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Utilizing plant-based resources, particularly their by-products, aligns with sustainability principles and circular bioeconomy, contributing to environmental preservation. The therapeutic potential of plant extracts is garnering increasing interest, and this study aimed to demonstrate promising outcomes from an extract obtained from an underutilized plant waste. Chaetomorpha linum, an invasive macroalga found in the Orbetello Lagoon, thrives in eutrophic conditions, forming persistent mats covering approximately 400 hectares since 2005. The biomass of C. linum undergoes mechanical harvesting and is treated as waste, requiring significant human efforts and economic resources-A critical concern for municipalities. Despite posing challenges to local ecosystems, the study identified C. linum as a natural source of bioactive metabolites. Phytochemical characterization revealed lipids, amino acids, and other compounds with potential anti-inflammatory activity in C. linum extract. In vitro assays with LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 and TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells showed the extract inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) productions, and reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions via NF-κB nuclear translocation, in RAW 264.7 cells. It also reduced chemokines (TARC/CCL17, RANTES/CCL5, MCP-1/CCL2, and IL-8) and the cytokine IL-1ß production in HaCaT cells, suggesting potential as a therapeutic candidate for chronic diseases like atopic dermatitis. Finally, in silico studies indicated palmitic acid as a significant contributor to the observed effect. This research not only uncovered the untapped potential of C. linum but also laid the foundation for its integration into the circular bioeconomy, promoting sustainable practices, and innovative applications across various industries.

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Background and Aim: Over the last decades, the poultry industry has experienced steady growth. Although the industry is gradually expanding in Indonesia, poultry feed production has always been expensive. There is a need to study alternative ingredients to obtain affordable feed from natural resources. Chaetomorpha linum (CL) is an abundant macroalgae available throughout the year in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the effect of CL on the histological structure of the small intestine, pectoralis muscle, growth performance, and meat quality of broilers. Materials and Methods: This study used 300-day-old chick (DOC) male broilers that were reared until they were 21 days old. This study used a completely randomized design with four treatment groups and five replications, and each replication group contained 15 DOC individuals. The treatment groups consisted of Control (CON), CON basal feed (BF), CL1 (0.75%/kg BF), CL2 (1.5%/kg BF), and CL3 (3%/kg BF) groups. The histological structure of the small intestine, pectoralis muscle, growth performance, and meat quality of the broiler was examined. Results: Small intestine and pectoral muscle histomorphology, growth performance, and meat quality were significantly improved in the CL2 (1.5%) and CL3 (3%) groups compared with the CL1 (0.75%) and CON groups. Conclusion: Dietary CL supplementation ameliorates small intestine and pectoral muscle histomorphology, growth performance, and meat quality of broilers.

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In this article, chemical structure and conformation in an aqueous solution of a new sulfated polysaccharide, PCL, extracted from green seaweed Chaetomorpha linum were elucidated by SEC-MALL, IR, NMR and SAXS. The results indicated that the obtained polysaccharide is a sulfated arabinogalactan with a molecular weight of 223 kDa, and is mainly composed of →3,6)-α-D-Galp4S→ and →2)-α-L-Araf→ connecting together through 1→3 glycoside linkages. It has a broken rod-like conformation in solution with Rgc estimated as 0.43 nm from SAXS measurements. The polysaccharide exhibited a notable anticoagulant activity measured by the assays of activated partial thromboplastintime, thrombintime and prothrombine time as well as a significant cytotoxic activity against hepatocellular, human breast cancer, and cervical cancer cell lines.

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The study was used in the context of realigning novel low-cost materials for their better and improved optical properties. Emphasis was placed on the bio-nanocomposite approach for producing cellulose/starch/silver nanoparticle films. These polymeric films were produced using the solution casting technique followed by the thermal evaporation process. The structural model of the bio-composite films (CS:CL-CNC7:3-50%) was developed from our previous study. Subsequently, in order to improve the optical properties of bio-composite films, bio-nanocomposites were prepared by incorporating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) ex situ at various concentrations (5-50% w/w). Characterization was conducted using UV-Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) to understand the structure-property relationships. The FTIR analysis indicated a reduction in the number of waves associated with the OH functional groups by adding AgNPs due to the formation of new hydrogen bonds between the bio-composite matrix and the CL-WE-AgNPs. Based on mathematical equations, the optical bandgap energy, the energy of Urbach, the edge of absorption (Ed), and the carbon clusters (N) were estimated for CS:CL-CNC and CS:CL-CNC-AgNPs (5-50%) nanocomposite films. Furthermore, the optical bandgap values were shifted to the lower photon energy from 3.12 to 2.58 eV by increasing the AgNPs content, which indicates the semi-conductor effect on the composite system. The decrease in Urbach's energy is the result of a decrease in the disorder of the biopolymer matrix and/or attributed to an increase in crystalline size. In addition, the cluster carbon number increased from 121.56 to 177.75, respectively, from bio-composite to bio-nanocomposite with 50% AgNPs. This is due to the presence of a strong H-binding interaction between the bio-composite matrix and the AgNPs molecules. The results revealed that the incorporation of 20% AgNPs into the CS:CL-CNC7:3-50% bio-composite film could be the best candidate composition for all optical properties. It can be used for potential applications in the area of food packaging as well as successfully on opto-electronic devices.

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In recent years, macroalgae and microalgae have played a significant role in the production of organic matter, fiber, and minerals on Earth. They contribute to both technical and medicinal applications as well as being a healthy and nutritious food for humans and animals. The theme of this work concerns the development and exploitation of Chaetomorpha linum (C. linum) biomass, through the elaboration of a new starch-based composite film reinforced by cellulose nanocrystals (CL-CNC) derived from C. linum. The first step involves the chemical extraction of CL-CNC from dry C. linum algae biomass. To achieve this, three types of cyclic treatment were adopted: alkalinization (sodium hydroxide) followed by bleaching (sodium hypochlorite) and acid hydrolysis (hydrochloric acid). We then studied the optimization of the development of bio-composite films based on corn starch (CS) reinforced by CL-CNC. These polymeric films were produced using the solution-casting technique followed by the thermal evaporation process. Structure and interactions were modified by using different amounts of glycerol plasticizers (20% and 50%) and different CS:CNC ratios (7:3 and 8:2). These materials were characterized by UV visible (UV/Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) spectroscopy to understand structure-property relationships. The result revealed that the best matrix composition is 7:3 (CS: CL-CNC) with 50% glycerol, which reflects that the reinforcing effect of CL-CNC was greater in bio-composites prepared with a 50% plasticizer, revealing the formation of hydrogen bonds between CL-CNC and CS.

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BACKGROUND: Green algae contain many polysaccharides. However, there is no information on whether Chaetomorpha linum polysaccharides (CLP) can modulate lipid and glucose metabolism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: CLP were extracted from chlorella and their components were characterized. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomized and provided with control chow as the control, or high fat diet (HFD) to induce nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD mice were treated orally with water as the HFD group or with 50 or 150 mg/kg CLP daily for 10 weeks. The impact of CLP treatment on lipid and glucose metabolism and the PPARα signaling was examined by histology, Western blotting and biochemistry. RESULTS: CLP mainly contained arabinogalactan sulfate. Compared with the control, HFD feeding increased body weights, lipid droplet liver deposition and induced hyperlipidemia, liver functional impairment and glucose intolerance in mice. Treatment with CLP, particularly with a higher dose of CLP, limited the HFD-increased body weights and liver lipid droplet deposition, mitigated the HFD-induced hyperlipidemia and improved liver function and glucose tolerance in mice. Mechanistically, feeding with HFD dramatically decreased the expression of liver PPARα, CPT-1, and MCAD, but treatment with CLP enhanced their expression in a trend of dose-dependent in mice. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicated that CLP treatment alleviated the gain in body weights, NAFLD, and glucose intolerance in mice after HFD feeding by enhancing the PPARα/CPT-1/MCAD signaling.

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A water-soluble polysaccharide from the green alga Chaetomorpha linum, designated CHS2, was obtained by water extraction, preparative anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. Results of chemical and spectroscopic analyses showed that CHS2 was a sulfated rhamnogalactoarabinan, and its backbone was mainly constituted by 4-linked and 3,4-linked ß-l-arabinopyranose with sulfate groups at C-2/C-3 of 4-linked ß-l-arabinopyranose. The branching contained 4-linked, 6-linked ß-d-galactopyranose and terminal rhamnose residues. Based on the inhibition of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) aggregation and morphology change of hIAPP aggregates in in vitro tests, it was proved that CHS2 effectively inhibited the hIAPP aggregation and possessed strong antidiabetic activity. CHS2 was nearly no toxicity in NIT-1 cells and could attenuate hIAPP-induced cytotoxicity. CHS2 may significantly reduce the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and hIAPP aggregation-induced oxidative stress in NIT-1 cells. CHS2 was co-localized with mitochondria, and largely protected mitochondria function from hIAPP aggregation-induced damage through stabilizing mitochondrial membrane potential and enhancing the mitochondrial complex I, II or III activity and ATP level. The data demonstrated that CHS2 could have potential prospect to become an antidiabetic drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment.

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The green approach of nanoparticle synthesis has gained more attention by researchers because of its nontoxic, eco-friendly, biocompatible, and sustainable nature. The present research investigated the anticancer effectiveness of silver nanoparticles synthesized from marine algae Chaetomorpha linum (C. linum) against colon cancer cell HCT-116 in vitro. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (C-AgNPs) are characterized using UV-spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We demonstrated the dose-dependent cytotoxic effect of C-AgNPs in human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT-116) using MTT assay. The apoptosis induction in HCT-116 cells caused by C-AgNPs has studied fluorescence microscope by staining with fluorogenic agents 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), rhodamine 123, and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA). By using a flow cytometric test, the apoptotic action of C-AgNPs was performed. The immunoblotting study of caspases, as well as pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic protein expression, was studied using the PCR technique to understand the underlying molecular mechanism of C-AgNPs on cancer cells. The apoptotic studies showed an increase in the expression of apoptotic caspase 3, caspase 9, BH3-interacting domain death agonist (Bid), and Bax, along with a decrease in the anti-apoptotic protein like Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, thereby veritably confirmed by immunoblotting and qPCR technique. The biosynthesized C-AgNPs was an efficient anticancer agent that can induce apoptosis in the HCT-116 colon cells.

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A sulfated polysaccharide from the green alga Chaetomorpha linum, designated CLS4, was isolated by water extraction, anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. Chemical and spectroscopic analyses demonstrated that CLS4 was a sulfated arabinogalactan, which was constituted by (1→6)-ß-d-galactopyranose and (1→5)-α-l-arabinofuranose residues with sulfate groups at C-2/ C-3 of (1→5)-α-l-arabinofuranose and C-2/C-4 of (1→6)-ß-d-galactopyranose. CLS4 possessed strong anticoagulant activity in vitro or in vivo as evaluated by activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time assays. CLS4 largely inhibited the activities of the coagulation factors XII, XI, IX and VIII. CLS4 was a potent thrombin inhibitor mediated by antithrombin III (ATIII) or heparin cofactor II, and it also effectively stimulated the factor Xa inhibition by potentiating ATIII. Moreover, CLS4 had a high thrombolytic activity in vitro as assessed by clot lytic rate assay. The results suggested that CLS4 could be a promising source of anticoagulant agent.

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A novel polysaccharide extracted from green algae Chaetomorpha linum (PS) was characterized, using infrared spectroscopy, HPLC-FID, gel filtration high-pressure chromatography, thin layer chromatography and spectrum visible UV. Natural antioxidant potential of PS was evaluated based on DPPH free radical, ferrous iron-chelating, ß carotene bleaching inhibition activities and DNA nicking assay. Functional properties were estimated based on Water Holding Capacity (WHC), Oil Holding Capacity (OHC), emulsifying activity and foaming ability. Overall, data showed attractive chemical, functional and biological properties with an antioxidant capacity of PS in beef sausages during storage for 12 days. Indeed, as compared to standard formulation (with addition of vitamin C), samples formulated with PS presented lower values in terms of lipid oxidation (TBARS, MetMb), while preserving color properties compared with untreated samples. Furthermore, lower changes in pH, moisture, and the highest values of heme iron were obtained. Successful inhibition of microbial proliferation was proved. Endowed with high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, PS could thus be used as a natural conservative in functional foods.

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Aquaculture expansion is limited by the negative environmental impact of the waste and the need for alternative sources in the diet of reared fish. In this framework, for the first time, the survival rates, biomass gain, and fatty acid profiles of the polychaete Sabella spallanzanii and the macroalga Chaetomorpha linum, reared/cultivated as bioremediators in an integrated multitrophic aquaculture system (IMTA), were evaluated for their potential reuse applications. Results showed that these organisms represent a natural source of omega-3 and omega-6. On account of the overall results and the high biomass obtained as by-products, a preliminary study was performed employing both S. spallanzanii and C. linum as new dietary ingredients to feed different sized Dicentrarchus labrax. Fish survival rate, biomass growth, and specific growth rate were determined resulting in no significant differences between control and treated fishes. Histological analyses showed no alterations of the stomach tunica mucosa and submucosa in treated fishes. The eco-friendly approaches applied in the here-realized IMTA system could guarantee the achievement of sustainable by-products represented by the bioremediators S. spallanzanii and C. linum, as well as their reliability as a natural source of compounds beneficial to fish and human health.

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Seagrass meadows are declining at alarming rates globally due to both anthropogenic activities and natural threats. Seagrasses play key ecological roles in coastal ecosystems as primary producers and providers of habitat and environmental structure. Therefore, mapping seagrass beds is indispensable for the effective monitoring and management of coastal vegetated habitats. In contrast to direct sampling techniques and optical remote sensing, active hydroacoustic techniques are relatively inexpensive and efficient for the detection of seagrass. We used a single beam echosounder to detect the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the eelgrass Zostera marina L. in an important overwintering habitat for the whooper swan Cygnus cygnus (Swan-Lake lagoon), northern China. We also distinguished echograms of the macroalgae Chaetomorpha linum K. and outlined its threat to seagrass. We also propose a method for calculating the accuracy of interpolation analyses. Results showed that: (1) The distribution of seagrass in Swan Lake varies with seasons, with maximum distribution area in summer. The maximum distribution area of seagrass beds in Swan Lake was 199.09 ha-231.67 ha, accounting for 41.48%-48.26% of the area of Swan Lake; (2) C. linum is a growing threat for seagrass beds of Swan-lake, with distribution area as high as 129.28 ha in May 2018. The invasion and competition by C. linum against seagrass beds could be one of the reasons for the decline in seagrass beds in Swan-Lake; (3) Topo to Raster has the highest interpolation accuracy and is the most conservative among three interpolation methods. Topo to Raster was the most suitable interpolation method for the sonar detection of seagrass beds. The findings may facilitate the application of sonar technology in seagrass monitoring and provide data for the formulation of appropriate seagrass bed management and restoration strategies and policies.

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Seasonal changes of high density Chaetomorpha linum mats were studied in an eutrophic coastal lagoon. We measured biomass and specific growth rate and analyzed water quality, sediment labile organic matter (LOM), photosynthetic efficiency and pigments in two areas: one subjected to sediment resuspension and algal mass shuffling through specific boats and the other left undisturbed. Low disturbance enhanced algal survival under critical summer conditions, by reducing LOM and promoting growth through thalli fragmentation. Chaetomorpha linum grew fast and quickly acclimated its physiology to adverse conditions, although the mat underlayer showed low photosynthetic efficiency. Nevertheless, the ability to respond to the adverse environment was not sufficient to prevent the sudden algal decay, which occurred following a prolonged summer stress. Present results may help to plan the lagoon management through boat operations, to attain a more effective control over the algal growth and a more efficient removal of the mat.

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We report the presence of persistent blooms of Chaetomorpha linum in San Andres island, Southwestern Caribbean, during the year 2013.

Reportamos la presencia de florecimientos persistentes del alga verde Chaetomorpha linum en la isla de San Andrés, Caribe suroccidental.

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In summer 2012, an experiment was conducted in a shallow eutrophic lagoon with poor water exchange to determine the consequences of harvesting algae on the algal mat itself, which was traversed and repeatedly disturbed by large harvester boats. Four areas with high macroalgal density, measuring half a hectare each, were selected. Two were subjected to frequent disturbance of the algal mat and sediment (12 two-hour operations over a 38-day period) and the other two were left undisturbed as control. The following variables were determined: 1) water column physical chemistry and nutrients; 2) redox potential, nutrients and organic load in sediments; 3) C, N and P content of algal thalli; 4) macroalgal biomass. In 2013, a further experiment was conducted on a larger scale. Biomass was estimated in a high-density mat measuring 235 ha, where macroalgae were harvested and stirred up by four harvesting boats, and in two high-density mats measuring 150 and 120 ha, left undisturbed as control (9.15, 9.92 and 3.68 kg/m(2), respectively). In the first experiment, no significant changes were observed in the water column. In sediment the main variation was a significant reduction in labile organic matter in the disturbed areas and a significant increase mainly in refractory organic matter in the undisturbed areas. Biomass showed a significant drastic reduction in disturbed areas and substantial stability in undisturbed areas. In the large-scale experiment, the biomass of the disturbed mat declined by about 63%, only 6.5% of which was due to harvesting. On the other hand, the undisturbed mat with higher density underwent a natural decline in biomass of about 23% and the other increased by about 50%. These results demonstrate that disturbance of high-density mat in shallow water by boats can cause decay of the mat.

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