RESUMEN

α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors produce postsynaptic current by transmitting an agonist-induced structural change in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) to the transmembrane channel. Receptors carrying T686S/A substitutions in their LBDs produce weaker glutamate-evoked currents than wild-type (WT) receptors. However, the substitutions induce little differences in the crystal structures of their LBDs. To understand the structural mechanism underlying reduced activities of these AMPAR variants, we analyzed the structural dynamics of WT, T686S, and T686A variants of LBD using nuclear magnetic resonance. The HD exchange studies of the LBDs showed that the kinetic step where the ligand-binding cleft closes was changed by the substitutions, and the substitution-induced population shift from cleft-closed to cleft-open structures is responsible for the reduced activities of the variants. The chemical shift analyses revealed another structural equilibrium between cleft-locked and cleft-partially-open conformations. The substitution-induced population shift in this equilibrium may be related to slower desensitization observed for these variants.

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RESUMEN

Enzyme catalysis is a complex process involving several steps along the reaction coordinates, including substrate recognition and binding, chemical transformation, and product release. Evidence continues to emerge linking the functional and evolutionary role of conformational exchange processes in optimal catalytic activity. Ligand binding changes the conformational landscape of enzymes, inducing long-range conformational rearrangements. Using functionally distinct members of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily as a model system, we characterized the structural and conformational changes associated with the binding of two mononucleotide ligands. By combining NMR chemical shift titration experiments with the chemical shift projection analysis (CHESPA) and relaxation dispersion experiments, we show that biologically distinct members of the RNase superfamily display discrete chemical shift perturbations upon ligand binding that are not conserved even in structurally related members. Amino acid networks exhibiting coordinated chemical shift displacements upon binding of the two ligands are unique to each of the RNases analyzed. Our results reveal the contribution of conformational rearrangements to the observed chemical shift perturbations. These observations provide important insights into the contribution of the different ligand binding specificities and effects of conformational exchange on the observed perturbations associated with ligand binding for functionally diverse members of the pancreatic RNase superfamily.

RESUMEN

Elucidating the molecular mechanism of disease-related mutations (DRMs) is a critical first step towards understanding the etiology of genetic disorders. DRMs often modulate biological function by altering the free-energy landscape (FEL) of the protein associated with the mutated gene. FELs typically include ground, as well as excited, yet accessible and functionally relevant, states and DRMs may perturb both the thermodynamics and kinetics of the ground vs. excited and apo vs. holo transitions. NMR is ideally suited to map at atomic-resolution these DRM-induced FEL perturbations. Here, we discuss NMR methods that can elucidate how DRMs remodel regulatory FELs by focusing on a simple, but prototypical, four-state allosteric FEL model. The approaches include the CHEmical Shift Projection Analysis, NMR spin relaxation measurements, and NMR measurements of effector-binding thermodynamics and kinetics. Together, these complementary NMR measurements provide a valuable picture of how DRMs modulate distinct FEL attributes that are critical for dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying pathological phenotypes.

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