel anatomical characteristics and numerous physiological processes have been elucidated. Herein, we summarize the anatomical and physiological functions of the ANS in the eye within the context of its intrinsic connections. This review provides novel insights into ocular studies.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in choroidal blood flow in patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease after initiation of corticosteroid treatment. METHODS: Fourteen patients (10 men and 4 women) with acute VKH disease followed for 2 years were retrospectively reviewed; only right eyes were included in the analysis. Mean blur rate (MBR) in the macula was measured by laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) and central choroidal thickness (CCT) was measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT), both prior to treatment and over 2 years after initiation of corticosteroid treatment. RESULTS: Of 14 patients included in this study, 13 received initial treatment consisting of intravenous corticosteroid pulse therapy and one patient was treated using bilateral sub-Tenon injections of triamcinolone acetonide. Mean percentage change in MBR was significantly increased after initiation of treatment compared to pretreatment values (P < 0.001). Mean CCTs were significantly decreased after initiation of treatment, compared to pretreatment thicknesses (P < 0.001). There was no significant change in either MBR change or CCT at 1 month after initiation of treatment through 2 years of follow-up. The mean MBR percentage change was significantly higher in eyes with sunset glow fundus (SGF) compared to eyes without SGF at 1 year. CONCLUSION: With initiation of corticosteroid treatment in VKH disease patients, choroidal blood flow improved and was maintained for 2 years. However, the presence of SGF should be taken into consideration when interpreting MBR results in VKH disease patients.

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Myopia is the most common ametropia. High myopia, especially pathological high myopia, is often accompanied by a series of fundus pathological changes, such as Fuchs spot and choroidal neovascularization(CNV), etc, which can lead to serious damage of visual function. In recent years, it has been found that the changes of choroidal thickness and blood flow play a considerable role in the progression of high myopia. The change of choroidal thickness can directly reflect the abnormality of its structure and function. The choroidal thickness in high myopia is significantly thinner than that in normal people, and the thinning degree varies in different regions. At the same time, the choroid is the main source of blood supply to the eyes, and its blood flow directly determines whether the blood supply is sufficient to the eyes. Therefore, observing the changes of choroidal thickness and blood flow in high myopia is of great significance to explore the progress of myopia or observe its pathological changes. This review illustrates the choroidal structure, thickness and choroidal blood flow changes of high myopia. At the same time, it analyzes and discusses the new research progress and main existing problems in recent years, the new challenges and future research directions, hoping to provide help for clinical monitoring of the occurrence and progression in high myopia.

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PURPOSE: Asymmetric dilated vortex vein (ADVV) observed in eyes with pachychoroid spectrum diseases is thought to be due to congestion of choroidal blood flow. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively investigate the blood flow velocity of ADVV using laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: This was a retrospective case series with 23 eyes of 18 patients with ADVV on en-face OCT. A pair of choroidal veins from ADVV side (defined as ADVV vein) and non-ADVV side (defined as non-ADVV vein) was selected in each eye under the following criteria: (i) equivalent proximity to the deviated watershed, (ii) does not overlap with retinal blood vessels in the en-face OCT image, (iii) has approximately the same blood vessel diameter. Rubber bands were placed on the selected choroidal veins on the LSFG color map. Mean blur rate (MBR) values of ADVV and non-ADVV veins were statistically compared. RESULTS: The average MBR was 10.11 ± 1.9 in the ADVV veins and 13.49 ± 6.2 in the non-ADVV veins, showing significantly lower values in the ADVV veins (P = 0.03). The blood vessel diameter of the ADVV was 10.26 ± 3.0 and in the non-ADVV veins, 10.63 ± 2.9 pixels; not significantly different (P = 0.66). The distance from the deviated watershed to the ADVV was 53.3 ± 24.8 and to the non-ADVV veins, 46.80 ± 20.3 pixels; not significantly different (P = 0.41). CONCLUSION: In eyes with ADVV, the blood flow velocity in the ADVV veins was lower than in the non-ADVV veins, suggesting anatomical congestion of ADVV.

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PURPOSE: To compare choroidal thickness (CT) and ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) in childhood obesity with insulin resistance (IR) and without IR. METHODS: Seventy-three childhood obesity and 62 healthy children, who were both age-matched and gender-matched, comprised the study population in this prospective study. Obesity was determined as having a body mass index (BMI) - standard deviation (SD) score that was > 2 SD.Intraocular pressure (IOP) and OPA were measured using a dynamic contour tonometer. The CT measurements were performed using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography at three locations, comprising at the fovea, at a position 500 µm nasal, and also at a position 500 µm temporal to the fovea. RESULTS: Mean BMI value was 28.72 ± 4.85 in the patients with childhood obesity and 21.47 ± 1.14 in the control group. The mean IOP and OPA values were determined 15.90 ± 2.30 and 14.10 ± 2.16 mm Hg, 1.50 ± 0.28 and 1.74 ± 0.32 mm Hg in the patients with childhood obesity and the control group, respectively (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). The mean subfoveal CT value was 350.50 ± 81.51 µm in the eyes with childhood obesity and 390.02 ± 71.50 µm in those of the control group (p = 0.003). When the patient groups with and without IR were compared, no significant difference was found between CT, OPA and IOP values (p > 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that both OPA and CT values were significantly decreased in childhood obesity patients. We suggest further studies to verify longitudinal changes in OPA and CT, as also the evaluation of these parameters in other populations.

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AIM: We aimed to investigate the retinal layers and macular capillary structure using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) with acromegaly patients and determine the relationship between OCTA parameters and disease duration, Growth hormone (GH) and Insuline growth factor (IGF - 1) levels. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Twenty-two patients with acromegaly who were followed up in the endocrinology outpatient clinic of Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Health Training and Research Hospital, were recruited into the study. Healthy control group was consisted of 22 age and gender matched subjects. Complete opthalmological examination including best visual acuity (BCVA), axial lenght, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, anterior segment and fundus examination, central corneal thickness with pachymetry and OCTA measurement were performed in the patients and healthy control group. Foveal avascular zone (FAZ), foveal vascular density (FVD), parafoveal vascular density (PFVD), choroidal flow (CF), foveal thickness (FT) and choroidal thickness (CT) were compared beetwen groups. Correlation between disease duration, GH and IGF-1 levels and OCTA parameters were evaluated. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of BCVA, axial length, IOP, FT, FAZ, FD and PFVD. Choroidal thickness and CF was significantly high in the patients group compared to healthy controls (respectively, p = 0.003, p = 0.022). The mean follow-up period in patients with acromegaly was 90±50.2 months. There was a significant correlation between GH and subfoveal choroidal thickness in the patient group (p < 0.001, r = 0.52), a significant correlation was determined between disease duration and corneal thickness (p = 0.01, r = 0.41). In addition, an inverse correlation was detected between the IGF-1 level and the FAZ domain (p = 0.022, r= -0.34). CONCLUSION: In patients with acromegaly, choroidal vasculature seems to be more affected than the retinal vasculature.

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Purpose: This work aimed to study the effect of posterior scleral reinforcement (PSR) on choroidal thickness (CT) and blood flow. Methods: This study included 25 eyes of 24 patients with high myopia ( ≤ -6.0 dioptres or axial length ≥ 26.0 mm) who underwent PSR surgery. All patients completed the 1-month follow-up visit. Myopic macular degeneration (MMD) was graded according to the International Meta-Analysis for Pathologic Myopia (META-PM) classification based on color fundus photographs. Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SSOCTA) was performed to investigate CT, choroidal perfusion area (CPA), and choriocapillaris perfusion area (CCPA) change following PSR surgery. Results: The distribution of MMD categories was 9 (36.0%) in category 1, 10 (40.0%) in category 2, and 6 (24.0%) in category 3 or 4. MMD severity was strongly correlated with CT (all P < 0.01) and CPA (all P < 0.04). Postoperative CT at each sector increased significantly at 1 week's follow-up, compared to preoperative measures (all P < 0.05). Postoperative CPA at subfoveal, superior, inferior, and nasal sectors also increased significantly 1 week after PSR surgery (all P < 0.05). Moreover, the increased CT, CPA, and CCPA remain after PSR surgery at 1 month's follow-up, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: We demonstrated that the CT and choroidal blood flow increased significantly in patients with high myopia who underwent PSR surgery in a short period of time. In addition, the CT and CPA were independently associated with MMD. However, whether the transient improvement of the choroidal circulation could prevent long-term progression of high myopia warrants further study in the future.

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BACKGROUND: The effect of various reduced doses of verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT) on choroidal blood flow in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate choroidal blood flow after half-dose PDT (1/2PDT) and one-third dose PDT (1/3PDT) with verteporfin for chronic CSC using laser speckle flowgraphy and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. METHODS: Twenty-seven eyes of 27 patients with serous retinal detachment (SRD) caused by chronic CSC for more than 6 months were included in this study. Patients were divided into the 1/2PDT (n = 12; January 2018 to July 2019) and 1/3PDT (n = 15; August 2016 to December 2017) groups based on the treatment period. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), central choroidal thickness (CCT), and mean blur rate in the macular area (m-MBR) and optic nerve head (ONH-MBR) were obtained using laser speckle flowgraphy and evaluated at baseline (pre-treatment), and 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after treatment. RESULTS: We found that SRD disappeared after 1 month in 92 and 93% of patients' eyes in the 1/2PDT and 1/3PDT groups, respectively. Recurrence of SRD was observed in one eye at the 6-month follow-up after 1/2PDT and two eyes at the 3-month follow-up after 1/3PDT. No significant improvement was observed in baseline BCVA in the 1/3PDT and 1/2PDT groups. The average m-MBR against baseline significantly decreased at 2 weeks and 1, 3, and 6 months in the 1/2PDT group. The average m-MBR against baseline decreased significantly only at the 2 weeks follow-up in the 1/3PDT group. The average rate of change in the CCT against baseline decreased significantly throughout for up to 6 months in the 1/2PDT group and for up to 3 months in the 1/3PDT group. No significant fluctuation was observed in the ONH-MBR. CONCLUSIONS: Here, PDT significantly affected choroidal blood flow depending on the verteporfin dose in chronic CSC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was retrospectively registered ( UMIN000026850 ; Approval date 03/04/2017).

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