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Bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC) and bovine trichomonosis (BT) are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that affect bovine breeding herds, decreasing their reproductive efficiency. The objective of this work was to estimate the prevalence of these diseases and their temporal-spatial distribution in the province of Formosa, Argentina. The cross-sectional study conducted between 2018 and 2021 included a total of 15,571 bulls, inter-herd prevalence being 29.62% and 17.23% for BGC and BT, respectively. The prevalence of positive animals was 2.05% for BGC and 0.43% for BT. The temporal-spatial analysis of BGC showed two distinct spatial groupings, one group had a low risk of contracting the disease (RR = 0.13; p < 0.001; 2018-2021) while the other group had a high risk (RR = 2.84; p < 0.001; 2020-2021). BT had a high-risk group for the disease (RR = 35.24; p < 0.001; 2019). This study shows that STDs are endemic in the region, providing updated and valuable information as a tool for the health management of these diseases.

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Bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC) and bovine trichomoniasis (BT) are diseases of cattle that are primarily transmitted through sexual contact. Although bulls may be asymptomatic, these infectious diseases contribute to reproductive failure, embryonic death, and abortion in cows. Infection in cattle causes significant economic losses. BGC is caused by two bacterial subspecies, Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis and Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus, whereas the protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus causes BT. Mato Grosso state has the largest bovine herd in Brazil, particularly in the Pantanal region. This area encompasses vast expanses of land characterized by annual floods and a predominant reliance on natural breeding for animal reproduction. These conditions create a favorable environment for the occurrence of BGC and BT within the herd. Given the lack of up-to-date data regarding the prevalence of these diseases, this study aimed to examine the presence of Campylobacter spp. and Tritrichomonas foetus in samples from 100 bulls in the municipalities of Poconé, Santo Antônio de Leverger, and Nossa Senhora do Livramento located in the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso state. Preputial smegma samples were retrieved using preputial swabs and stored in a saline solution at -80ºC for subsequent analysis. Polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the presence of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis, Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus, and Tritrichomonas foetus. Despite a questionnaire revealing epidemiological conditions conducive to the persistence and spread of these pathogens, they were not detected in the bulls evaluated on rural properties in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso region.(AU)

Campilobacteriose genital bovina (CGB) e Tricomonose bovina (TB) são doenças infectocontagiosas de transmissão venérea, assintomáticas nos touros, sendo consideradas como importantes enfermidades causadoras de falha reprodutiva, morte embrionária ou abortamento, ocasionando perdas econômicas significativas em rebanhos bovinos infectados. CGB é causada pela bactéria Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis e Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus, e TB pelo protozoário Tritrichomonas foetus. O estado de Mato Grosso é detentor do maior rebanho bovino do Brasil, envolve a região do Pantanal Mato-Grossense que possui grandes extensões de terra, com ciclo anual de enchentes e a reprodução dos animais realizada predominantemente por monta natural, condições estas, favoráveis a presença de CGB e TB no rebanho. Considerando a carência de informações recentes sobre a ocorrência dessas enfermidades no estado de Mato Grosso, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a presença de Campylobacter spp. e Tritrichomonas foetus em 100 touros provenientes dos municípios de Poconé, Santo Antônio de Leverger e Nossa Senhora do Livramento, localizados na região pantaneira do estado de Mato Grosso. Amostras de esmegma prepucial foram coletadas por meio de escarificação via swab prepucial e armazenadas em solução salina a -80ºC. Para a detecção de Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis, Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus, e Tritrichomonas foetus, foi realizada a reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR). Apesar do questionário aplicado nas propriedades revelar condições epidemiológicas que favorecem a manutenção e disseminação desses patógenos, este estudo não identificou a presença dos referidos agentes em touros avaliados nas propriedades rurais do pantanal Mato-Grossense.(AU)

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We report a rare case of Campylobacter fetus bacteremia in a 50-year-old woman following kidney transplantation. Bacteremia was complicated by multivisceral signs such as multiple splenic abscesses, bacterial hepatitis, erythema nodosum and reactive arthritis. Despite a prolonged diagnostic delay, the diagnosis was made on blood culture identification and the global outcome was favorable with adequate antibiotherapy. Reports in the literature describe a high rate of mortality for Campylobacter spp. septicemia, with most patients being immunocompromised. However, Campylobacter spp. has been rarely described in renal transplant patients. Moreover, a splenic septic localization due to Campylobacter spp. has been reported only once to our knowledge. Clinicians should be aware of the diagnostic difficulties related to the frequent negativity of stool samples in C. fetus septicemia, in order to implement a tailored medical strategy. Some data suggest that rapid introduction of adapted antibiotic therapy is associated with a reduction in mortality.

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Abstract Campylobacter fetus fetus (Cff) is a major infectious cause of abortion in sheep worldwide, and an opportunistic human pathogen. Information on Cff as an ovine abortifacient in South America is limited. We describe a case of abortion caused by a multidrug resistant strain of Cff in a sheep in Uruguay. In August 2017, 3/57 pregnant ewes (5.3%) aborted whithin one week. Histopathologic examination of the placenta of an aborted ewe revealed severe neutrophilic and fibrinonecrotizing placentitis with vasculitis and thrombosis of the chorionic arterioles. Cff was isolated on microaerobic culture in Skirrow agar, and further confirmed by 16S rDNA PCR amplification and sequencing, and endpoint and real time PCR assays. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing revealed resistance to tetracyclines, nalidixic acid, telithromycin and clindamycin. Other abortifacients were not detected. Further studies are necessary to determine the geographic distribution, ecology, epidemiology, economic impact, and antimicrobial resistance of Cff in sheep flocks in Uruguay.

Resumen Campylobacter fetus fetus (Cff) es una importante causa de abortos en ovinos y un patógeno oportunista en humanos. La información sobre Cff como abortifaciente en ovinos en Sudamérica es limitada. Describimos un caso de aborto causado por una cepa de Cff mul tirresistente a antibióticos en una oveja en Uruguay. En agosto de 2017, 3/57 ovejas prenadas (5,3%) abortaron en una semana. El examen histopatológico de la placenta de una de ellas reveló placentitis neutrofílica fibrinonecrosante severa, vasculitis y trombosis. Cff fue aislado en microaerobiosis en agar Skirrow, y confirmado mediante amplificación del ADNr 16S por PCR seguida de secuenciación, y por PCR punto final y qPCR. Las pruebas de sensibilidad antimicrobiana revelaron resistencia a tetraciclinas, ácido nalidíxico, telitromicina y clindamicina. No se detectaron otros abortifacientes. Son necesarios más estudios para determinar la distribución geográfica, ecología, epidemiología, el impacto económico y la resistencia antimicrobiana de Cff en majadas ovinas de Uruguay.

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Campylobacter fetusfetus (Cff) is a major infectious cause of abortion in sheep worldwide, and an opportunistic human pathogen. Information on Cff as an ovine abortifacient in South America is limited. We describe a case of abortion caused by a multidrug resistant strain of Cff in a sheep in Uruguay. In August 2017, 3/57 pregnant ewes (5.3%) aborted whithin one week. Histopathologic examination of the placenta of an aborted ewe revealed severe neutrophilic and fibrinonecrotizing placentitis with vasculitis and thrombosis of the chorionic arterioles. Cff was isolated on microaerobic culture in Skirrow agar, and further confirmed by 16S rDNA PCR amplification and sequencing, and endpoint and real time PCR assays. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing revealed resistance to tetracyclines, nalidixic acid, telithromycin and clindamycin. Other abortifacients were not detected. Further studies are necessary to determine the geographic distribution, ecology, epidemiology, economic impact, and antimicrobial resistance of Cff in sheep flocks in Uruguay.

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Abstract We report a rare case of Campylobacter fetus bacteremia in a 50-year-old woman following kidney transplantation. Bacteremia was complicated by multivisceral signs such as multiple splenic abscesses, bacterial hepatitis, erythema nodosum and reactive arthritis. Despite a prolonged diagnostic delay, the diagnosis was made on blood culture identification and the global outcome was favorable with adequate antibiotherapy. Reports in the literature describe a high rate of mortality for Campylobacter spp. septicemia, with most patients being immunocompromised. However, Campylobacter spp. has been rarely described in renal transplant patients. Moreover, a splenic septic localization due to Campylobacter spp. has been reported only once to our knowledge. Clinicians should be aware of the diagnostic difficulties related to the frequent negativity of stool samples in C. fetus septicemia, in order to implement a tailored medical strategy. Some data suggest that rapid introduction of adapted antibiotic therapy is associated with a reduction in mortality.

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The sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of three diagnostic tests for the detection of Campylobacter fetus venerealis (Cfv) using field samples were estimated using a Bayesian latent class model (BLCM), accounting for the absence of a gold standard. The tests included in this study were direct immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Twelve farms from two different populations were selected and bull prepuce samples were collected. The IFAT was performed according to the OIE Manual. The conventional PCR was performed as multiplex, targeting the gene nahE for C. fetus species identification and insertion element ISCfe1 for Cfv identification. The RT-PCR was performed as uniplex: one targeting the gene nahE for C. fetus and the other targeting the insertion ISCfe1 (ISC2) for Cfv. Results from the BLCM showed a median Se of 11.7% (Bayesian credibility interval (BCI): 1.93-29.79%), 53.7% (BCI: 23.1-95.0%), and 36.1% (BCI: 14.5-71.7%) for IFAT, PCR, and RT-PCR respectively. The Sp were 94.5% (BCI: 90.1-97.9%), 97.0% (BCI: 92.9-99.3%), and 98.4% (BCI: 95.3-99.7%) for IFAT, PCR, and RT-PCR respectively. The correlation between PCR and RT-PCR was positive and low in samples from both sampled population (0.63% vs 8.47%). These results suggest that diagnostic sensitivity of the studied tests is lower using field samples than using pure Cfv strains.

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BACKGROUND AND AIM: Campylobacter fetus is one of the most important pathogens that severely affects livestock industry worldwide. C. fetus mediated bovine genital campylobacteriosis infection in cattle has been associated with significant economic losses in livestock production in the Pampas region, the most productive area of Argentina. The present study aimed to establish the genomic relationships between C. fetus strains, isolated from the Pampas region, at local and global levels. The study also explored the utility of multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) as a typing technique for C. fetus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For pangenome and phylogenetic analysis, whole genome sequences for 34 C. fetus strains, isolated from cattle in Argentina were downloaded from GenBank. A local maximum likelihood (ML) tree was constructed and linked to a Microreact project. In silico analysis based on MLST was used to obtain information regarding sequence type (ST) for each strain. For global phylogenetic analysis, a core genome ML-tree was constructed using genomic dataset for 265 C. fetus strains, isolated from various sources obtained from 20 countries. RESULTS: The local core genome phylogenetic tree analysis described the presence of two major clusters (A and B) and one minor cluster (C). The occurrence of 82% of the strains in these three clusters suggested a clonal population structure for C. fetus. The MLST analysis for the local strains revealed that 31 strains were ST4 type and one strain was ST5 type. In addition, a new variant was identified that was assigned a novel ST, ST70. In the present case, ST4 was homogenously distributed across all the regions and clusters. The global analysis showed that most of the local strains clustered in the phylogenetic groups that comprised exclusively of the strains isolated from Argentina. Interestingly, three strains showed a close genetic relationship with bovine strains obtained from Uruguay and Brazil. The ST5 strain grouped in a distant cluster, with strains obtained from different sources from various geographic locations worldwide. Two local strains clustered in a phylogenetic group comprising intercontinental Campylobacter fetus venerealis strains. CONCLUSION: The results of the study suggested active movement of animals, probably due to economic trade between different regions of the country as well as with neighboring countries. MLST results were partially concordant with phylogenetic analysis. Thus, this method did not qualify as a reliable subtyping method to assess C. fetus diversity in Argentina. The present study provided a basic platform to conduct future research on C. fetus, both at local and international levels.

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BACKGROUND: Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus is the causal agent of sporadic abortion and infertility in bovines that produces economic losses in livestock. AIMS: This study evaluates the capability of C. fetus subsp. fetus to invade and survive in bovine endometrial epithelial cells and attempts to describe a pathogenic mechanism of this microorganism. METHODS: Primary culture of bovine endometrial epithelial cells was challenged with C. fetus subsp. fetus. Intracellular bacteria, represented by the number of genomic copies (g.c.) were quantified at 0, 2, 4, 10, and 24 hours post-infection (h.p.i.), by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The presence of intracellular bacteria was evaluated by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The results showed that only viable C. fetus subsp. fetus could invade endometrial cells. The g.c. number in assays with viable C. fetus subsp. fetus reached an average value of 656 g.c., remained constant until 4 h.p.i., then decreased to 100 g.c, at 24 h.p.i. In assays with non-viable microorganisms, the average value of g.c. was less than 1 g.c. and never changed. The intracellular presence of this bacteria was confirmed at 2 h.p.i. by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that only C. fetus subsp. fetus viable can invade bovine endometrial epithelial cells but will not replicate in them, indicating that the endometrial cells do not represent a replication niche for this pathogen. Nonetheless, this invasion capability suggests that this type of cell could be employed by the pathogen to spread to other tissues.

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Resumen La infección es una complicación infrecuente de los aneurismas de la aorta abdominal. Campylobacter fetus tiene un especial tropismo por el endotelio vascular y ha sido reportado como causa de infección de aneurismas aórticos. Este tipo de infección es de alta mortalidad por lo que el reconocimiento temprano con el inicio precoz de terapia antibacteriana efectiva es clave. Además del tratamiento médico, puede requerirse cirugía, la que tiene una alta letalidad en pacientes inestables y con comorbilidades. Comunicamos el caso clínico de un adulto mayor con un aneurisma de aorta abdominal infectado por C. fetus. Dado su compromiso del estado general y antecedentes cardiovasculares se decidió tratamiento médico con imipenem, con una buena respuesta clínica y microbiológica, sin recurrencia de los síntomas. También se presenta una revisión de los casos publicados.

Abstract Infection is a rare complication of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Campylobacter fetus has special tropism for vascular endothelium. It has been reported as a cause of infected abdominal aortic aneurysms. The mortality of these patients is high, so an early recognition with a start of antibiotic therapy is crucial. In addition to medical treatment surgery may be required, which has high mortality in patients with many diseases and unstable. We report the case of an old man with infected abdominal aortic aneurysm with C. fetus, whom was decided to be treated with imipenem, due to his cardiovascular history and his general condition at admission. The patient showed a good clinical response without recurrence of symptoms. We also carry out a review of the reported cases.

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Campylobacter fetus is an important animal pathogen that causes infectious infertility, embryonic mortality and abortions in cattle and sheep flocks. There are two recognized subspecies related with reproductive disorders in livestock: Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus (Cff) and Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis (Cfv). Rapid and reliable detection of this pathogenic species in bulls is of upmost importance for disease control in dairy and beef herds as they are asymptomatic carriers. The aim of the present work was to assess the performance a real-time PCR (qPCR) method for the diagnosis of Campylobacter fetus in samples from bulls, comparing it with culture and isolation methods. 520 preputial samples were both cultured in Skirrow's medium and analyzed by qPCR. The estimated sensitivity of qPCR was 90.9% (95% CI, 69.4%-100%), and the specificity was 99.4% (95% CI, 98.6% - 100%). The proportion of C. fetus positive individuals was 2.1% by isolation and 2.5% by qPCR. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests as Cfv (n = 9) and Cff (n = 2). Our findings support the use of qPCR for fast and accurate detection of C. fetus directly from field samples of preputial smegma of bulls. The qPCR method showed to be suitable for massive screenings because it can be performed in pooled samples without losing accuracy and sensitivity.

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Abstract Background: Bovine campylobacteriosis is a venereal disease due to infection with Campylobacter fetus venerealis. It causes mainly reproductive failures that lead to considerable economic losses. Objective: To perform a histopathological description of the mucosa from reproductive organs of heifers experimentally infected with Campylobacter fetus venerealis. Methods: Twelve 15-18-months-old Aberdeen Angus heifers were treated for estrous synchronization and exposed to natural breeding. They were then randomly divided into two groups: group A (n=9) was inoculated with C. fetus venerealis; group B (n=3, control) was inoculated with a placebo. Ultrasonography was performed at days 29, 38, and 42 post-breeding, and plasmatic progesterone levels were quantified using ELISA to confirm pregnancies. Animals in group A with plasma progesterone levels below 1 ng/mL and/or diagnosed as non-pregnant were further divided into three subgroups: A1 (n=4), euthanized at day 30 post-breeding; A2 (n=3), euthanized at day 40 post-breeding and A3 (n=2), euthanized at day 55 post-breeding. Heifers from group B, all diagnosed as pregnant, were euthanized each at day 30, 40, and 55 days post-breeding as well. Histological sections from every group were taken from oviducts, uterus, and vagina. Results: Lymphocytic inflammation was the most common lesion in all infected heifers. Trophoblast cells were found in the non-pregnant heifers euthanized at days 40, and 55 post-breeding. The inflammatory process with the presence of lymphoid cells probably altered the balance in the activity of maternal lymphoid cells, as well as gene expression of the trophoblast, finally affecting the embryo survival. Conclusion: This work contributes to the understanding of the histopathological process involved in post-mating infection of Campylobacter fetus bovine.

Resumen Antecedentes: La campilobacteriosis bovina es una enfermedad venérea causada por el Campylobacter fetus venerealis, que produce principalmente fallas reproductivas ocasionando grandes pérdidas económicas Objetivo: Describir las características histopatológicas de la mucosa de órganos reproductores de vaquillonas infectadas experimentalmente con Campylobacter fetus venerealis. Métodos: Doce vaquillonas Aberdeen Angus (15 a 18 meses de edad) con celo sincronizado, recibieron servicio natural, e inmediatamente se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos: A (n=9), inoculadas con Campylobacter fetus venerealis; B (n=3; control), inoculadas con placebo. El diagnóstico de preñez se realizó por ultrasonografía a los 29, 38 y 42 días post-servicio; los niveles plasmáticos de progesterona fueron determinados por ELISA. Las vaquillonas del grupo A con niveles de progesterona plasmáticos menores a 1 ng/mL y/o diagnosticadas no preñadas, fueron consideradas para eutanasia y divididas en tres subgrupos: A1-eutanasia día 30 (n=4); A2-día 40 (n=3); y A3-día 55 (n=2) post-servicio. Las vaquillonas del grupo B, diagnosticadas preñadas, fueron eutanasiadas a los 30, 40 y 55 días. Se tomaron muestras de oviductos, útero y vagina. Resultados: Se observó inflamación linfocitaria en la totalidad de muestras del grupo A. Células trofoblásticas fueron encontradas en muestras correspondientes a los grupos A2 y A3. Probablemente, el proceso inflamatorio alteró el equilibrio de las células linfoides maternas y la expresión génica del trofoblasto, afectando la supervivencia embrionaria. Conclusión: Este trabajo contribuye a la comprensión del proceso histopatológico involucrado en la infección poscoital por Campylobacter fetus bovino.

Resumo Antecedentes: A campilobacteriose bovina é uma doença venérea originada pelo Campylobacter fetus venerealis, quem produz principalmente falha reprodutiva e porém grandes perdas económicas. Objetivo: Descrever as características histopatológicas da mucosa dos órgãos reprodutores de novilhas infetadas no modo experimental com Campylobacter fetus venerealis. Métodos: Doze novilhas Aberdeen Angus de 15 até 18 meses com cio sincronizado, receberam serviço natural. Logo após, foram aleatóreamente separados em grupos: A (n=9) inoculados com Campylobacter fetus venerealis e grupo B (n=3; controle) inoculadas com um placebo. O diagnóstico da gestação foi realizado por ultrasom nos dias 29, 38 y 42 pós-serviço. Os níveis plasmáticos da progesterona foram determinados por ELISA. As novilhas do grupo A, com níveis plasmáticos de progesterona menores a 1 ng/mL e/ou diagnosticadas não grávidas, foram consideradas para eutanásia e foram divididas em três subgrupos: A1-eutanásia aos 30 dias pós- serviço (n=4); A2-dia 40 (n=3); A3-dia 55 (n=2). Foram realizada eutanásia ás novilhas do grupo B diagnosticadas prenhadas, aos 30, 40 e 55 dias e a amostragem de ovidutos, útero e vagina. Resultados: A presença de inflamação linfocitária foi observada na totalidade das amostras do grupo A. Foram achadas células trofoblásticas nas amostras correspondente aos grupos A2 e A3. Provavelmente, pelo processo inflamatório tenha sido alterado o equilíbrio das células linfoides maternas, assim também como a expressão gênica do trofoblasto, afetando a supervivência embrionária. Conclusão: Este trabalho contribue á compreensão do processo histopatologico na infecção com Campylobacter fetus bovino pós-acasalamento.

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A case series study was conducted to determine the frequency of causes of abortion in dairy cattle in Uruguay. The sample size of 102 cases was composed of 53 fetuses, 35 fetuses with placentas, and 14 placentas without an associated fetus. All cases underwent gross and microscopic pathologic examinations as well as microbiological and serological testing. The etiology was determined in 54 (53%) of cases, 51 of which were caused by infectious agents. Within the observed 102 cases, 30 (29%) were caused by Neospora caninum, six (6%) by Coxiella burnetii and two (2%) by Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis. Bovine Parainfluenza-3 virus and Salmonella enterica serovar Newport caused one abortion each. Opportunistic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Mannheimia sp., Trueperella pyogenes, and Providencia stuartii) were associated with 11 abortions. In two cases the fetal death was attributed to dystocia, and in one case the fetus had a congenital mesothelioma. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection was identified in three fetuses; two of which were co-infected with and had typical lesions of N. caninum. No lesions were observed in the other fetus infected by BVDV. Leptospira interrogans was identified in one fetus without lesions. Despite the relatively low overall success rate in establishing an etiological diagnosis in cases of abortion in cattle, a systemic workup of bovine abortion is necessary to establish prevention and control strategies. This also facilitates monitoring and surveillance of reproductive diseases in dairy cattle, some of which represent a risk to public health.(AU)

Uma série de casos foi estudada para determinar a frequência de causas do aborto em bovinos leiteiros no Uruguai. A amostra, de 102 casos, foi composta por 53 fetos, 35 fetos com placentas e 14 placentas sem feto associado. Todos os casos foram submetidos a exames patológicos macroscópicos e microscópicos, além de testes microbiológicos e sorológicos. A etiologia foi determinada em 54 (53%) dos casos, 51 dos quais foram causados por agentes infecciosos. Nos 102 casos observados, 30 (29%) foram causados por Neospora caninum, seis (6%) por Coxiella burnetii e dois (2%) por Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis. O vírus da Parainfluenza-3 e Salmonella enterica serovar Newport causaram um aborto cada. Bactérias oportunistas (Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Mannheimia sp., Trueperella pyogenes e Providencia stuartii) foram associadas a 11 abortos. Em dois casos, a morte fetal foi atribuída a distocia e, em um caso, o feto apresentava mesotelioma congênito. A infecção pelo vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) foi identificada em três fetos; dois dos quais foram co-infectados e apresentavam lesões típicas de N. caninum. Não foram observadas lesões no outro feto infectado pelo BVDV. Leptospira interrogans foi identificada em um feto sem lesões. Apesar da relativamente baixa taxa de sucesso no diagnóstico etiológico nos casos de aborto em bovinos, é necessário o diagnóstico sistemático dos abortos para estabelecer estratégias de prevenção e controle. Isso também facilita o monitoramento e a vigilância de doenças reprodutivas em bovinos leiteiros, algumas das quais representam um risco para a saúde pública.(AU)

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A case series study was conducted to determine the frequency of causes of abortion in dairy cattle in Uruguay. The sample size of 102 cases was composed of 53 fetuses, 35 fetuses with placentas, and 14 placentas without an associated fetus. All cases underwent gross and microscopic pathologic examinations as well as microbiological and serological testing. The etiology was determined in 54 (53%) of cases, 51 of which were caused by infectious agents. Within the observed 102 cases, 30 (29%) were caused by Neospora caninum, six (6%) by Coxiella burnetii and two (2%) by Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis. Bovine Parainfluenza-3 virus and Salmonella enterica serovar Newport caused one abortion each. Opportunistic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Mannheimia sp., Trueperella pyogenes, and Providencia stuartii) were associated with 11 abortions. In two cases the fetal death was attributed to dystocia, and in one case the fetus had a congenital mesothelioma. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection was identified in three fetuses; two of which were co-infected with and had typical lesions of N. caninum. No lesions were observed in the other fetus infected by BVDV. Leptospira interrogans was identified in one fetus without lesions. Despite the relatively low overall success rate in establishing an etiological diagnosis in cases of abortion in cattle, a systemic workup of bovine abortion is necessary to establish prevention and control strategies. This also facilitates monitoring and surveillance of reproductive diseases in dairy cattle, some of which represent a risk to public health.(AU)

Uma série de casos foi estudada para determinar a frequência de causas do aborto em bovinos leiteiros no Uruguai. A amostra, de 102 casos, foi composta por 53 fetos, 35 fetos com placentas e 14 placentas sem feto associado. Todos os casos foram submetidos a exames patológicos macroscópicos e microscópicos, além de testes microbiológicos e sorológicos. A etiologia foi determinada em 54 (53%) dos casos, 51 dos quais foram causados por agentes infecciosos. Nos 102 casos observados, 30 (29%) foram causados por Neospora caninum, seis (6%) por Coxiella burnetii e dois (2%) por Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis. O vírus da Parainfluenza-3 e Salmonella enterica serovar Newport causaram um aborto cada. Bactérias oportunistas (Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Mannheimia sp., Trueperella pyogenes e Providencia stuartii) foram associadas a 11 abortos. Em dois casos, a morte fetal foi atribuída a distocia e, em um caso, o feto apresentava mesotelioma congênito. A infecção pelo vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) foi identificada em três fetos; dois dos quais foram co-infectados e apresentavam lesões típicas de N. caninum. Não foram observadas lesões no outro feto infectado pelo BVDV. Leptospira interrogans foi identificada em um feto sem lesões. Apesar da relativamente baixa taxa de sucesso no diagnóstico etiológico nos casos de aborto em bovinos, é necessário o diagnóstico sistemático dos abortos para estabelecer estratégias de prevenção e controle. Isso também facilita o monitoramento e a vigilância de doenças reprodutivas em bovinos leiteiros, algumas das quais representam um risco para a saúde pública.(AU)

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Bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC) is a venereal disease caused by Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis. In countries with large cattle herds, such as Brazil, where the use of natural breeding as a reproductive strategy is a common practice, BGC is considered an important cause of reproductive failure and economic losses. In these cases, the bull is the asymptomatic carrier of the bacterium and the infected females can have infertility and even abortions. The techniques for the diagnosis of C. fetus are isolation in culture medium and identification by biochemical tests, immunofluorescence, immunoenzymatic assays and molecular techniques. Disease control is based on vaccination with bacterins. This review described the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and advances in the diagnosis and control of BGC.(AU)

A campilobacteriose genital bovina (CGB) é uma importante enfermidade de caráter venéreo causada por Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis. Em países com grandes rebanhos bovinos, como o Brasil, onde o uso da monta natural como estratégia reprodutiva é uma prática corrente, a CGB é considerada uma importante causa de falhas reprodutivas e perdas econômicas. Nestes casos, o touro é o portador assintomático da bactéria e as fêmeas infectadas podem apresentar infertilidade e até mesmo abortos. As técnicas para o diagnóstico de C. fetus são o isolamento em meio de cultura e identificação por testes bioquímicos; imunofluorescência; ensaios imunoenzimáticos e técnicas moleculares. O controle da doença é baseado em vacinação. Neste sentido, esta revisão consiste em uma abordagem sobre a epidemiologia, a etiologia, a patogenia, os avanços no diagnóstico e controle da CGB.(AU)

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In Montevideo (2013-2018), 8 Campylobacter fetus extraintestinal infections were reported. The polyclonal nature of strains revealed by whole-genome sequencing and the apparent lack of epidemiological links was incompatible with a single contamination source, supporting alternative routes of transmission.

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ABSTRACT: Bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC) is a venereal disease caused by Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis. In countries with large cattle herds, such as Brazil, where the use of natural breeding as a reproductive strategy is a common practice, BGC is considered an important cause of reproductive failure and economic losses. In these cases, the bull is the asymptomatic carrier of the bacterium and the infected females can have infertility and even abortions. The techniques for the diagnosis of C. fetus are isolation in culture medium and identification by biochemical tests, immunofluorescence, immunoenzymatic assays and molecular techniques. Disease control is based on vaccination with bacterins. This review described the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and advances in the diagnosis and control of BGC.

RESUMO: A campilobacteriose genital bovina (CGB) é uma importante enfermidade de caráter venéreo causada por Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis. Em países com grandes rebanhos bovinos, como o Brasil, onde o uso da monta natural como estratégia reprodutiva é uma prática corrente, a CGB é considerada uma importante causa de falhas reprodutivas e perdas econômicas. Nestes casos, o touro é o portador assintomático da bactéria e as fêmeas infectadas podem apresentar infertilidade e até mesmo abortos. As técnicas para o diagnóstico de C. fetus são o isolamento em meio de cultura e identificação por testes bioquímicos; imunofluorescência; ensaios imunoenzimáticos e técnicas moleculares. O controle da doença é baseado em vacinação. Neste sentido, esta revisão consiste em uma abordagem sobre a epidemiologia, a etiologia, a patogenia, os avanços no diagnóstico e controle da CGB.

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Bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC) is a venereal infectious disease that affects reproduction. It is caused by the Gram-negative bacillus Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis (Cfv), which may include the biotype intermedius. The bull is a lifelong asymptomatic carrier and transmitter of the disease. In females Cfv may cause infertility and sporadic abortion. The objective of this study is to review and discuss methods for the diagnosis of BGC, its prevalence and economic impact in South America. BGC is a worldwide distributed disease and can cause a pregnancy rate decrease of 15-25%. The farm prevalence of BGC in different regions of South American countries shows a variation between 2.3 and 100%. Discrepancies may depend on the differences on sanitary, management, and reproductive practices between farms and regions, but also on the interpretation of different diagnostic tests. Currently known laboratory tests include bacterial culture, direct immunofluorescence, immunoenzymatic assays, vaginal mucus agglutination test, PCR-based methods, histology and immunohistochemistry, which are applied and interpreted in diagnostic laboratories at different scales. Epidemiologic data of BGC in South America should be interpreted with caution. High prevalence has been reported in some studies, although the low specificity of the diagnostic tests used could lead to an overestimation of the results.

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Las bacteremias por microorganismos del genero Campylobacter son poco comunes en nuestro medio, debido a su baja incidencia y son escasos los reportes en la literatura. El siguiente reporte describe un caso de bacteremia por la especie Campylobacter fetus subespecie fetus, en un paciente de edad avanzada, quien presentó manifestaciones neurológicas que inicialmente desviaron el diagnóstico oportuno. Finalmente el paciente resuelve la infección tras el tratamiento antibiótico, sin complicaciones. Es de interés mencionar la presencia de este microorganismo como causante de diversas patologías en pacientes con inmunosupresión, considerándose un patógeno oportunista, del cual no está bien definida su patogénesis ni la fuente de exposición o los factores de riesgo en estos pacientes. Igualmente, es importante la vigilancia activa de este microorganismo ya que por su complicada recuperación, altas exigencias nutricionales y su crecimiento lento, dificulta su aislamiento y diagnóstico en el laboratorio de microbiología.

The bacteremias by microorganism of genera Campylobacter are uncommon in our medium, because of its low incidence and few reports in the literature. The report describe a bacteremia by Campylobacter fetus, a gram negative rod, spiral shape, in an older patient who presented initial neurogycal manifestations that shifted the timely diagnosis. Finally, the patient solves the infection after the antibiotic treatment, uncomplicated. It`s important to say that, this microorganism is the cause of different pathologies in patients with inmunosuppression considering as opportunistic pathogen. It`s pathogenesis source of exposure and risk factor in these patients has not yet been defined. Also, it is important the active surveillance in these microorganism, due to its complicated recovery, high nutritional requirements and slow growth. As described above is the reason because of its difficult isolation and diagnosis in the laboratory of microbiologic.

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Campylobacter fetus is an opportunistic pathogen which causes bacteremia and other invasive infections in immunocompromised patients who have been exposed to livestock or ingested animal products (uncooked meat or unpasteurized milk). The present report describes a C. fetus infection in a healthy adult (immunocompetent) who returned from a visit to the Ecuadorian Amazonia and who did not report exposure to the typical sources of infection.

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