RESUMEN
What is already known about this topic?: Chloropropanols, along with their fatty acid esters and glycidyl fatty acid esters (GEs), are prevalent contaminants in a variety of processed foods, posing potential health risks to humans. What is added by this report?: In the Sixth China Total Diet Study (TDS), 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPD esters) and GEs were identified as the predominant chloropropanols and their esters in composite food samples. Vegetables (47.0%) and cereals (15.4%) were the major contributors to exposure among the 12 food categories evaluated. What are the implications for public health practice?: The Sixth China TDS highlighted concerns regarding potential health risks associated with dietary exposure to GEs. This study underscores the need for further attention in devising practical strategies to mitigate dietary exposure to GEs.
RESUMEN
Chloropropanols, one of the major contaminants in food, and the corresponding esters or glycidyl esters (GEs) are of great concern in terms of product safety due to their potential carcinogenicity. During heat processing, glycerol, allyl alcohol, chloropropanol esters, sucralose, and carbohydrate in mixed foodstuffs are probable precursors of chloropropanol. The standard analytical techniques for chloropropanols or their esters are GC-MS or LC-MS following sample derivatization pretreatment. By comparing modern data against that five-year-old before, it appears that the levels of chloropropanols and their esters/GEs in food products have somewhat decreased. 3-MCPD esters or GEs may yet exceed the permitted intake set, however, especially in newborn formula which requires particularly stringent regulatory measures. Citespace (6.1. R2) software was employed in this study to examine the research focii of chloropropanols and their corresponding esters/GEs in the literature.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the contamination of 2-chloropropanol esters and 3-chloropropanol esters in commercial edible vegetable oils in Shandong Province, and to assess the dietary 3-chloropropanol esters exposure and the health risk of intaking 3-chloropropanol esters. METHODS: From 2016 to 2020, 406 individually packaged edible vegetable oils were collected from stores and farmers' markets in 16 prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province. According to the 2016 National Food Contamination and Harmful Factors Risk Monitoring Manual, using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry detection, isotope internal standard method for quantification, laboratory determination of 2-chloropropanol ester and 3-chloropropanol in vegetable oil ester content. Combined with population weight, oil consumption and monitoring data, the point assessment method was used to evaluate the exposure of residents in Shandong Province to 3-chloropropanol esters. RESULTS: The detection rate of 3-chloropropanol ester was 92.4%(375/406), the concentration range was<limit of detection(LOD)-18.4 mg/kg, the median was 0.470 mg/kg, the average was 0.833 mg/kg, and the maximum value was 18.4 mg/kg in rice oil; the detection rate of 2-chloropropanol ester was 88.7%(360/406), the concentration range was <LOD-8.46 mg/kg, the median value was 0.204 mg/kg, the average value was 0.432 mg/kg, and the maximum value was 8.46 mg/kg in rice oil. The average exposure of each age group was less than the tolerable daily intake, and the high-end exposure of the children(2-6 years old) and adolescents(7-10 years old) group was greater than the tolerable daily intake. CONCLUSION: The contamination of chloropropanol esters of edible vegetable oil in Shandong Province from 2016 to 2020 is widespread, and the highest detection value appears in rice oil. Children(2-6 years old) and adolescents(7-10 years old) in high-risk situations ingest 3-chloropropanol esters present health risks.
Asunto(s)
Ésteres , Aceites de Plantas , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Ésteres/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Humanos , Isótopos/análisis , Aceites de Plantas/química , VerdurasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the contamination characteristics of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters in infant formulas sold in Beijing in 2021, and to evaluate the exposure risk of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters for infants and toldders aged 0-36 months old. METHODS: The contents of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters in infant formula samples were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with deuterated internal standards. Combined with the recommended consumption of infant formulas, the exposure level of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters in infants and toddlers aged 0-36 months was calculated. RESULTS: The detection rate of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol esters(3-MCPDE), 2-chloropropane-1, 3-diol esters(2-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters in infant formulas were 98.6%, 97.1% and 95.7%, respectively. The average contents of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and glycidyl esters were 44.54, 15.65 and 12.65 µg/kg. For infant of each age groups, the daily intakes of 3-MCPDE via infant formulas by each infant groups were 0.28-0.90 µg/(kg BW), which were all lower than the tolerable daily intake(TDI, 2 µg/(kg BW));the daily intakes of 2-MCPDE via infant formulas by each infant groups were 0.10-0.29 µg/(kg BW);the exposure levels of glycidyl were 0.08-0.22 µg/(kg BW), and the margin of exposure(MOE) values were all higher than 25 000. CONCLUSION: Chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters in infant formulas sold in Beijing from 2021 were less polluted and their intake was within the safe range.
Asunto(s)
alfa-Clorhidrina , Beijing , Preescolar , Ésteres/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Humanos , Lactante , Fórmulas Infantiles/análisis , Recién Nacido , Medición de Riesgo , alfa-Clorhidrina/análogos & derivados , alfa-Clorhidrina/análisisRESUMEN
Chloropropanols and their esters are a group of food contaminants that have various toxicities to the human body. Research and control to chloropropanols and their esters is important to food safety. Therefore, the sensitive, accurate, precise, and effective determination of chloropropanols and their esters is highly essential to study their concentration, formation, and mitigation. The indirect method, commonly applied in the determination of chloropropanols and their esters, is based on the cleavage of ester bond, extraction, and derivatization. The conventional indirect method will still be the mostly used method in the near future due to its good sensitivity and feasibility, although its parameters need to be chosen and optimized according to sample stuffs and chloropropanol concentrations. Meanwhile, direct method and other quantitative methods should also be developed for special applications, such as studying the profile of chloropropanol esters and rapid screening protocol. The challenges and future perspectives of these methods are discussed in this review. This review can provide a reference on the selection, designation, and modification of methods for determining chloropropanols and their esters.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occurrence data for fatty acid esters of chloropropanol and glycidyl in edible vegetable oils purchased in China. METHODS: The 1309 samples of edible vegetable oil were collected and the data of chloropropanol and glycidyl were detected by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry from 2015 to 2017. RESULTS: The detection rate of 3-monochloropropanediol esters in vegetable oils was 81. 83% with the mean level of 1. 21 mg/kg. The mean content of tea-seed oil was significantly higher than that of other varieties, followed by peanut oil(1. 36 mg/kg), rapeseed oil(1. 12 mg/kg). The sunflower seed oil has the lowest mean content(0. 54 mg/kg). The detection rate of 2-monochloropropanediol esters in vegetable oils was 82. 84% with the mean level of 0. 39 mg/kg. The content of peanut oil was significantly higher than that of other varieties, followed by blended oil(0. 30 mg/kg) and soybean oil(0. 25 mg/kg). There was no significant difference with rapeseed oil(0. 66 mg/kg). The exceeding rate of glycidyl ester was 19. 90% with the mean level of 0. 68 mg/kg. The average content of glycidyl ester in blended oil(0. 78 mg/kg) was significantly higher than that in peanut oil(0. 54 mg/kg). There was no significant difference among other varieties. CONCLUSION: The pollution of chloropropanol esters is common in edible vegetable oils in China. The contamination is different in kinds of edible oils.