RESUMEN

Childhood mortality is a measure of a nation's health. A statistical analysis on suspicious child female deaths was done in two years period from 1st January 2011 to 31st December 2012. It's incidence was (4%) of all autopsied cases. The adolescent group (16-18 yrs) was highly involved 44 cases (27.5%). The majority of cases were known (82%) and they were from Great Cairo (60%) especially poor areas. Incidences were prevalent in March (15%), indoor (58%) and homicide was main manner in (42.5%) of cases. A relative was the main perpetrator in (50%) of homicidal cases. Wounds were observed in (43%) of cases. The head and neck regions were injured (50%) and signs of abuse were detected in (16%) of the studied cases. These results may be a guide for developing prevention policy.

Asunto(s)

Causas de Muerte , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Egipto/epidemiología , Femenino , Medicina Legal , Homicidio/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estaciones del Año , Factores Socioeconómicos , Suicidio/estadística & datos numéricos

RESUMEN

PIP: This article examined the time trends of mortality and made a relative comparison of the mortality changes between males and females in different age groups in a rural area in Bangladesh between 1970 and 1995. Data from the Matlab Demographic Surveillance System were used for the study. Two areas were compared: 1) the maternal and child health/family planning (MCH/FP) area and 2) the other area known as the comparison area. Data showed that the mortality situation improved in both areas in every age group within the study period. However, the improvement was much greater for females in infancy and at ages 1-4 and 5-14. While improvement was seen in both areas, greater improvement was observed in the MCH/FP area, indicating a gain in life expectancy that is greater in females than in males. These improvements, however, were still below expectation for infants and children in the 1-4 age group. Thus, more efforts need to be exerted to maintain the improvement in female survival and eliminate excess female child mortality in Bangladesh.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Factores de Edad , Mortalidad Infantil , Estudios Longitudinales , Mortalidad , Población Rural , Factores Sexuales , Adolescente , Asia , Bangladesh , Niño , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Longevidad , Población , Características de la Población , Dinámica Poblacional , Investigación , Tasa de Supervivencia

RESUMEN

This article focuses on trafficking of young Nepalese girls and women. Trafficking is an integral part of the social and economic fabric of Nepal, as in other parts of the world. The practice causes intolerable degradation and suffering for the girls and young women involved, who are treated as a commodity. It presents a risk to their physical and mental health, and in particular to their sexual health. The article examines the connections between coercive sex work and HIV infection, and community and government responses to HIV infection among trafficked sex workers. In particular, it considers the current AIDS prevention and control program in Nepal, and criticizes it from the feminist perspective of the authors, who are a Nepalese nurse who has undertaken academic work in New Zealand related to women's health, and a New Zealand feminist academic, who is also a nurse.

Asunto(s)

Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida , Adolescente , Infecciones por VIH , Derechos de la Mujer , Factores de Edad , Asia , Conducta , Niño , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Enfermedad , Economía , Nepal , Población , Características de la Población , Conducta Sexual , Factores Socioeconómicos , Virosis

RESUMEN

PIP: In India, one example of gender discrimination is female infanticide or the consistent elimination of girl children aged 1-3 years in communities such as the Kallars of Tamil Nadu and the Rajputs of northern India. This paper examines the 19th century documents containing official discussions and debates on the subject of female infanticide, specifically the letters consisting of selections from the records of the Judicial Infanticide Department (set up by the government of the North-western provinces of India). The letters highlight issues that are still of importance, although the rhetoric of rule was clearly very different as were the ideological underpinnings of the colonial drive against female infanticide. Overall, these extracts suggest that then, as now, it was difficult to expose those suspected of female infanticide since the silence and complexity surrounding the act, together with the lack of trustworthy witnesses, made it extremely difficult for the colonial state to eliminate the practice. More concretely, Article 1 on Female Infanticide in the northwestern province of India reports the prevalence of the crime of female infanticide in the Bustee district, particularly among the Rajpoot families. Issues relating to the search for statistical evidence on the crime and the response of the police force are also described. Evidences suggest that the crime seems as rampant as before and the common police force is incompetent to cope with it.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Etnicidad , Mortalidad Infantil , Infanticidio , Jurisprudencia , Registros , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Asia , Niño , Crimen , Cultura , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Procesamiento Automatizado de Datos , India , Mortalidad , Población , Características de la Población , Dinámica Poblacional , Problemas Sociales

RESUMEN

PIP: This paper briefly describes the experiences of Oxfam GB in Sa Pa District, Lao Cai province, Vietnam on an integrated education program to provide school construction and housing for teachers, community development, and training of primary teachers. The extreme disadvantages that are faced by young tribal girls, particularly in education is what prompted Oxfam to work in these areas. Only a few children from these communities enroll in school and fewer stay and complete their education. Custom and tradition has prevented girls, especially those from ethic minorities, from going to school, and often, parents feel that it is not worth educating their girls. Early marriage is also a major contributory factor. The paper outlines the activities of Oxfam with the District Education Department on primary education issues. Some of the activities carried out include persuading parents to allow their daughters to attend school, providing special classes for girls, as well as scholarship programs, and providing teacher training on how to run community development groups and about ways of involving parents. The last part of the article summarizes the lessons learned from the program.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Educación , Planificación en Salud , Investigación , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Asia , Asia Sudoriental , Niño , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Organización y Administración , Población , Características de la Población , Vietnam

RESUMEN

PIP: The Campaign Against Female Infanticide in Tamil Nadu (CAFIT), sponsored by the Union Ministry of Human Resource Development, has brought to light a quadrangular model for the prevention of the social evil of female infanticide. The existence of female infanticide, according to the CAFIT, exposed the deplorable condition of women in society and reflected the perpetuation of customary and traditional practices in the sociocultural life of the people. The practice was associated with militant communities and other weaker segments living in less developed regions and with backward pockets marked by illiteracy, superstition, poverty, indebtedness, fear of liability, and emotional attachments to the soil and to cults. This paper also indicates the following preventive measures against female infanticide that are aimed at empowering women: establishing self-help groups and the sanction of micro credit for women in order to facilitate economic development, establishing rural and agriculture-based small-scale industries in order to generate local self-employment, and synchronization of crop insurance and marketing facilities in order to facilitate the provision of appropriate compensation in the event of crop failure caused by natural disasters.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Derechos Humanos , Infanticidio , Organizaciones , Política Pública , Mujeres , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Asia , Niño , Crimen , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Economía , India , Población , Características de la Población , Problemas Sociales , Factores Socioeconómicos , Derechos de la Mujer

RESUMEN

PIP: This article exposes the conditions among children who are forced by their poor families to assume domestic work in households in Kenya. It is an accepted practice for parents to place daughters in households to help with housework and baby-sitting. The Sinaga Women and Child Labor Resource Center in Nairobi finds this exploitative and part of a wider practice that institutionalizes violence against women. The Center was established in 1995 to challenge the practice of child domestic labor. The Center's research reveals that child domestic workers tend to come from large, poor, and rural families or from urban slums. Wages are low or exchanged for shoes, clothes, and food. The hours of work are long. Mistreatment may include sexual molestation by male household members, beatings, verbal abuse, and mistrust. There is little recourse. Complaints from child workers or others outside the household can result in further mistreatment. Action against mistreatment is complicated by the prevailing image of activists as frustrated women with vendettas against men. The Center focuses on rehabilitation, literacy training, marketable skill development, and awareness creation. Counseling includes parents, children, and employers. Public awareness campaigns have resulted in employer referrals of youth workers for training. Other groups are joining the effort to improve conditions for child domestic workers.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Violencia Doméstica , Empleo , Tareas del Hogar , Núcleo Familiar , Pobreza , Cambio Social , Adolescente , África , África del Sur del Sahara , África Oriental , Factores de Edad , Niño , Crimen , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Economía , Composición Familiar , Relaciones Familiares , Fuerza Laboral en Salud , Kenia , Población , Características de la Población , Clase Social , Problemas Sociales , Factores Socioeconómicos

RESUMEN

PIP: Statistics reported at a March 1999 conference of African Ministers of Education revealed that the social return on investing in the education of girls in sub-Saharan Africa is the highest in the world (24.3% for basic education and 18.2% for secondary education). Currently, a lack of skills means that only 32% of African women participate in the formal labor force, as compared to 63% of men. While it is understood that education reduces poverty, the number of girls not enrolled in school is increasing in the region, and it would require an estimated investment of US$3 billion to achieve universal primary education. The UN Children's Fund predicts that 1 billion people will be unable to read or write at the start of the next century. Of these, almost two-thirds will be women, and more than 130 million will be school-aged and living in developing countries. The discrimination that prevents girls from attending school is reinforced when the girls grow into women without skills who must be economically depend on men. In response, African groups have initiated awareness campaigns targeting policymakers, communities, and the mass media and have invested directly in the education of girls by providing scholarships for impoverished families.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Educación , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Pobreza , Adolescente , África , África del Sur del Sahara , Factores de Edad , Niño , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Economía , Población , Características de la Población , Factores Socioeconómicos

RESUMEN

PIP: The 1991 census showed a female illiteracy rate of over 39%, requiring a major new effort to include all women, especially the poor, in a program of universal primary education. Institute for Socially Disadvantaged Groups' Educational Improvement (ISDGEI) based in Kolhapur (Maharashtra) is working for social transformation through education. Most disadvantaged are poor Dalit women and girls living in urban slums. The institute has been providing primary education to Dalit girls in the Rajendranagar slum of Kolhapur for the past 12 years. In the beginning they also had boy students in their schools, but as they grew they recognized that the need for schools for poor girls, especially Dalits, was so vastly unmet that they decided to put all their efforts into devising an appropriate and effective educational experience for these children. In this article, the Honorary Director of the ISDGEI, M. V. Sreedhar, explains the challenges they face and the many innovations they have evolved in order to make education accessible to the most disadvantaged of India's children--Dalit girls.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Educación , Áreas de Pobreza , Pobreza , Investigación , Mujeres , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Asia , Niño , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Economía , Geografía , India , Población , Características de la Población , Clase Social , Factores Socioeconómicos , Población Urbana , Urbanización

RESUMEN

PIP: Gender inequalities in India are derived partly from the economic dependence of women on men. Low levels of formal education among women reinforce the asymmetry of power between the sexes. A general pattern of sharp gender bias in education levels is noted in most Indian states; however, in the small state of Himachal Pradesh, school participation rates are almost as high for girls as for boys. Rates of school participation for girls at the primary level is close to universal in this state, and while gender bias persists at higher levels of education, it is much lower than elsewhere in India and rapidly declining. This was not the case 50 years ago; educational levels in Himachal Pradesh were no higher than in Bihar or Uttar Pradesh. Today, the spectacular transition towards universal elementary education in Himachal Pradesh has contributed to the impressive reduction of poverty, mortality, illness, undernutrition, and related deprivations.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Educación , Escolaridad , Relaciones Interpersonales , Investigación , Instituciones Académicas , Estudiantes , Mujeres , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Asia , Niño , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Economía , India , Población , Características de la Población , Clase Social , Factores Socioeconómicos

RESUMEN

PIP: In the Maradi district of southwestern Niger, the country¿s commercial hub, children are born with business sense. Parents in the district expect their young daughters to take part in the region¿s business activities by selling products at village markets. Therefore, only 13% of girls in the district attend school and during market days, classrooms are almost empty, but particularly devoid of female students. Students in Sabon Machi village have school vacation every Tuesday in order to attend the weekly market, then catch up on coursework on Wednesdays. Parents approve of such district norms because they prefer to keep their girls at home to help with household chores. Otherwise, they enroll their daughters in a Koranic school, where they can learn the basics of becoming a wife. Girls in this part of Niger are either promised to someone else in the future or they are under the control of their mothers, who are charged with teaching daughters what they need to know to be proper wives. Girls sell market products to slowly accumulate funds for their dowries. Also with regard to daughters, many parents believe that school attendance is synonymous with unwanted pregnancies, abortions, and other sorts of aberrations. Niger¿s government and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are wondering how to convince parents in this region to send their daughters to school. Some approaches employed to reassure and convince parents to that end are described.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Comercio , Cultura , Padres , Esposos , Estudiantes , Derechos de la Mujer , Mujeres , Adolescente , África , África del Sur del Sahara , África del Norte , África Occidental , Factores de Edad , Conducta , Niño , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Economía , Escolaridad , Composición Familiar , Relaciones Familiares , Niger , Organización y Administración , Población , Características de la Población , Conducta Social , Clase Social , Factores Socioeconómicos

RESUMEN

PIP: This article reports the nonapplication of Article 266 in the case of an 11-year-old pregnant girl in Bolivia. Article 266, is a policy on unpunishable abortion. It explicitly states that in extreme cases of pregnancy, such as the consequence of rape, abduction for sexual purposes not followed by marriage, statutory rape, or incest, abortions are not punishable by law. In the case of a developmentally disabled girl in Santa Cruz, who was raped by her stepfather and became pregnant, she was denied the choice of aborting the baby despite the order of the juvenile court judge. This was because the doctors of certain hospitals in the city refused to perform the act and leaders of the Catholic Church and conservative groups opposed the abortion. However, abortion could have been pushed through if the justice system upheld Article 266. In addition, problems in the said article are cited. The article is not sufficient for enforcement as it lacks legislation, which subsequently leaves the rights of women at the mercy of police, doctors, and judges. Although women's rights groups have presented a revised version of Article 266, it still needs the approval of the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate, and finally the president of the Bolivian Congress.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Aborto Inducido , Legislación como Asunto , Embarazo , Violación , Investigación , Mujeres , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Américas , Bolivia , Niño , Crimen , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Servicios de Planificación Familiar , América Latina , Población , Características de la Población , Reproducción , Problemas Sociales , América del Sur

RESUMEN

PIP: Favoring boys' education over girls' education is a prevailing practice in the Philippines. According to the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), this immoral and unjust practice makes no economic or practical sense. Statistics show that girls comprise 73 million out-of-school children aged 6-11 in developing countries. There is a correlation between education and child mortality rates, particularly among women. The Philippines' mortality rate ranks 88th among the 188 countries in the UNICEF report. UNICEF cited benefits in educating girls, which include the following: 1) an educated mother is less likely to experience mortality among her children; 2) children with educated mothers are better nourished; 3) children with educated mothers are more likely to educate themselves; 4) educated women tend to marry later and have fewer children; 5) educating women reduces risks associated with childbirth; 6) educated women have more opportunities and life choices; 7) educated women are more likely to be aware of development initiatives; 8) educated women play a role in political and economic decision-making at all social levels. Thus, improving the education of girls will improve economic growth in developing countries, particularly in the Philippines.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Educación , Directrices para la Planificación en Salud , Naciones Unidas , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Asia , Asia Sudoriental , Niño , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Agencias Internacionales , Organizaciones , Filipinas , Población , Características de la Población

RESUMEN

PIP: For many girls in developing countries, adolescence is characterized by a high risk of early and unwanted sexual activity, forced marriage, and early pregnancy-related events. By themselves, the provision of contraceptive services are unlikely to change these trends. Also since many girls receive no formal education, and those who do often have negative experiences, school-based sex education will have only a limited impact. Other approaches are needed to support girls in their transition to adulthood. The Population Council is investigating the feasibility of targeting adolescent women through sports programs. Creating opportunities for young women to develop self-esteem, master new skills, and establish a sense of bodily integrity may be critical to improving girls' health and self-image. Physical education and participation in sports are an untapped, potentially important area for public health intervention. Girls' perception of their bodies, how sports benefit girls, and possibilities in developing country settings are discussed.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Países en Desarrollo , Servicios de Planificación Familiar , Maduración Sexual , Deportes , Salud de la Mujer , Adolescente , Servicios de Salud del Adolescente , Adulto , Egipto , Femenino , Promoción de la Salud , Humanos , Embarazo

RESUMEN

PIP: This article describes trends in AIDS, child prostitution, reasons for prostitution, and strategies for preventing child prostitution in Thailand. The study examined the effectiveness of the Sema Life Development Project in 3 provinces (Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, and Phayao) in 1994. The project provided high school scholarships to poor girls in order to prevent entrance into the commercial sex worker (CSW) trade. HIV prevalence rates among direct CSWs rose from 3.5% to 28.9% during 1989-96, and from 1.6% to 11.1% among indirect CSWs. The problem of HIV infected CSWs is particularly severe in northern provinces. The main reason for girls entering prostitution is to satisfy parents' need for money for material goods and survival. The Sema Life Development Project identified 8 provinces in the north that were the highest risk areas for girls becoming CSWs. Five factors were identified as instrumental to entering the trade: poverty, materialistic attitudes, lack of education, agent persuasion, and family difficulties. The project provided 400 scholarships to day students and 500 scholarships for boarding students. The scholarships helped students finish high school. The project also established CSW information centers and campaigns for preventing prostitution. Interviews with 86 girl students revealed that scholarships were important in permitting continuation of their education and prevention of their entering the CSW trade. The project learned that selection of students was the most important step. Data collection should be improved. Curricula should offer greater alternatives for employment.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida , Adolescente , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Infecciones por VIH , Planificación en Salud , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Factores de Edad , Asia , Asia Sudoriental , Conducta , Niño , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Enfermedad , Organización y Administración , Población , Características de la Población , Conducta Sexual , Tailandia , Virosis

RESUMEN

PIP: A recently formed interagency Forum on the Rights of Girls and Women in Marriage is investigating the widespread problem of nonconsensual marriage and forced sex and advocating for legislative and policy initiatives. This article reviews three research projects in this area: research by Anti-Slavery International on child marriage in parts of West Africa, an investigation by Save the Children of children's views of early marriage, and research conducted by CHANGE on women's resistance to domestic violence in Calcutta, India. Girls who marry before 15 years of age are more likely to be illiterate than their older counterparts, more likely to be dowry payment brides, less likely to come into contact with development projects, have higher rates of infant mortality, and are most vulnerable to sexual violence. In many cases, intercourse is initiated before the girl begins to menstruate. Although adult women also face sexual violence within marriage, this problem is all the more traumatic for girls who lack any information about sexuality. Sex with girls below a certain age is usually covered by rape legislation, but, in countries such as India, this is mitigated by the religiously defined personal laws. The absence of adequate legal and policy action frameworks to deal with the rights of girls, coupled with the lack of sanctions against these abuses, comprise state complicity and neglect of duty under international law to this vulnerable group.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Violencia Doméstica , Derechos Humanos , Legislación como Asunto , Matrimonio , Organizaciones , Violación , Derechos de la Mujer , Adolescente , África , África del Sur del Sahara , África Occidental , Factores de Edad , Asia , Niño , Crimen , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Economía , India , Población , Características de la Población , Problemas Sociales , Factores Socioeconómicos

RESUMEN

PIP: A deep-seated preference exists in many cultures for bearing sons rather than daughters. This preference for sons results in the abuse and neglect of girl children, which often leads to their death and country-level sex ratios skewed in the favor of boys and men. Many women, with the assistance and cooperation of their physicians, use ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling to determine the sex of their fetus. Many female fetuses are subsequently selectively aborted, especially in China. The selective abortion of female fetuses was so widely practiced in India that the government eventually implemented legislation against it, while the practice grew during the 1980s in South Korea. Once born, baby girls are sometimes murdered outright. Otherwise, baby girls are killed passively through neglect and discrimination. The practice of female genital mutilation is one example of the current failure to protect the girl child's right to health. The problems of teen pregnancy are briefly considered.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Infanticidio , Núcleo Familiar , Embarazo en Adolescencia , Preselección del Sexo , Razón de Masculinidad , Sexo , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Asia , Conducta , Niño , China , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico , Crimen , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Diagnóstico , Composición Familiar , Relaciones Familiares , Asia Oriental , Fertilidad , Técnicas Genéticas , India , Corea (Geográfico) , Población , Características de la Población , Dinámica Poblacional , Psicología , Reproducción , Técnicas Reproductivas , Distribución por Sexo , Factores Sexuales , Conducta Sexual , Problemas Sociales , Valores Sociales

RESUMEN

PIP: This traveler to the southern Asia reports on the status of girl children who make up a sizeable portion of the world's absolute impoverished people and suffer from gender gaps in the opportunity to achieve an education, to safeguard health, and to earn income. Southern Asia is home to nearly half of the world's illiterate adults (two-thirds being women) and to 40% of the children out of school, mainly girls. This translates to 28 million girls not attending primary school alone (net primary enrollment is 69% for girls and 88% for boys). By the secondary level, only half as many girls as boys attend school. This means that girls achieve an average of 1.2 years of schooling. The constraints to girls' education are well known, but neither India, Pakistan, nor Bangladesh is making the necessary commitment to overcome these constraints. In fact, the region spends only about half of the estimated 5-6% of gross national product needed to ensure universal primary education. This dismal situation for girls is exacerbated by an increase in violence against girls, including the well-publicized rapes of minors, human trafficking, and sexual exploitation of girls who can find no other work but prostitution. The estimated cost of an Emergency National Campaign for Primary Education throughout southern Asia would cost a mere $3 billion/year for 5 years, including capital costs; this is precisely the amount the region spent on defense in 1995.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Educación , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Desarrollo de Programa , Violación , Derechos de la Mujer , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Asia , Niño , Crimen , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Economía , Población , Características de la Población , Problemas Sociales , Factores Socioeconómicos

RESUMEN

PIP: In Bangladesh, 100 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have worked with the government to create approximately 52,000 nonformal schools for children who have never attended school or have dropped out. The Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) alone has 34,000 nonformal education centers. The BRAC program has been particularly effective at increasing educational opportunities for girls, and BRAC is a major implementing agency of the agreement forged by the International Labor Organization and the UN Children's Fund with the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers Export Association, which gives about 10,000 former child garment workers a meager stipend allowing them to study instead of work. BRAC, the Grameen Bank, and several other NGOs are also developing alternative income-generating methods to compete with the exploitative working conditions suffered by impoverished girls. BRAC now has more than a million students enrolled each year, 700,000 of whom are girls. Students participate in special condensed courses in classes that average 33 pupils (20 must be girls). Gender sensitivity is incorporated at every level. BRAC also relies on community participation in running the schools, and the flexible hours and imaginative curriculum have resulted in very high attendance rates. Government actions (making primary education compulsory and tripling education expenditure) have also resulted in increased primary enrollment while special programs seek to increase the number of girls in secondary schools.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Educación , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Organizaciones , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Asia , Bangladesh , Niño , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Población , Características de la Población

RESUMEN

PIP: The tragic consequences for young girls of becoming widows or being the daughters of widows have not yet been addressed. In Africa, girls are sometimes given in marriage to old men. When the girls are widowed while still young, their chances for remarriage are slim. The marriages of girl children continue unabated in Africa and may be on the increase because of the AIDS epidemic. Modern legislation that complies with marriage age obligations created by the Convention for the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women simply creates statutory limits to marriage without parental consent and fails to regulate child marriages arranged by parents. Being the daughter of a widow is almost as bad as being a widow, because widows routinely withdraw their daughters from school to protect them from unwanted sexual approaches or marrying them off at a young age. Widows and their daughters are often considered chattel by male relatives who feel no compulsion to seek their consent before arranging marriages for them. Child widowhood is not addressed in the Platform for Action of the Fourth World Conference on Women, but during the 1998 UN Commission on the Status of Women, the European Union countries agreed to pay special attention to widows. It is time for international agencies to begin to collect data on this issue.^ieng

Asunto(s)

Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Matrimonio , Viudez , Derechos de la Mujer , Adolescente , África , Factores de Edad , Niño , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Economía , Estado Civil , Población , Características de la Población , Factores Socioeconómicos