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Background: Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) has recently been included in both the ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR diagnostic manuals. Studying its prevalence and correlates across cultures is vital for more effective identification, treatment, and prevention.Objective: This study aimed to examine prevalence rates of ICD-11-based PGD, in a representative Slovakian sample in response to deaths of loved ones occurring during the previous year. Further aims were to examine the factor structure of PGD symptoms and correlates of summed PGD item scores and PGD 'caseness'.Method: Self-reported data on PGD, depression, anxiety, alcohol use, and descriptive characteristics were gathered from a representative sample of the Slovak population (N = 319).Results: Data were gathered from N = 1853 people; 319 participants (17.2%) reported a loss in the past year. The prevalence of probable PGD among these bereaved participants was 1.99% for recent losses (<6 months, n = 151) and 7.75% for more distant losses (6-12 months, n = 130). The most frequently endorsed symptoms included longing/yearning for the deceased, sadness, denial/unrealness, and difficulty accepting the death. PGD symptoms had a unitary factor structure which was consistent for subsamples bereaved 1-5 and 6-12 months. The severity of PGD varied with kinship. Depression and anxiety, but not alcohol misuse, were associated with PGD severity and PGD caseness.Conclusions: These findings underscore that a significant group of people develop PGD between 6-12 months following a loss. This emphasises the need for targeted psychological interventions.

Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) is newly included in ICD-11 and knowledge about its prevalence and correlates in the general population is urgently needed.In a representative Slovakian sample (N = 1853), 319 people (17.2%) reported a loss during the past year; 7.75% of people, bereaved 6­12 months earlier, met criteria for ICD-11-based PGD.PGD severity and caseness were associated with kinship (but less strongly with other sociodemographic and loss characteristics) and with depression and anxiety (but less strongly with problematic alcohol use).At 6­12 months following loss, PGD seems fairly common in the general population and timely identification and mitigation of PGD is an important public health issue.

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Background: Preliminary evidence provides support for the proposition that there is a dissociative subtype of Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). Research on this proposition would extend our knowledge on the association between CPTSD and dissociation, guide contemporary thinking regarding placement of dissociation in the nosology of CPTSD, and inform clinically useful assessment and intervention.Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the co-occurring patterns of CPTSD and dissociative symptoms in a large sample of trauma exposed adolescents from China, and specify clinical features covariates of such patterns including childhood trauma, comorbidities with major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and functional impairment.Methods: Participants included 57,984 high school students exposed to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. CPTSD and dissociative symptoms, childhood traumatic experience, and functional impairment were measured with the Global Psychotrauma Screen for Teenagers (GPS-T). Major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms were measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), respectively. Latent class analysis (LCA) was employed to test the co-occurring patterns of CPTSD and dissociative symptoms. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and chi-square tests were respectively used to examine between-class differences in continuous and categorical clinical covariates.Results: A 5-class model emerged as the best-fitting model, including resilience, predominantly PTSD symptoms, predominantly disturbances in self-organization (DSO)symptoms, predominantly CPTSD symptoms, and CPTSD dissociative subtype classes. The CPTSD dissociative subtype class showed the lowest level of functioning and the highest rates of MDD, GAD and childhood trauma.Conclusions: Our findings provide initial empirical evidence supporting the existence of a dissociative subtype of CPTSD, and inform for further research and clinical practice on traumatized individuals.

The present study identified a dissociative subtype of ICD-11 CPTSD among trauma exposed youth.The dissociative subtype of ICD-11 CPTSD was associated with poorer mental health outcomes.Findings of this study provide initial empirical evidence supporting the existence of a dissociative subtype of CPTSD.

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El diagnóstico categorial de los trastornos de la personalidad (TTPP) ha sido criticado por diversas razones, entras las que se encuentran el solapamiento de síntomas entre distintos trastornos, su elevada comorbilidad o el carácter dicotómico de su diagnóstico. Estas críticas han llevado al desarrollo de un planteamiento dimensional en las últimas versiones de los sistemas de clasificación, DSM-5/DSM-5-TR y CIE-11, considerando dos aspectos: el funcionamiento de la personalidad y una serie de rasgos patológicos. A pesar de la cuantiosa literatura publicada desde principio de este siglo sobre esta propuesta dimensional, no está claro, a día de hoy, que tenga alguna utilidad clínica. La vaga, abstracta y poco operativizable exposición de lo que constituye el funcionamiento de la personalidad y la compleja y forzada designación de rasgos mayores y menores (facetas) en el DSM-5/DSM-5-TR o sólo mayores y opcionales en la CIE-11, complican el diagnóstico dimensional de los TTPP. En este trabajo se discuten todas estas cuestiones en un intento de aportar algo de luz para un futuro menos sombrío que el actual panorama de los TTPP.(AU)

The categorical diagnosis of personality disorders (PDs) has been criticized forvarious reasons, among which are overlapping of symptoms between differentdisorders, their high comorbidity, and the dichotomous nature of their diagnosis.These criticisms have led to the development of a dimensional approach in thelatest versions of the classification systems, DSM-5/DSM-5-TR and ICD-11,considering two substantial aspects for its new diagnosis: personality functioning,and a series of pathological features. Despite the large amount of literature thathas been published since the beginning of this century on this dimensionalproposal, it is not clear, to date, that this approach enhances clinical utility. Thevague, abstract, and inoperative exposition of what constitutes personalityfunctioning and the complex and forced designation of major and minor traits(facets) in the DSM-5/DSM-5-TR, and only major and optional traits in the ICD-11,complicate, in an unusual way, the dimensional diagnosis of PDs. This paperdiscusses all of these issues in an attempt to shed some light on the potentially darkfuture of the current PDs panorama.(AU)

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Background: With the introduction of the ICD-11 into clinical practice, the reliable distinction between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) becomes paramount. The semi-structured clinician-administered International Trauma Interview (ITI) aims to close this gap in clinical and research settings.Objective: This study investigated the psychometric properties of the German version of the ITI among trauma-exposed clinical samples from Switzerland and Germany.Method: Participants were 143 civilian and 100 military participants, aged M = 40.3 years, of whom 53.5% were male. Indicators of reliability and validity (latent structure, internal reliability, inter-rater agreement, convergent and discriminant validity) were evaluated. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and partial correlation analysis were conducted separately for civilian and military participants.Results: Prevalence of PTSD was 30% (civilian) and 33% (military) and prevalence of CPTSD was 53% (civilians) and 21% (military). Satisfactory internal consistency and inter-rater agreement were found. In the military sample, a parsimonious first-order six-factor model was preferred over a second-order two-factor CFA model of ITI PTSD and Disturbances in Self-Organization (DSO). Model fit was excellent among military participants but no solution was supported among civilian participants. Overall, convergent validity was supported by positive correlations of ITI PTSD and DSO with DSM-5 PTSD. Discriminant validity for PTSD symptoms was confirmed among civilians but low in the military sample.Conclusions: The German ITI has shown potential as a clinician-administered diagnostic tool for assessing ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD in primary care. However, further exploration of its latent structure and discriminant validity are indicated.

This study validated the German International Trauma Interview (ITI), a semi-structured clinician-administered diagnostic interview for ICD-11 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.Internal reliability, inter-rater agreement, latent structure, and convergent validity were explored in trauma-exposed clinical and military samples from five different in- and outpatient centres in Germany and German-speaking Switzerland.The findings supported the German ITI's reliability, inter-rater agreement, convergent validity and usefulness from a patient perspective. Future research should explore its factor structure and discriminant validity, for which differences between the samples were found.

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BACKGROUND: ICD-11 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD) are stress-related disorders. The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) is a widely used instrument to assess PTSD and CPTSD. To date, there is no evidence of the psychometric characteristics of the ITQ in Latin American countries. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the construct and concurrent validity of the Latin American Spanish adaptation of the ITQ in a sample of Chilean adults. METHODS: A sample of 275 Chilean young adults completed the ITQ, a traumatic life events checklist, the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21, and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale short version. Four alternative confirmatory factor analysis models were tested. Correlation analyses were performed to determine concurrent validity with associated measures (number of reported traumatic events, number of adverse childhood experiences, anxiety, depression, and suicidal risk). RESULTS: The second-order two-factor (PTSD and DSO) and the correlated first-order six-factor model provided acceptable fit; however, the first model showed a better fit based on the BIC difference. The PTSD and DSO dimensions, as well as the six ITQ clusters showed positive correlations with reported number of traumatic life-events, reported number of adverse childhood experiences, levels of anxiety, depression, and suicidal risk. CONCLUSIONS: The ITQ Latin American Spanish adaptation provides acceptable psychometric evidence to assess PTSD and CPTSD in accordance with the ICD-11.

This study is an initial validation of the Latin American Spanish adaptation of the ITQ with a Chilean young adults sample.The latent structure of the Latin American Spanish ITQ was better supported by a two-factor second-order model (PTSD/DSO); a six-factor correlated model was also acceptable.The six ITQ symptom clusters, as well as the PTSD/CPTSD dimensions were significantly positively correlated with three criterion variables: anxiety, depression, and suicidal risk.The number of potentially traumatic experiences, as well as number of exposure to adverse childhood experiences, was significantly associated with PTSD/CPTSD symptoms.

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Background: Grief is a multi-faceted experience including emotional, social, and physical reactions. Research in ICD-11 prolonged grief disorder (PGD) in different cultural contexts has revealed different or potentially missing grief symptoms that may be relevant.Objective: This study thus aimed to explore the prevalence of somatic symptom distress and its associations with grief and negative affect in a culturally diverse sample of bereaved individuals with symptoms of PGD.Methods: Based on cross-sectional survey data from the Measurement and Assessment of Grief (MAGIC) project, this study included 1337 participants (mean age 23.79 yrs, 76.1% female) from three regions (USA: 62.3%, Turkey/Iran: 24.2%, Cyprus/Greece: 13.5%), who experienced a loss of a significant other. Associations between somatic symptom distress (Somatic Symptom Scale, SSS-8), symptoms of PGD (International Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale, IPGDS-33), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire, GAD-7), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9) as well as demographic and loss related characteristics were investigated. Three hundred and thirteen participants (23.4%) scored above the proposed cut-off for clinically severe PGD.Results: 'High' or 'very high' levels of somatic symptom distress were more frequent in a possible PGD group (58.2%), than in a non-PGD group (22.4%), p < .001, as divided per cut-off in the IPGDS. In a multiple regression analysis, PGD symptoms were significantly but weakly associated with somatic symptom distress (ß = 0.08, p < .001) beyond demographics, loss-related variables, and negative affect. Negative affect (anxiety and depression) mediated the relationship of PGD symptoms with somatic symptom distress and the indirect effect explained 58% of the variance.Conclusions: High levels of somatic symptom distress can be observed in a substantial proportion of bereaved across cultures. Our findings suggest that PGD is related to somatic symptom distress partly and indirectly through facets of negative affect.

30.8% of bereaved adults showed 'high' or 'very high' levels of somatic symptom distress.Anxiety and depression partially mediate relationship of PGD symptoms with somatic symptom distress.Findings encourage practitioners to consider somatic symptom distress in psychotherapeutic treatment of PGD.

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Background: There is evidence to suggest that the experience of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) may be commonly associated with elevated risk for several mental ill-health comorbidities.Objective: The current study seeks to contribute to the growing literature on C-PTSD comorbidity by examining the relationship between C-PTSD and other mental health disorders in a UK Armed Forces veteran sample.Method: This study used data from the Northern Ireland Veterans' Health and Wellbeing Study (NIVHWS). The effective sample consisted of 638 veterans (90.0% male). Tetrachoric correlations examined the relationship between C-PTSD caseness and other mental health outcomes. Latent class analysis was then conducted, determining the optimal number and nature of classes in the sample in relation to C-PTSD, depression, anxiety, and suicidality.Results: C-PTSD caseness (i.e. probable diagnosis) was found to be significantly associated with positive caseness of depression, anxiety, and suicidality. Overall, four latent classes emerged, with each of these classes characterized by varying degrees of comorbidity: a 'Resilient/Low Comorbidity' class, a 'Lifetime Suicidal' class, a 'PTSD Polymorbid' class, and a 'C-PTSD Polymorbid' class.Conclusions These findings support and extend previous results indicating the highly comorbid nature of C-PTSD. C-PTSD may be considered a highly polymorbid condition, increasing the risk for multiple mental health pathologies concurrently.

The results showed that probable complex PTSD was associated with depression, anxiety, and suicidality in this military veteran sample.Latent class analysis revealed that probable complex PTSD was associated with multiple conditions concurrently, suggesting that complex PTSD is not only highly comorbid but polymorbid.The findings highlight the importance of screening for multiple pathologies, particularly in cases of probable complex PTSD.

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Background: International research has established that children and adolescents are at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) as defined by the WHO ICD-11. There is a need for a Danish language version of the International Trauma Questionnaire - Child and Adolescent (ITQ-CA) to assess symptoms of PTSD and CPTSD.Objective: To test the ICD-11 formulations of PTSD and DSO (Disturbances of Self-Organization) using the ITQ-CA version in a sample of children exposed to abuse. Additionally, to study the distribution of symptoms and probable prevalence of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD among the population of children exposed to violence or sexual abuse.Method: Confirmatory factor analysis of competing models of the dimensionality of the ITQ-CA was tested among a sample of 119 children and adolescents that were referred to the Danish Children Centres on suspicion of physical or sexual abuse or both. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to study the distribution of symptoms and consequences of different operationalisations of functional impairment were explored.Results: Findings supported a two-factor second-order model corresponding to the operationalisation of CPTSD in ICD-11 as the best representation of the data. Findings from the LCA suggested that symptoms were distributed in a pattern consistent with the ICD-11 proposal for CPTSD. CPTSD was more prevalent than PTSD regardless of the operationalisation of functional impairment.Conclusion: ITQ-CA is a valid tool for identifying symptoms of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD among Danish children exposed to physical or sexual abuse. Further research is needed to study the relationship between ICD-11 C/PTSD symptomatology and anxiety and depression in this population.

The International Trauma Questionnaire ­ Child and Adolescent version (ITQ-CA) is a valid measure of symptoms of ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD among Danish children exposed to physical or sexual violence.The structure of the ITQ-CA in the Danish sample reflects the ICD-11 diagnostic algorithm.CPTSD is a more prevalent disorder among children recently exposed to violence than PTSD.

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Background: The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) simplified the description of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and also introduced a new trauma-related diagnosis called complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). CPTSD is linked to earlier, prolonged interpersonal trauma, and is characterized by a broader range of symptoms, in addition to the core PTSD symptoms. The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) has been developed to assess the new diagnostic criteria.Objectives: The primary aim of our study was to test the factor structure of the ITQ in a clinical and a non-clinical Hungarian sample. We also examined whether the degree of traumatization or the type of trauma experienced was associated with meeting the criteria for PTSD or CPTSD, or with the severity of PTSD or disturbances in self-organization (DSO) symptoms, in both samples.Method: A trauma-exposed heterogeneous clinical sample (N = 176) and a non-clinical sample (N = 229) filled out the ITQ and a modified version of the Life Events Checklist (LEC-5). The factor structure of the ITQ was tested by examining the model fit of seven competing confirmatory factor analysis models.Results: A two-factor second-order model with a second-order PTSD factor (measured by three first-order factors) and a DSO factor (measured directly by six symptoms) had the best fit to the data in both samples if an error correlation was allowed between negative self-concept items. Those in the clinical group who reported more interpersonal and childhood trauma experienced more PTSD and DSO symptoms. Also, there were significant, positive, and weak associations between the total number of different traumas and PTSD and DSO factor scores in both samples.Conclusion: ITQ was found to be a reliable tool to differentiate between PTSD and CPTSD, two related but distinct constructs in a clinical and a non-clinical trauma-exposed sample in Hungary.

The distinction between PTSD and DSO as related but separate constructs was validated using the ITQ in a Hungarian clinical and non-clinical sample.CPTSD was more frequent than PTSD among general help-seeking clinical clients, while in the non-clinical sample PTSD had a higher prevalence rate.Interpersonal trauma in childhood and adulthood was associated with more PTSD and DSO symptoms.

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Background: The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) is a standardized and validated measure aligned with the 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) diagnostic criteria to assess post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). It has been translated into 25 different languages, but is yet to be translated into Dari and validated for use in the Afghan population.Objective: This study aimed (1) to translate and culturally adapt the ITQ for use in Dari; (2) to assess the construct validity and composite reliability of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD using the Dari ITQ; and (3) to examine the concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity of the Dari ITQ.Method: The Dari ITQ was validated through the completion of a set of standardized measures by 305 Afghan asylum seekers and refugees in Austria. Factorial analyses and psychometric properties of the Dari ITQ were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), bivariate correlations, and multivariate regression.Results: Asylum seekers showed significantly higher levels of ICD-11 CPTSD symptomatology and probable diagnoses of ICD-11 PTSD, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) PTSD, anxiety, depression, and psychological distress in comparison to refugees. CFA results supported the two-factor second-order model comprised of the PTSD and disturbances in self-organization (DSO) as the best fit to the data. The psychometric adequacy of this model in the Dari ITQ was evidenced by high factor loadings and excellent internal reliability. The Dari ITQ showed satisfactory concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity.Conclusion: The current study supports the statistical validity and cultural sensitivity of the Dari ITQ in identifying symptoms of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD among Afghan asylum seekers and refugees.

This study provides the first translation and validation of the ITQ in Dari with an Afghan refugee population in Austria.The two-factor second-order model was supported as the best fit to the data.Additional support for the composite reliability, and concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity was provided, suggesting the statistical validity and cultural sensitivity of the Dari ITQ in identifying symptoms of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD among Afghan asylum seekers and refugees.

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BACKGROUND: Around 10% of bereaved youths experience symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (PGD). Recently, PGD was included in the two main classification systems for mental disorders: the ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR. Assessing PGD symptoms in youth is currently hindered by the lack of instruments for ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR criteria. To fill this gap, we developed an instrument to assess PGD symptoms in children and adolescents, the Traumatic Grief Inventory - Kids - Clinician-Administered (TGI-K-CA), based on input of grief experts and bereaved children. METHODS: Five experts rated the items on alignment with DSM-TR and ICD-11 PGD symptoms and comprehensibility. The adjusted items were then presented to seventeen bereaved youths (Mdnage = 13.0 years, range = 8-17 years). Using the Three-Step Test Interview (TSTI), children were asked to verbalize their thoughts while answering the items. RESULTS: Issues raised by experts were mostly related to alignment with the DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 symptom, ambiguous formulation of the items, or low comprehensibility for children and adolescents. Items raising fundamental issues according to experts were adjusted. The TSTI showed that children encountered relatively few problems with the items. Frequently reported problems with some of the items (e.g. regarding comprehensibility) led to final adjustments. CONCLUSION: With input from grief experts and bereaved youths, an instrument to assess PGD symptoms as defined in DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 in bereaved youths was finalized. Further quantitative research is currently undertaken to evaluate the instrument's psychometric qualities.

Children with symptoms of Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) experience a debilitating longing for and/or preoccupation with a deceased loved one.Assessment of PGD in youth is hindered by the lack of an instrument.With the involvement of grief experts and bereaved youth, the current study developed an instrument that can be used in bereaved children and adolescents.

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Aim: This study aimed to identify whether clinicians’ gender, clinical experience, and personal attitudes influenced their perception of criminality of specific sexual behaviours, their judgments about criminal liability if mentally disordered, and the need for treatment as part of criminal settings for those having ICD-11 paraphilic disorders. Method: In a secondary analysis of data only vignettes with the least (do not meet paraphilic disorder diagnostic requirements) and most extreme (met paraphilic disorder diagnostic requirements) descriptions of ICD-11 frotteuristic, coercive sexual sadism, and exhibitionistic arousal patterns and related behavior were randomly presented to participants. A total of 1,101 clinicians rated one to three vignettes (a total of 1,884) answering questions regarding diagnosis, criminal features, and their own attitudes. Results: The ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines were adequately used to distinguish paraphilic disorders from non-pathological arousal patterns.Vignette severity was the most important predictor for clinicians’ determination that a crime was committed. Results showed an interaction of the classification of paraphilic disorders, clinicians’ gender, and personal attitudes with judgments about concepts associated with criminality, criminal liability if a diagnosis was indicated, and the need for treatment in forensic settings. Conclusions: Increased formal education, clinical training about these disorders, and evidence-based treatment guidelines are required to avoid biases that may come from preconceived ideas and personal attitudes. Laws and policies that unnecessarily restrict the treatment of these patients in non-forensic settings—for example, when the individual is distress about the arousal pattern but no crime has been committed—should be examined. (AU)

Objetivo: Se diseñó un estudio con el objetivo de identificar si el género, la experiencia clínica y las actitudes personales de los clínicos influyen en su percepción de la criminalidad de conductas sexuales concretas, sus juicios sobre la responsabilidad criminal en evaluaciones forenses en presencia de un trastorno mental y con la necesidad de tratamiento para aquellos que tienen un trastorno parafílico de la CIE-11. Método: En un análisis secundario de los datos, se presentaron al azar viñetas con una descripción mínima (no cumple con los requisitos diagnósticos para un trastorno parafílico) y una descripción completa (cumple con los requisitos diagnósticos para un trastorno parafílico) de los patrones de excitación froteurismo, sadismo sexual coercitivo, exhibicionismo y conductas relacionadas de la CIE-11. Un total de 1,101 clínicos calificaron de una a tres viñetas (un total de 1,884) respondiendo a preguntas sobre el diagnóstico, las características criminales y sus propias actitudes. Resultados: Las guías diagnósticas de la CIE-11 fueron adecuadamente utilizadas por los clínicos para distinguir los trastornos parafílicos de los patrones de excitación no patológicos. La gravedad de la viñeta fue el predictor más importante para la determinación de los clínicos de que se había cometido un delito. Los resultados mostraron una interacción de la clasificación de los trastornos parafílicos, el género de los clínicos y las actitudes personales con los juicios sobre conceptos asociados con la criminalidad, la responsabilidad criminal en presencia de un trastorno mental y la necesidad de tratamiento en contextos de evaluación forenses. Conclusiones: Se requiere mayor educación formal, entrenamiento clínico sobre estos trastornos y guías de tratamiento basadas en evidencia para evitar sesgos que puedan provenir de ideas preconcebidas y actitudes personales. (AU)

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Abstract Background: Personality disorder (PD) is an important predictor of the commission of crimes; however, there is a lack of clinical instruments adjusted to the characteristics of Peruvian convicts. Objective: To develop a reliable and valid comprehensive personality measurement instrument, the Integrative Dimensional Personality Inventory, ICD-11 version (IDPI-11), according to the standards of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Method: A stratified simple of prisoners from the Huancayo Penitentiary (HP) was selected (n study 1 = 60; n study 2 = 1095). Results: High reliability indices(McDonald's _ _ .73) and adequate levels of content validity(CVI-S ≥ .87), construct validity, and criterion validity of the scales were found. This could explain the probability (a) of belonging to the group of inmates with instrumental or impulsive crimes (R2 N ≥ .52, OR ≥ 1.02, p ≤ .021), and (b) that recidivism, designated by the prison security level imposed, increases (R2≥ .53, β ≥ 1.16, p ≤ .008). Conclusions: The instrument is a valid and reliable measure that allows a dimensional and integrative assessment of the personality of convicts of the HP, according to ICD-11 standards

Resumen Antecedentes: el trastorno de la personalidad (TP) es un predictor importante en la comisión de delitos; sin embargo, existe una ausencia de instrumentos clínicos para las características del convicto peruano. Objetivo: desarrollar un instrumento de medición integral de la personalidad confiable y válido, el Inventario Integrativo de Personalidad Dimensional versión CIE-11 (IDPI-11), según los estándares de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-11). Método: se utilizó una muestra estratificada de reclusos del Establecimiento Penitenciario de Huancayo (EPH) (n estudio 1 = 60; n estudio 2 = 1095). Resultados: se encontraron altos índices de confiabilidad (ω de McDonald ≥ .73) y niveles adecuados de validez de contenido (CVI-S ≥ .87), constructo y criterio de sus escalas, pudiendo explicar la probabilidad de: (a) pertenecer al grupo de internos con delitos instrumentales o impulsivos (R2≥ .52, OR ≥ 1.02, p ≤ .021);y(b) que la tendencia a reincidir, designada por el grado de seguridad penitenciaria impuesto, aumente (R2 ≥ .53, β ≥ 1,16, p ≤ .008). Conclusiones: el instrumento construido es una medida válida y confiable que permite una evaluación dimensional e integrada de la personalidad del convicto de la EP de Huancayo, de acuerdo con los estándares de la CIE-11.

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Background/Objective The most recent versions of the two main mental disorders classifications—the World Health Organization's ICD-11 and the American Psychiatric Association's DSM–5—differ substantially in their diagnostic categories related to transgender identity. ICD-11 gender incongruence (GI), in contrast to DSM-5 gender dysphoria (GD), is explicitly not a mental disorder; neither distress nor dysfunction is a required feature. The objective was compared ICD-11 and DSM-5 diagnostic requirements in terms of their sensitivity, specificity, discriminability and ability to predict the use of gender-affirming medical procedures. Method A total of 649 of transgender adults in six countries completed a retrospective structured interview. Results Using ROC analysis, sensitivity of the diagnostic requirements was equivalent for both systems, but ICD-11 showed greater specificity than DSM-5. Regression analyses indicated that history of hormones and/or surgery was predicted by variables that are an intrinsic aspect of GI/GD more than by distress and dysfunction. IRT analyses showed that the ICD-11 diagnostic formulation was more parsimonious and contained more information about caseness than the DSM-5 model. Conclusions This study supports the ICD-11 position that GI/GD is not a mental disorder; additional diagnostic requirements of distress and/or dysfunction in DSM-5 reduce the predictive power of the diagnostic model

Antecedentes/Objetivo Las versiones más recientes de las clasificaciones de trastornos mentales —CIE-11 de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y DSM–5 de la Asociación Psiquiátrica Americana— difieren en sus categorías diagnósticas relacionadas con la identidad transgénero. La discordancia de género (DiscG) de la CIE-11, en contraste con la disforia de género (DisfG) del DSM-5, no es considerada un trastorno mental; el distrés y la disfunción no son características requeridas para el diagnóstico. El objetivo fue comparar los requisitos diagnósticos de la CIE-11 y el DSM-5 en términos de sensibilidad, especificidad y capacidad para discriminar casos y predecir el uso de procedimientos médicos de afirmación de género. Método 649 adultos transgénero de seis países completaron una entrevista estructurada retrospectiva. Resultados De acuerdo con el análisis ROC, la sensibilidad de ambos sistemas fue equivalente, aunque la CIE-11 mostró mayor especificidad que el DSM-5. Los análisis de regresión indicaron que la historia de uso de hormonas o cirugía se predijo por variables intrínsecas a la DiscG/DisfG y no por el distrés o disfunción. Según los análisis de respuesta al ítem (TRi) la formación CIE-11 resulta más parsimoniosa y contiene mayor información sobre los casos. Conclusiones Se aporta evidencia a favor de que la DiscG/DisfG no es un trastorno mental; los criterios diagnósticos adicionales de distrés y/o disfunción del DSM-5 reducen su poder predictivo.

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Aims: In 2018, the 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) recognized a new diagnosis in addition to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), that of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD). A new measurement tool was developed to assess both disorders: the International Trauma Questionnaire. The objectives of this study were (a) to conduct a French translation of the tool, (b) to confirm the factorial structure of the tool, (c) to verify its convergent and divergent validity, (d) and finally to ensure its temporal stability.Method: The ITQ was translated into French using a committee approach, bringing together experts and bilingual individuals with a dual French-English culture. It was then completed by 750 people residing in France and having been exposed to potentially traumatic events, recruited from the general population. Other measures were also completed (HADS, ITEM, PCL-5, WHO-5, DERS).Results: Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the French version of the ITQ had the same factor structure as the original version. The scale showed satisfactory convergent and divergent validity, as well as good stability over time.Conclusion: Our study suggests that the French version of the ITQ is a good measurement tool for assessing PTSD and C-PTSD according to the ICD-11 diagnostic criteria.HIGHLIGHTS This study provides the first translation and validation of the International Trauma Questionnaire in the French population.Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the French version of the ITQ had the same factor structure as the original version.The French version of the ITQ showed good convergent and divergent validity, as well as good test-retest reliability.

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Introducción La Organización Mundial de la Salud ha desarrollado una nueva clasificación de trastornos mentales para su uso en Atención Primaria (AP), la CIE-11-AP, que incorpora cambios en los criterios diagnósticos de los trastornos de ansiedad y depresión. Como complemento, también ha desarrollado 2 instrumentos de cribado de síntomas ansiosos y depresivos adaptados a los criterios de la nueva clasificación. Objetivos Evaluar la capacidad de la versión española de las 2 escalas breves (Dep5 y Anx5) para identificar casos de depresión y ansiedad en una muestra de pacientes españoles de AP. Método Estudio transversal realizado por 37 médicos de AP que seleccionaron 284 pacientes con sospecha de malestar emocional. A esta muestra se les administraron las escalas de cribado (Anx5 y Dep5) y, como comparador, un instrumento diagnóstico estructurado (Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised) adaptado a los nuevos criterios CIE-11. Resultados La Anx5, utilizando un punto de corte de 3, presentó una sensibilidad de 0,75 y una especificidad de 0,53. La Dep5 mostró una sensibilidad de 0,48 y una especificidad de 0,8 utilizando un punto de corte de 4. Las 2 escalas utilizadas conjuntamente, con un punto de corte de 3 en ambas, clasificaban correctamente como casos o no casos un 73,57% de los sujetos. El diagnóstico más frecuentemente observado en la muestra fue el de depresión ansiosa. Conclusiones Las 2 escalas de cribado de síntomas ansiosos y depresivos (Anx5 y Dep5) son instrumentos sencillos y fáciles de utilizar para evaluar síntomas ansiosos y depresivos en AP. Los niveles de fiabilidad y validez de cada una de las escalas por separado son limitados y mejoran cuando se utilizan de forma conjunta. (AU)

Introduction The World Health Organization has developed a new classification of mental disorders in Primary Health Care (PHC), the ICD-11-PHC, in which there are changes in the diagnostic criteria of anxiety and depression disorder. In addition, 2 screening instruments have been developed for the detection of anxious and depressive symptoms according to the criteria of the new classification.Objectives To evaluate the capacity of the Spanish version of the 2 brief scales Dep5 and Anx5 to identify cases of depression and anxiety in PHC in Spain. Method A cross-sectional study conducted by 37 PHC physicians who selected 284 patients with suspected emotional distress. This sample was administered the screening scales (Anx5 and Dep5) and a diagnostic instrument (Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised) contemplating the new ICD-11 criteria as used as gold standard. Results The Anx5, using a cut-off point of 3, showed a sensitivity of 0.75 and specificity of 0.53. Using a cut-off point of 4, the Dep5 showed a sensitivity of 0.48 and a specificity of 0.8. The 2 scales together, with a cut-off point of 3 for each, classified correctly 73,57% as cases or non-cases. The diagnosis most frequently observed was anxious depression. Conclusions The screening scales for anxious and depressive symptoms (Anx5 and Dep5) are simple and easy-to-use instruments for assessing anxious and depressive symptoms in PHC. The reliability and validity data of each of the scales separately are limited but the figures improve when they are used together. (AU)

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INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization has developed a new classification of mental disorders in Primary Health Care (PHC), the ICD-11-PHC, in which there are changes in the diagnostic criteria of anxiety and depression disorder. In addition, 2 screening instruments have been developed for the detection of anxious and depressive symptoms according to the criteria of the new classification. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the capacity of the Spanish version of the 2 brief scales Dep5 and Anx5 to identify cases of depression and anxiety in PHC in Spain. METHOD: A cross-sectional study conducted by 37 PHC physicians who selected 284 patients with suspected emotional distress. This sample was administered the screening scales (Anx5 and Dep5) and a diagnostic instrument (Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised) contemplating the new ICD-11 criteria as used as gold standard. RESULTS: The Anx5, using a cut-off point of 3, showed a sensitivity of 0.75 and specificity of 0.53. Using a cut-off point of 4, the Dep5 showed a sensitivity of 0.48 and a specificity of 0.8. The 2 scales together, with a cut-off point of 3 for each, classified correctly 73,57% as cases or non-cases. The diagnosis most frequently observed was anxious depression. CONCLUSIONS: The screening scales for anxious and depressive symptoms (Anx5 and Dep5) are simple and easy-to-use instruments for assessing anxious and depressive symptoms in PHC. The reliability and validity data of each of the scales separately are limited but the figures improve when they are used together.

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Background: Researchers who wish to study stress-related disorders need to use valid, reliable, and sensitive instruments and the Clinician-administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) constitutes the gold standard in the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While the CAPS corresponds with PTSD criteria according to the DSM-5, researchers face a challenge with the forthcoming ICD-11: ICD-11 introduces the new diagnosis Complex PTSD (CPTSD) that does not exist in DSM-5.Objective: Researchers as well as clinicians will need to assess the incidence and prevalence of CPTSD and will want to evaluate treatment effects according to both criteria sets. However, using two clinician-rated interviews is often not feasible and a burden to patients, particularly in psychotherapy research.Method & Results: We have therefore developed the Complex PTSD Item Set additional to the CAPS (COPISAC). This clinician rating is an easy-to-use and economic addition to the CAPS that permits assessing diagnosis and evaluating symptom severity of CPTSD. COPISAC consists of three items that assess disturbances in self-regulation including prompts for symptom description and frequency, and two additional items assessing impairment. Diagnostic status and severity ratings for CPTSD are possible. Items that account for the specific forms of trauma which the ICD-11 describes as precursors of CPTSD (e.g. torture, being enslaved) are further suggested as additions to the Life Events Checklist.Conclusion: With an introduction of COPISAC at this point, we aim at suggesting an easy transition into diagnosing CPTSD and evaluating its course over treatment.

The clinician rating COPISAC is an easy-to-use and economic addition to the Clinician-administered PTSD Scale.It permits to make a diagnosis of Complex PTSD and evaluate symptom severity.

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Resumen Objetivo. Sistematizar la literatura actual disponible en torno a la caracterización del trastorno por videojuegos (VDJ), aportando a la comprensión de este fenómeno en el contexto latinoamericano y su incidencia en la población infanto-juvenil. Método. Se utilizó una revisión sistemática de literatura, de corte analítico. Como eje de búsqueda se consideraron las categorías: (a) uso de las TIC, (b) videojuegos, (c) adicción y (d) trastorno por videojuegos, de acuerdo con estudios publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect y Google Scholar, teniendo como referencia el DSM-V y CIE-11. Resultados. Las manifestaciones clínicas descritas para su uso adictivo son aún heterogéneas. También, se pudo observar que, cuanto más temprano se empieza, mayor será la frecuencia de su uso en edades posteriores, lo que aumenta las conductas de riesgo en el futuro y su incidencia en el tiempo de ocio y la recreación cotidiana. Conclusión. Los efectos que puede generar el uso problemático de dispositivos tecnológicos en el desarrollo de las personas, se contrapone al uso de los VDJ en el tratamiento de diversos trastornos como en el plano educativo. Adicionalmente, se reafirma el desafío de construir saberes e investigaciones multidisciplinares en torno al uso problemático de estos dispositivos.

Abstract Objective. Systematize the current literature available on the characterization of video game disorder, in order to contribute to the understanding of this phenomenon in the Latin American context and its incidence in the child/youth population. Method. A systematic review and analysis of the literature was used. The following categories were considered lines of inquiry: (a) use of ICT, (b) video games, (c) addiction and (d) video game disorder, according to studies published in the PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases, having the DSM-V and ICD-11as references. Results. The clinical manifestations of its addictive use are still heterogeneous. Also, it was observed that the earlier it starts, the greater the frequency of its use in later ages, which increases risk behaviors in the future and its incidence in leisure time and daily recreation. Conclusion. The effects that the problematic use of technological devices can generate in the development of individuals are contrasted to the use of video games in the treatment of various disorders, such as in the educational field. Additionally, the challenge of building knowledge and multidisciplinary research around the problematic use of these devices is reaffirmed.

Resumo Escopo. Sistematizar a literatura atual disponível sobre a caracterização do transtorno pelos videojogos (VDJ), aportando à compreensão de este fenômeno no contexto latino-americano e sua incidência na população infanto-juvenil. Metodologia. Foi empregada uma revisão sistemática de literatura, de corte analítico. Como eixo de procura foram consideradas as categorias: a) uso das TIC, b) Videojogos, c) Vício e d) transtorno pelos videojogos, de acordo com estudos publicados nas bases de dados PubMed, ScienceDirect e Google Scholar, tendo como referencia o DSM-V e C1E-11. Resultados. As manifestações clínicas descritas para o seu uso aditivo ainda são heterogéneas. Também, foi observado que, quanto mais cedo começar, maior será a frequência do seu uso em idades posteriores, o que aumenta as condutas de risco no futuro e sua incidência no tempo de ócio e a recreação cotidiana. Conclusão. Os efeitos que pode gerar o uso problemático de dispositivos tecnológicos no desenvolvimento das pessoas, está contraposto ao uso dos VDJ no tratamento dos diversos transtornos como no plano educativo. Além do mais, é reafirmado o desafio de construir saberes e pesquisas multidisciplinares sobre o uso problemático de estes dispositivos.

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INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization has developed a new classification of mental disorders in Primary Health Care (PHC), the ICD-11-PHC, in which there are changes in the diagnostic criteria of anxiety and depression disorder. In addition, 2 screening instruments have been developed for the detection of anxious and depressive symptoms according to the criteria of the new classification. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the capacity of the Spanish version of the 2 brief scales Dep5 and Anx5 to identify cases of depression and anxiety in PHC in Spain. METHOD: A cross-sectional study conducted by 37 PHC physicians who selected 284 patients with suspected emotional distress. This sample was administered the screening scales (Anx5 and Dep5) and a diagnostic instrument (Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised) contemplating the new ICD-11 criteria as used as gold standard. RESULTS: The Anx5, using a cut-off point of 3, showed a sensitivity of 0.75 and specificity of 0.53. Using a cut-off point of 4, the Dep5 showed a sensitivity of 0.48 and a specificity of 0.8. The 2 scales together, with a cut-off point of 3 for each, classified correctly 73,57% as cases or non-cases. The diagnosis most frequently observed was anxious depression. CONCLUSIONS: The screening scales for anxious and depressive symptoms (Anx5 and Dep5) are simple and easy-to-use instruments for assessing anxious and depressive symptoms in PHC. The reliability and validity data of each of the scales separately are limited but the figures improve when they are used together.