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PURPOSE: Report the case of a patient with a history of central retinal artery occlusion in her right eye and amaurosis fugax associated with acute ischemic changes in her left eye related to a prothrombin G20210A gene variant, in which OCT-A was used as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. CASE PRESENTATION: 55-year-old woman with a history of central retinal artery occlusion in her right eye and prothrombin gene G20210A (F2) variant diagnosis. She presented to our consultation with amaurosis fugax in her left eye. As medical history, she had an episode of bilateral posterior scleritis diagnosed asynchronously with the current episode. Vascular, autoimmune, and metabolic prothrombotic diseases were ruled out. OCT-A showed areas suggesting acute ischemia consistent with macular retinopathy in her left eye. Anticoagulant therapy with Apixaban was initiated, considering the risk for her vision. Control OCT-A showed perfusion improvement in the previous site of the occlusive vascular event. We also considered the extent of the inflammatory response due to posterior scleritis as a differential diagnosis. Nevertheless, it is less likely, considering the temporality between scleritis and the retinal-vascular episodes. CONCLUSIONS: While the G20210A prothrombin gene (F2) variant is a rare cause of retinal artery occlusion, it is important to consider it a differential diagnosis. Good visual outcomes can be achieved with prompt initiation of antithrombotic treatment. In addition, OCT-A is useful for diagnosing ischemic retinal changes that cannot be observed with other diagnostic methods and monitoring them.

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PURPOSE: To report a case of central retinal artery (CRA) occlusion secondary to prepapillary loop in a 13-year-old girl. METHODS: A 13-year-old girl presented with a history of sudden visual loss in her left eye. RESULTS: Fundus examination confirmed thrombosis in a prepapillary arterial loop causing CRA occlusion and extensive retinal ischemia. Macular region was watered by an anomalous macular branch, which explained her 20/20 vision central vision. CONCLUSION: Congenital prepapillary vascular loops are rare and usually asymptomatic. We report a case of central artery occlusion confirmed by multimodal imaging.

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BACKGROUND: The objective of this publication is to report a case of an atypical partial central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) with substantial visual recovery without treatment. CASE PRESENTATION: An 83-year-old woman without significant medical history with sudden unilateral visual loss presented with no known significant ophthalmological or medical history besides systemic arterial hypertension. Examination showed multiple cotton-wool spots in a peripapillary distribution, as well as a heterogenous pattern of grey translucency in the macula resulting in an indistinct cherry-red spot. Fluorescein angiography showed normal choroidal filling and an important delay of dye transit through the retinal circulation. Carotid Doppler echography showed a small endothelial atherosclerotic plaque without hemodynamic repercussion. A detailed history and further examination revealed no other systemic diseases except for moderate hypercholesterolemia. The patient was referred for management of her hypertension but otherwise did not undergo specific therapy for CRAO because of the delayed presentation. Four weeks after the initial visual loss, the patient showed resolution of the retinal findings and a surprising improvement to 20/50 visual acuity. CONCLUSION: This case highlights a rare subtype of central retinal artery occlusion. In this disease, partial occlusion reveals atypical signs including large cotton-wool spots as the predominant finding, making the initial diagnosis difficult. Visual recovery may be significant in partial CRAO, even without treatment.

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OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the risk of subclinical atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) compared to those with cryptogenic stroke using implantable loop recorders (ILR). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 273 consecutive patients who had ILRs inserted at our institution for either cryptogenic stroke (n = 227) or CRAO (n = 46). Our primary endpoint was a time to event analysis for the new diagnosis of AF by ILR. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the predictors of time-to-AF. RESULTS: A total of 64 patients were found to have newly diagnosed AF by remote monitoring of the ILR. AF was detected in 57 of 227 (25%) cryptogenic stroke patients by the end of a maximum 5.1 years follow-up and in seven of 46 (15%) CRAO patients by the end of a maximum 3.6 years follow-up (P = .215, log-rank test). The Kaplan-Meier estimates for freedom from AF was 59.4% for CRAO and 66.6% for cryptogenic stroke (P = NS, log-rank test). Baseline variables predicting AF included older patients, higher CHADS2 VASC score, longer PR interval on initial EKG evaluation, and mitral annular calcification on transthoracic echocardiogram. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CRAO are at risk for subclinical AF, similar to those with cryptogenic stroke. Long-term monitoring to detect AF may lead to changes in pharmacotherapy to reduce the risk for subsequent stroke.

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OBJECTIVE: To propose an algorithm of treatment for sudden visual loss following filler injections and perform an English-written literature search for assignment of evidence level and grade recommendation. METHODS: Algorithm of treatment includes ocular physical Maneuvers, hyAluronidase administration, intravenous STEroids, intraocular pressure Reduction, and Supplemental Oxygen (M.A.STE .R.S) based on previous acute management reports. Special consideration for algorithm buildup was made for ophthalmic diseases that share physiopathological features such as central retinal artery occlusion, systemic vasculitis affecting vision, and acute glaucoma. Finally, a systematic cross-review of the reported cases with visual loss was done to identify the level of evidence and grant a recommendation grade. RESULTS: A search through PubMed and Medscape databases for English-written scientific papers using the terms facial filler, retinal artery occlusion, management, treatment, complications, and adverse events quoted a total of 46 papers (190 cases) which were then analyzed. A high variability on management for treatment of sudden visual loss after facial filler injections was observed. This was attributed partially to the great diversity of medical specialists performing cosmetic facial procedures such as dermatologists, plastic surgeons, esthetic doctors and ophthalmologists, and the lack of high evidence level studies. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed algorithm provides an initial guideline based on prior literature reports and physiopathology involving facial filler injection complications. Analysis identified 22 successfully treated cases with vision recovery (11.57%). Ocular physical maneuvers had the best evidence-based level and grade recommendation (A) for the management of acute vision loss secondary to facial filler injections.

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Injectable fillers have become one of the most performed aesthetical treatments worldwide over the past two decades. They are frequently applied to the face, offering effective and safe alternatives to more invasive surgical procedures. Nevertheless, there are serious risks associated with filler-based treatment. Visual impairment stands as a rare yet catastrophic adverse event associated with intravascular embolization of injected material to the retina or other areas of the central nervous system; potentially leading to permanent visual loss. This article presents a comprehensive revision of blindness secondary to aesthetical filler injections, offering up-to-date strategies for prevention and management.

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Abstract Postoperative visual loss is a rare and devastating complication. The estimated incidence is 0.01-1% after non ocular surgery. It has been reported after spine, cardiac and head and neck surgeries. We report a patient who was operated for cervical laminectomy in prone position and complained of loss of vision in one eye postoperatively. He was thoroughly investigated after visual loss. The case was diagnosed as central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) of the left eye. Here we consider the potential etiological factors causing this unilateral loss of vision and try to suggest strategies to reduce the incidence of the complication in spinal surgery.

Resumo A perda visual pós-operatória é uma complicação rara e devastadora. A incidência estimada é de 0,01-1% após cirurgia não oftalmológica. Há relatos de sua ocorrência após cirurgias da coluna, cardíaca e de cabeça e pescoço. Relatamos o caso de um paciente submetido à laminectomia cervical em pronação que se queixou de perda de visão em um dos olhos no pós-operatório. O paciente foi profundamente investigado após a perda visual. O caso foi diagnosticado como oclusão da artéria central da retina (CRAO) do olho esquerdo. Aqui consideramos os potenciais fatores etiológicos que causam essa perda unilateral da visão e tentamos sugerir estratégias para reduzir a incidência dessa complicação em cirurgia de coluna vertebral.

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Postoperative visual loss is a rare and devastating complication. The estimated incidence is 0.01-1% after non ocular surgery. It has been reported after spine, cardiac and head and neck surgeries. We report a patient who was operated for cervical laminectomy in prone position and complained of loss of vision in one eye postoperatively. He was thoroughly investigated after visual loss. The case was diagnosed as central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) of the left eye. Here we consider the potential etiological factors causing this unilateral loss of vision and try to suggest strategies to reduce the incidence of the complication in spinal surgery.

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Objective: To report a case of iatrogenic central retinal artery occlusion after embolization and surgical resection of carotid body paraganglioma. Methods: Case report Results: One adult female patient presented with persistent unilateral visual loss after embolization with Embosphere® and Contour® microparticles of carotid body tumor. Fluorescein angiography revealed intraluminal microspheres in the central retinal artery ramifications. OCT revealed intraretinal spherical, hyporeflective particles with posterior shadowing. Conclusions: Central retinal artery occlusion should be assessed as a possible complication after surgical repair of head and neck paragangliomas.

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El Síndrome Antifosfolípido (SAF) es una enfermedad auto-inmune que puede afectar vasos sanguíneos en todos los segmentos vasculares generando manifestaciones, incluyendo oculares, relacionadas con hipercoagulabilidad. La forma más frecuente de presentación ocular es trombosis retiniana, cuyos mecanismos desencadenantes aún no están totalmente claros. Los niveles elevados de anticuerpos antifosfolípidos (aPL) son el mecanismo principal de la trombosis en este síndrome. La incidencia de manifestaciones oculares está entre 14-18%, y por eso requiere gran atención en el abordaje de pacientes con SAF primario o secundario. Se presenta caso de paciente femenino de 32 años de edad con diagnóstico de SAF primario en tratamiento, refiere inicio de enfermedad actual en febrero 2016 cuando presenta rash eritematoso en cara, cuello y región superior del tórax, concomitante artralgias generalizadas; se asocia fiebre cuantificada en 39°C y evacuaciones líquidas por lo cual acude e ingresa al Hospital Universitario de Caracas. Durante la hospitalización, refiere escotomas y súbitamente pérdida de visión en ojo derecho, por lo que se realiza examen físico ocular, campimetría y fondo de ojo, los cuales resultan anormales. Este caso es presentado con el fin de realizar abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico de acuerdo a lo reportado en la literatura(AU)

Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease that can affect a wide range of blood vessels presenting clinical features, including ophtalmologic, linked to hypercoagulability. A retinal thrombosis is the commonest presentation in the ocular spectrum but the whose trigger mechanisms are not yet clear. A high level of antiphospholipid antibodies is the main mechanism proposed to explain thrombosis in this syndrome. The accumulated incidence of ocular manifestations range from 14-18%, which makes the ophthalmologic evaluation of great importance when assessing patients with either primary or secondary APS. We present the case of a 32 year-old feminine patient with previous APS diagnosis, who consulted for a rash in face, neck and chest, plus universal arthralgies, fever and liquid stools. During her hospitalization, she refered sudden visual loss of her right eye; the medical team made a complete physical evaluation, visual field test and funduscopy were done and the results were abnormal(AU)

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RESUMO A poliangeíte microscópica é uma vasculite necrotizante sistêmica que acomete arteríolas, capilares e vênulas, mas também pode atingir pequenas e médias artérias. É considerada uma doença rara, idiopática e autoimune. Diversas anormalidades oculares e sistêmicas estão associadas às oclusões arteriais retinianas. Dentre as doenças vasculares do colágeno, a literatura cita como possíveis causas de obstrução das artérias retinianas o lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, a poliarterite nodosa, a arterite de células gigantes, a granulomatose de Wegener e a granulomatose linfóide de Liebow. Até o presente momento, não se encontrou na literatura relatos da associação de casos de oclusão arterial retinana associados à PAM. Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente com poliangeíte microscópica que apresentou comprometimento renal importante e oclusão da artéria central da retina unilateral. Atenta-se para a inclusão de pesquisa da PAM, através do p-ANCA, na avaliação de possível origem sistêmica em pacientes acometidos por oclusão arterial retiniana.

ABSTRACT The microscopic polyangiitis is a systemic necrotizing vasculitis that affects arterioles, capillaries and venules, but can also reach small and medium-sized arteries. It is considered a rare disease, idiopathic in nature but clearly autoimmune. Several ocular and systemic abnormalities are associated with retinal arterial occlusions. Among the collagen vascular diseases, the literature cited as possible causes of retinal artery obstruction lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, giant cell arteritis, Wegener’s granulomatosis and lymphoid Liebow. Until now, there were no reports in the literature of the association of cases of arterial occlusion retinana associated with PAM. The authors report a case of a 53 years old patient diagnosed with microscopic polyangiitis who presented with important renal artery occlusion and associated unilateral central retinal artery occlusion. An extended systemic evaluation of patients presenting with central retinal artery occlusion should include research of PAM through analysis op p-ANCA.

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Objetivo: Describir el caso clínico de una paciente con oclusión de la arteria central de la retina (OACR) bilateral posterior a la embolización de una malformación arterio ­ venosa facial congénita y revisar la literatura sobre el tema. Diseño del estudio: Reporte de caso. Metodología: Se reportó el caso de una paciente con oclusión de arteria central de la retina bilateral que consulta a la clínica Unidad Láser del Atlántico, Barranquilla ­ Colombia en agosto de 2013, se hizo revisión detallada de la historia clínica y se tomaron fotos a color y angiografía fluoresceïnica de la retina. Resultados: La paciente consulta por presentar pérdida de la visión en ambos ojos posterior a una terapia endovascular con embolesferas realizada como tratamiento para una malformación arterio - venosa localizada en la punta de la nariz desde la infancia. La angiografía fluoresceinica de la retina evidencia: 1. Oclusión de la arteria central de la retina bilateral. 2 Persistencia de perfusión en rama superior de bifurcación de arteria temporal inferior ojo derecho 3. Variante anatómica de arteria cilioretiniana ojo izquierdo. Conclusión: La mayoría de las obstrucciones de las arterias centrales de la retina resultan en pérdida severa y permanente de la visión, es por tal motivo que teniendo en cuenta las potenciales complicaciones de origen embólico de los procedimientos intervencionistas, los pacientes necesitan ser conscientes del riesgo que este tratamiento puede implicar. Oftalmólogos, radiólogos y demás personal a cargo de este tipo de procedimientos deben tener un alto índice de sospecha diagnóstica de una OACR ante una disminución repentina de la visión durante o inmediatamente después de este tipo de procedimientos intervencionistas. De igual manera se resalta la necesidad de la evaluación cuidadosa de angiografías para la detección de cualquier vaso colateral anormal antes de la embolización.

Objective: To describe the clinical case of a female patient with central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) after an embolization procedure as a primary treatment for a congenital nasal vascular lesion, its evolutions and sequela and review the current literature about this subject. Study Design: Case report. Methods: We reported the case of a patient with central retinal artery occlusion, who presented at Clinica Unidad Laser del Atlantico on august 2013. Her medical record was reviewed and analyzed. Posterior segment photographs and fluorescein angiography were taken. Results: The patient was seen for visual loss of both eyes after endovascular therapy for a congenital malformation located at the tip of her nose, which was presented from birth. The fluorescein angiographic showed a central retinal artery occlusion in both eyes. Conclusion: Most of the obstruction of the central retinal arteries result in severe and permanent loss of vision, for that reason and considering account potential embolic complications of interventional procedures, patients need to be aware of the risk that this treatment it may involve. Ophthalmologists, radiologists and other healthcare physicians should have a high index of suspicion of CRAO after a sudden decrease of visual acuity during or immediately after the interventional procedures. Careful evaluation of angiography to detect any abnormal collateral vessel before embolization is recommended.

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La embolización de líquido amniótico es una de las condiciones más infrecuentes pero desvastadora que puede presentarse en embarazadas. La prevalencia se ha reportado de 1 en 80.000, con un alto índice de mortalidad (86%). El diagnóstico esta basado en uno o más de los 4 signos clínicos: colapso cardiovascular, dificultad respiratoria, coma y/o convulsiones y coagulopatía. Coagulación intravascular diseminada puede ocasionar pérdida visual bilateral en el grupo de sobrevivientes, por oclusión del sistema arterial retiniano u coroideo. Los sintomas visuales se presentan usualmente después del desarrollo de síntomas sistémicos; sin embargo, en el caso clínico que se expone a continuación la manifestación visual ocurrió simultaneamente con el desarrollo de las sistémicas. Por tanto, la pérdida visual bilateral en el contexto de los signos clínicos sistémicos expuestos, debe alertar al obstetra sobre la posibilidad de embolización de liquido amniótico.

Amniotic fluid embolism is one of the most devastating and infrequent condition known in pregnant women. The prevalence has been reportd as a 1 in 80.000 deliveries with high mortality rate, almost 86%. The diagnosis is based on one or more of the four symptoms and signs: cardiovascular collapse, respiratory distress, coma/seizures and/or coagulopathy. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy can cause bilateral visual loss in the group of survivors by occlusion of the retinal artery and/or the choroid system. The visual manifestations appear usually after the development of systemic symptoms, but in the clinical case described below the visual symptoms occurred simultaneously to the development of systemic manifestations. Therefore, bilateral visual loss in the context of the systemic clinical signs exposed, should alert the obstetrician about the possibility of embolization of amniotic fluid.

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A unilateral electronegative electroretinogram (ERG) was seen in a 94-year-old man with presumed central retinal artery occlusion. Goldmann perimetry revealed central scotoma in the right eye and no abnormalities in the left eye. Full-field ERG in the right eye described a reduction of the b-wave with a relative preservation of the a-wave which is characteristic of electronegative ERG. Hence, our case illustrates that ERG testing is essential for the work-up of individuals with suspected retinal vascular disorders.

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Snakebites are endemic in some parts of Thailand, being associated with several complications. Ocular disturbances are uncommon, except in cases of corneal or conjunctival injury, when the eye is directly exposed to the snake venom. The present study presents a case of combined ophthalmic artery occlusion and transient central retinal artery occlusion with macular ischemia after a Russells viper bite.(AU)

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Snakebites are endemic in some parts of Thailand, being associated with several complications. Ocular disturbances are uncommon, except in cases of corneal or conjunctival injury, when the eye is directly exposed to the snake venom. The present study presents a case of combined ophthalmic artery occlusion and transient central retinal artery occlusion with macular ischemia after a Russell's viper bite.(AU)

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