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Soil is indispensable for agricultural production but has been seriously polluted by cadmium and salt in recent years. Many crops are suffering from this, including rapeseed, the third largest global oilseed crop. However, genes simultaneously related to both cadmium and salt stress have not been extensively reported yet. In this study, BnaA10.WRKY75 was screened from previous RNA-seq data related to cadmium and salt stress and further analyses including sequence comparison, GUS staining, transformation and qRT-PCR were conducted to confirm its function. GUS staining and qRT-PCR results indicated BnaA10.WRKY75 was induced by CdCl2 and NaCl treatment. Sequence analysis suggested BnaA10.WRKY75 belongs to Group IIc of the WRKY gene family and transient expression assay showed it was a nuclear localized transcription factor. BnaA10.WRKY75-overexpressing Arabidopsis and rapeseed plants accumulated more H2O2 and O2- and were more sensitive to CdCl2 and NaCl treatment compared with untransformed plants, which may be caused by the downregulation of BnaC03.CAT2. Our study reported that BnaA10.WRKY75 increases sensitivity to cadmium and salt stress by disrupting the balance of reactive oxygen species both in Arabidopsis and rapeseed. The results support the further understanding of the mechanisms underlying cadmium and salt tolerance and provide BnaA10.WRKY75 as a valuable gene for rapeseed abiotic stress breeding.

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This research article uses density functional theory (DFT) to study photoinduced borylation. This work examined the electron donor-acceptor complex (EDA) of bis(catecholato)diboron with different redox-active leaving groups and bis(pinacol)diboron with aryl N-hydroxyphthalimide. The results of these DFT studies show the complex ratio of B2cat2 and N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) should be 1 : 2 which is consistent with the experimental results in the literature. We further proposed a reaction mechanism and calculated the energies associated with each step.

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Strain degeneration is an important factor hindering the development of the edible fungus industry. Strain degeneration is associated with the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo. Catalase (CAT), an important antioxidant enzyme, can promote the clearance of ROS. In this study, the cat2 gene of Volvariella volvacea was first cloned into an overexpression plasmid via homologous recombination. Finally, through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, this plasmid was inserted into degenerated strains of V. volvacea T19. The physiological properties, antioxidant properties, ROS content, matrix degradation activity, and cultivation properties of the transformants were tested. The results showed that the cloned cat2 gene was 99.94% similar to the reference sequence. Screening revealed that six positive transformants were successfully obtained. After the overexpression of cat2, the growth rate and biomass of the mycelium increased significantly in the transformant strains (versus the V. volvacea T19 degenerated strains). Moreover, the accumulation of superoxide radical (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was significantly reduced, and the activity of the enzymes CAT, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) was significantly increased. Meanwhile, the expression of cat2, Mnsod1, Mnsod2, gpx, and gr was significantly upregulated, and the activity of eight matrix degradation-related enzymes was increased to varying degrees. More importantly, the overexpression of the cat2 gene promoted the regrowth of fruiting bodies in degenerated strains of V. volvacea T19. This study provides a new biotechnological strategy to control the degeneration of V. volvacea and other edible fungi.

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Synthetic biology is constantly making progress for producing compounds on demand. Recently, Yocum and collaborators have developed an outstanding approach based on the anchoring of biosynthetic enzymes to the peroxisomal membrane. This allowed access to an untapped resource of acetyl-CoA and stimulated the synthesis of a valuable polyketide.

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The tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by several immunosuppressive factors, of which weak acidity and l-arginine (l-arg) deficiency are two common features. A weak acidic environment threatens the survival of immune cells, and insufficient l-arg will severely restrain the effect of antitumor immune responses, both of which affect the efficiency of cancer treatments (especially immunotherapy). Meanwhile, l-arg is essential for tumor progression. Thus, two strategies, l-arg supplementation and l-arg deprivation, are developed for cancer treatment. However, these strategies have the potential risk of promoting tumor growth and impairing immune responses, which might lead to a paradoxical therapeutic effect. It is optimal to limit the l-arg availability of tumor cells from the microenvironment while supplying l-arg for immune cells. In this study, we designed a multivesicular liposome technology to continuously supply alkaline l-arg, which simultaneously changed the acidity and l-arg deficiency in the TME, and by selectively knocking down the CAT-2 transporter, l-arg starvation of tumors was maintained while tumor-killing immune cells were enriched in the TME. The results showed that our strategy promoted the infiltration and activation of CD8+ T cells in tumor, increased the proportion of M1 macrophages, inhibited melanoma growth, and prolonged survival. In combination with anti-PD-1 antibody, our strategy reversed the low tumor response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy, showing a synergistic antitumor effect. Our work provided a reference for improving the TME combined with regulating nutritional competitiveness to achieve the sensitization of immunotherapy.

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MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate cellular processes by the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, including immune responses. The shift in the miRNA profiling of murine macrophages infected with Leishmania amazonensis can change inflammatory response and metabolism. L-arginine availability and its conversion into nitric oxide by nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2) or ornithine (a polyamine precursor) by arginase 1/2 regulate macrophage microbicidal activity. This work aimed to evaluate the function of miR-294, miR-301b, and miR-410 during early C57BL/6 bone marrow-derived macrophage infection with L. amazonensis. We observed an upregulation of miR-294 and miR-410 at 4 h of infection, but the levels of miR-301b were not modified. This profile was not observed in LPS-stimulated macrophages. We also observed decreased levels of those miRNAs target genes during infection, such as Cationic amino acid transporters 1 (Cat1/Slc7a1), Cat2/Slc7a22 and Nos2; genes were upregulated in LPS stimuli. The functional inhibition of miR-294 led to the upregulation of Cat2 and Tnfa and the dysregulation of Nos2, while miR-410 increased Cat1 levels. miR-294 inhibition reduced the number of amastigotes per infected macrophage, showing a reduction in the parasite growth inside the macrophage. These data identified miR-294 and miR-410 biomarkers for a potential regulator in the inflammatory profiles of microphages mediated by L. amazonensis infection. This research provides novel insights into immune dysfunction contributing to infection outcomes and suggests the use of the antagomiRs/inhibitors of miR-294 and miR-410 as new therapeutic strategies to modulate inflammation and to decrease parasitism.

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High salinity causes ionic, osmotic, and oxidative stresses to plants, and the antioxidant enzyme Catalase2 (CAT2) plays a vital role in this process, while how CAT2 expression is regulated during plant response to high salinity remains elusive. Here, we report that phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) impairs plant salt stress tolerance by repressing CAT2 expression in an MYC2-dependent manner. Exogenous JA application decreased plant salt stress tolerance while the jar1 mutant with reduced bioactive JA-Ile accumulation showed enhanced salt stress tolerance. JA enhanced salt-induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation, while treatment with H2O2-scavenger glutathione compromised such effects of JA on plant H2O2 accumulation and salt stress tolerance. In addition, JA repressed CAT2 expression in salt-stressed wild-type plant but not in myc2, a mutant of the master transcriptional factor MYC2 in JA signaling, therefore, the myc2 mutant exhibited increased salt stress tolerance. Further study showed that mutation of CAT2 largely reverted lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, higher CAT activity, and enhanced salt stress tolerance of the myc2 mutant in myc2 cat2-1 double mutant, revealing that CAT2 functions downstream JA-MYC2 module in plant response to high salinity. Together, our study reveals that JA impairs Arabidopsis seedling salt stress tolerance through MYC2-mediated repression of CAT2 expression.

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Almost all abiotic stresses induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) overaccumulation, causing oxidative damages to plant cells. Catalase (CAT) plays a vital role in plant oxidative stress tolerance by scavenging stress-induced excess H2O2; thus, the identification of factors regulating catalase function will shed light on the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Here, we identified leucine aminopeptidase 2 (LAP2) as a novel CAT2-interacting protein and showed a mutual promotion effect of the two proteins in plant stress responses. LAP2 has a physical interaction with CAT2 in plant cells. The loss-of-function mutant of LAP2, lap2-3, is hypersensitive to salt or osmotic stress with increased ROS accumulation and malondialdehyde content and decreased catalase activity. The lap2-3 mutant has less CAT2 protein levels as CAT2 protein stability is impaired in the mutant. Scavenging excess ROS by glutathione or overexpressing CAT2 in the lap2-3 mutant recovers its hypersensitive phenotype to salt or osmotic stress. Further study showed that CAT2 promotes LAP2 hydrolysis activity with leucine-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amides as a substrate in vivo and in vitro, and thus, similar to the lap2-3 mutant, the cat2-1 mutant also has lower γ-aminobutyric acid content than the wild type. Together, our study reveals mutual promotion effects of CAT2 and LAP2 in conferring plant salt and osmotic stress tolerance.

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Due to its redox properties, iron is both essential and toxic. Therefore, soil iron availability variations pose a significant problem for plants. Recent evidence suggests that calcium and reactive oxygen species coordinate signaling events related to soil iron acquisition. Calcium was found to affect directly IRT1-mediated iron import through the lipid-binding protein EHB1 and to trigger a CBL-CIPK-mediated signaling influencing the activity of the key iron-acquisition transcription factor FIT. In parallel, under prolonged iron deficiency, reactive oxygen species both inhibit FIT function and depend on FIT through the function of the catalase CAT2. We discuss the role of calcium and reactive oxygen species signaling in iron acquisition, with post-translational mechanisms influencing the localization and activity of iron-acquisition regulators and effectors.

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Underwater divers are susceptible to neurological risks due to their exposure to increased pressure. Absorption of elevated partial pressure of inert gases such as helium and nitrogen may lead to nitrogen narcosis. Although the symptoms of nitrogen narcosis are known, the molecular mechanisms underlying these symptoms have not been elucidated. Here, we examined the behaviour of the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans under scuba diving conditions. We analysed wild-type animals and mutants in the dopamine pathway under hyperbaric conditions, using several gas compositions and under varying pressure levels. We found that the animals changed their speed on a flat bacterial surface in response to pressure in a biphasic mode that depended on dopamine. Dopamine-deficient cat-2 mutant animals did not exhibit a biphasic response in high pressure, while the extracellular accumulation of dopamine in dat-1 mutant animals mildly influenced this response. Our data demonstrate that in C. elegans, similarly to mammalian systems, dopamine signalling is involved in the response to high pressure. This study establishes C. elegans as a powerful system to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underly nitrogen toxicity in response to high pressure.

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The patient, a boy born in 1991, showed pronounced polyostotic fibrous dysplasia due to McCune-Albright syndrome, as well as Gilbert syndrome and Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy caused by a DNM2 mutation. In addition, the patient, his sister, mother and maternal grandfather had intermittently increased plasma arginine and lysine levels, most probably due to heterozygosity for a novel pathogenic SLC7A2 variant.

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Plants are often exposed not only to short-term (S-) heat stress but also to diurnal long-term (L-) heat stress over several consecutive days; nevertheless, most previous studies of heat tolerance have used S-heat stress, such as 42 °C for 30-60 min, for evaluation. Yet the mechanisms underlying L-heat tolerance remain poorly understood. Here we found that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in Arabidopsis thaliana plants increased time-dependently under L-heat stress (37 °C, 5 days) but not under S-heat stress (42 °C, 40 min). To reveal the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging to heat tolerance, we evaluated the heat tolerance of ROS mutants. Only cat2 mutants, in which catalase (CAT) activity is defective, were hypersensitive to L-heat stress, but they were S-heat tolerant. We further revealed that (1) CAT2 was induced by L-heat stress but not by S-heat stress; (2) H2O2 accumulated highly in cat2 under L-heat stress, but not in cat1, cat3, or wild type; and (3) CAT activity was significantly reduced in cat2 under both normal and L-heat conditions. These results suggest that ROS scavenging is responsible for L-heat tolerance, and CAT2 plays a crucial role. On the other hand, since overexpression of CAT2 in wild-type plants did not enhance L-heat tolerance, CAT2 activity is necessary but insufficient for increasing L-heat tolerance.

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Plants relocate nutrients and energy from aging leaves to developing tissues during leaf senescence, which is important for plant growth, development, and responses to various environmental stimuli. Both jasmonic acid (JA) and H2O2 are two crucial signalling molecules positively regulating leaf senescence, whereas whether and how they are coordinated in leaf senescence remains elusive. Here, we report that H2O2 accumulates in JA-treated leaves, while scavenging the increased H2O2 can significantly suppresses JA-induced leaf senescence and the expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs). The mutant myc2 with a mutation of MYC2, a master transcription factor in JA signalling pathway, exhibits delayed leaf senescence with increased catalase activity and decreased H2O2 accumulation compared with the wild type upon JA treatment. Further study showed that MYC2 downregulates CATALASE 2 (CAT2) expression by binding to its promoter, thus promoting JA-induced H2O2 accumulation and leaf senescence. Moreover, the delayed leaf senescence with reduced H2O2 accumulation and SAGs expression of the myc2 mutant is significantly reverted by the cat2-1 mutation in myc2 cat2-1 double mutant. Thus, our study reveals that JA represses CAT2 expression to increase H2O2 accumulation, thus promoting leaf senescence in a MYC2 dependent manner in Arabidopsis.

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In order to develop a better understanding of the role environmental toxicants may play in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, it has become increasingly important to optimize sensitive methods for quickly screening toxicants to determine their ability to disrupt neuronal function. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can help with this effort. This species has an integrated nervous system producing behavioral function, provides easy access for molecular studies, has a rapid lifespan, and is an inexpensive model. This study focuses on methods of measuring neurodegeneration involving the dopaminergic system and the identification of compounds with actions that disrupt dopamine function in the model organism C. elegans. Several dopamine-mediated locomotory behaviors, Area Exploration, Body Bends, and Reversals, as well as Swimming-Induced Paralysis and Learned 2-Nonanone Avoidance, were compared to determine the best behavioral method for screening purposes. These behavioral endpoints were also compared to morphological scoring of neurodegeneration in the dopamine neurons. We found that in adult worms, Area Exploration is more advantageous than the other behavioral methods for identifying DA-deficient locomotion and is comparable to neuromorphological scoring outputs. For larval stage worms, locomotion was an unreliable endpoint, and neuronal scoring appeared to be the best method. We compared the wild-type N2 strain to the commonly used dat-1p::GFP reporter strains BY200 and BZ555, and we further characterized the dopamine-deficient strains, cat-2 e1112 and cat-2 n4547. In contrast to published results, we found that the cat-2 strains slowed on food almost as much as N2s. Both showed decreased levels of cat-2 mRNA and DA content, rather than none, with cat-2 e1112 having the greatest reduction in DA content in comparison to N2. Finally, we compared and contrasted strengths, limitations, cost, and equipment needs for all primary methods for analysis of the dopamine system in C. elegans.

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Chenopodium quinoa Wild is a "pseudocereal" grain which attracts a lot of attention in the scientific community as it has a positive effect on health. Here, we investigate the presence of biologically active O-prenylated phenylpropanoids in the ethanol extract of commercially available quinoa seeds. We claim that 4'-Geranyloxyferulic acid (GOFA) was the only phytochemical product found that belongs to quinoa's group secondary metabolites. We studied the changes in the oxidative and inflammatory status of the cellular environment in HCT 116 cell line processed with quinoa extract and its component GOFA; the implementation was done through the analysis of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT), the pro-inflammatory components (iNOS, IL-6 and TNF-α), and the products of intermediary metabolism (ONOO-, O2-). Moreover, the l-arginine uptake was proposed as a target of the tested compounds. We demonstrated that the GOFA, through a decrease of the CAT-2B expression, leads to a reduction of the l-arginine uptake, downregulating the harmful iNOS and restoring the altered redox state. These results propose a new molecular target involved in the reduction of the critical inflammatory process responsible for the cancer progression.

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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00839.].

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Objetivo. Los objetivos del presente estudio son validar la construcción de la escala de fases de duelo (EFD-66) como instrumento para medir las etapas de duelo (ED) y evaluar su utilidad para discriminar entre pacientes con enfermedad crónica no transmisible (ECNT) que cumplen con adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico (ATF) en la consulta médica ambulatoria. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal para determinar la asociación entre las ED y la ATF, en los meses de abril a octubre de 2015. La recogida de datos se realizó mediante un diseño prolectivo. Se aplicaron tres instrumentos: una cédula sociodemográfica, la escala EFD-66 y el cuestionario de Morisky-Green. Se reclutaron pacientes con antecedente de ECNT procedentes de la Clínica de Medicina Familiar “Gustavo A. Madero”, en la Ciudad de México. Los datos se analizaron con las pruebas estadísticas apropiadas. Resultados. Se incluyó un total de 165 pacientes. Se observó que altos puntajes en las subescalas de negación (razón de momios [RM]: 1,124; intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: 1,066-1,186; P < 0,001), de ira (RM: 1,157; IC95%: 1,080-1,240; P < 0,001) y de depresión (RM: 1,071; IC95%: 1,029-1,116; P = 0,001) se asocian con falta de ATF; sin embargo, un puntaje elevado en la subescala de aceptación (RM: 0,913; IC95%: 0,880-0,948; P < 0,001) se asocia con ATF. La mayor sensibilidad entre las subescalas se observó en las etapas de negación e ira (área bajo la curva [ABC]: 0,597 en ambas). Conclusiones. La EFD-66 es un instrumento que presenta una buena validez de construcción como instrumento para medir las ED y permite detectar pacientes con ECNT que cumplen con ATF, por lo que recomendamos su aplicación en la consulta médica ambulatoria. Además, nuestros hallazgos indican que el duelo es un factor de riesgo que incrementa la falta de ATF.

Objective. The objectives of this study are to validate the construct of the stages of grief scale (FD-66) as an instrument for measuring the stages of grief and to evaluate its usefulness in discriminating among patients with chronic non-communicable diseases in terms of adherence to the pharmacological treatment prescribed. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to October 2015 to determine the association between the stages of grief and treatment adherence. Data were collected using a prolective design. Three instruments were applied: a sociodemographic document, the FD-66 scale, and the Morisky-Green questionnaire. Patients with a history of CNCDs were recruited from the Gustavo A. Madero Family Medicine Clinic in Mexico City. The data were analyzed using the appropriate statistical tests. Results. A total of 165 patients were included. It was observed that high scores on the subscales of denial (odds ratio [OR]: 1.124; confidence interval of 95% [CI95%]: 1.066-1.186; P < 0,001); anger (OR: 1.157; CI95%: 1.080-1.240; P < 0.001), and depression (OR: 1.071; CI95%: 1.029-1.116; P = 0.001) are associated with poor treatment adherence; however, a high score on the acceptance subscale (OR: 0.913; CI95%: 0.880-0.948; P < 0.001) is associated with good treatment adherence. The greatest sensitivity among the subscales was observed in the denial and anger stages (area under the [ABC] curve: 0.597 in both). Conclusions. The FD-66 is an instrument with good construct validity as a tool for measuring the stages of grief and makes it possible to identify patients with CNCD that will adhere to treatment. We therefore recommend its use in outpatient medical consultations. Furthermore, our findings indicate that grief is a risk factor that increases poor treatment adherence.

Objetivo. Validar a construção da Escala facial de dor (EFD-66) como instrumento para medir as fases da dor e avaliar sua utilidade para discriminar, na consulta médica ambulatorial, os pacientes com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) que aderem ao tratamento medicamentoso. Métodos. Estudo transversal para determinar a associação entre as fases da dor e o tratamento medicamentoso conduzido de abril a outubro de 2015. A coleta de dados foi realizada prospectivamente. Foram aplicados três instrumentos: uma ficha sociodemográfica, a escala EFD-66 e o teste de Morisky-Green. Foram recrutados pacientes com história de DCNT provenientes da Clínica de Medicina da Família “Gustavo A. Madero”, na Cidade do México. Os dados foram analisados com os testes estatísticos apropriados. Resultados. Foi estudada uma amostra de 165 pacientes. Observou-se que uma pontuação alta nas subescalas de negação (odds ratio [OR] 1,124; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 1,066–1,186; P < 0,001), raiva (OR 1,157; IC95% 1,080–1,240; P < 0,001) e depressão (OR 1,071; IC95% 1,029–1,116; P = 0,001) está associada à não adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. No entanto, uma pontuação alta na subescala de aceitação (OR 0,913; IC95% 0,880–0,948; P < 0,001) está associada à adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. As subescalas com maior sensibilidade foram as fases de negação e raiva (área sob a curva [ASC]: 0,597 em ambas). Conclusões. A escala EFD-66 tem boa validade de construção como instrumento para medir as fases da dor e permite discriminar os pacientes com DCNT que aderem ao tratamento medicamentosos. Assim, recomendamos que esta escala seja aplicada em consultas médicas ambulatoriais. Além disso, nossos achados indicam que a dor é um fator de risco que contribui para a não adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso.

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Objective. To determine the global incidence of penile cancer. Methods. A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was performed, with no limits on their language of publication. Analyses were performed using Stata 13 statistical software. A random-effects model was used, according to the heterogeneity found in the studies. The main outcome was expressed in terms of age-standardized incidence. Results. A total of 23 studies were eligible, with 71 156 penile cancer patients in 86 countries. According to the review conducted, the estimated age-standardized incidence of penile cancer worldwide is 0.84 cases per 100 000 person-years (95% confidence interval: 0.79–0.89). Romania reported the highest incidence, 7.26 per 100 000 person-years, between 1983 and 1987; however, some countries in Latin America and Africa reported an incidence of between 2.0 and 5.7 per 100 000. Conclusions. Penile cancer is considered a rare malignancy due to its already-known, particularly low incidence rate. The estimated age-standardized incidence rate by the world standard population today is 0.84 cases per 100 000 person-years. There were no significant differences in the incidence rate of penile cancer with respect to the distribution by continent or the trend over time.

Objetivo. Determinar la incidencia mundial del cáncer de pene. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática y un metanálisis de estudios de observación, sin ninguna limitación por el idioma de publicación. Para los análisis se usó el software estadístico Stata 13. Se usó un modelo de efectos aleatorios, conforme a la heterogeneidad encontrada en los estudios. El resultado principal se expresó en términos de incidencia ajustada por la edad. Resultados. En total, 23 estudios (con una población total de 71 156 pacientes con cáncer de pene en 86 países) cumplieron con los criterios establecidos. Según esta revisión, se estima que la incidencia ajustada por la edad del cáncer de pene a escala mundial es de 0,84 casos por 100 000 años-persona (intervalo de confianza de 95%: 0,79–0,89). Rumania notificó la incidencia más alta, de 7,26 por 100 000 años-persona, entre 1983 y 1987; sin embargo, algunos países de América Latina y África notificaron una incidencia de entre 2,0 y 5,7 por 100 000. Conclusiones. Se considera que el cáncer de pene es una neoplasia maligna rara debido a que la tasa de incidencia conocida es particularmente baja. Hoy en día, la tasa de incidencia ajustada por la edad estimada para la población estándar mundial es de 0,84 casos por 100 000 años-persona. No se observó ninguna diferencia significativa de la tasa de incidencia del cáncer de pene con respecto a la distribución por continente o la tendencia con el transcurso del tiempo.

Objetivo. Determinar a incidência mundial de câncer de pênis. Métodos. Um estudo de revisão sistemática e meta-análise de estudos observacionais foi conduzido, sem restrição do idioma da publicação. As análises foram realizadas com o uso do software de estatística Stata 13. Um modelo de efeitos aleatórios foi usado, segundo a heterogeneidade encontrada nos estudos. O desfecho principal foi expresso como taxa de incidência padronizada por idade. Resultados. Vinte e três estudos satisfizeram os critérios, englobando 71.156 pacientes com câncer de pênis em 86 países. De acordo com a revisão conduzida, a taxa de incidência padronizada por idade estimada para o câncer de pênis em todo o mundo é de 0,84 caso por 100.000 pessoas-ano (intervalo de confiança de 95% 0,79–0,89). A Romênia registrou a taxa de incidência mais elevada, 7,26 por 100.000 pessoas-ano, entre 1983 e 1987. Porém, alguns países da América Latina e África registraram taxas de incidência entre 2,0 e 5,7 por 100.000 pessoas-ano. Conclusões. O câncer de pênis é uma neoplasia maligna rara devido à sua conhecida taxa de incidência especialmente baixa. A atual taxa de incidência padronizada por idade estimada para a população mundial padrão é de 0,84 caso por 100.000 pessoas-ano. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa na taxa de incidência do câncer de pênis quanto à distribuição por continente ou tendência temporal.

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Objective. To evaluate Mexico’s national Integrated Management of Diabetes in Stages (Manejo Integral de la Diabetes por Etapas, MIDE) program using three types of indicators: process, structure, and impact. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data for 97 452 people with diabetes (PWD) who participated in the MIDE patient empowerment program (PEP) at “MIDE modules” (standardized diabetes health care units) at Mexico’s Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers (Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, ISSSTE) hospital clinics and family medical clinics nationwide between 2007 and 2014. The program promotes diabetes patient empowerment and self-care through outpatient consultations with a multidisciplinary health care team supported by continuous training. Baseline data were compared with results post-program for the following indicators: process (metabolic control (MetC), based on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels); structure (number of MIDE modules installed at ISSSTE clinics and number of patients/health personnel accredited as diabetes experts/awarded diplomas); and impact (average number of patient illness days (IDs) and hospitalization episodes (HEs) per PWD over a 12-month period). Results. Over the seven-year study period, the proportion of patients with MetC (HbA1c < 7.0%, TG < 150 mg/dL, and TC < 200 mg/dL) increased significantly (from 35.4% to 60% (with a peak level of 62% in 2013); P < 0.001); average HbA1c, triglycerides, and total cholesterol per PWD dropped by 25%, 31%, and 11% respectively; average number of IDs and HEs per PWD over a 12-month period dropped by 38% and 41% respectively; a total of 140 MIDE modules were installed at ISSSTE clinics; and a total of 1 117 diplomas were awarded to 826 health professionals, and 2 613 PWD were accredited as “patient experts in diabetes.” Conclusions. The MIDE PEP is feasible, usable, and acceptable to PWD. The program improves MetC; reduces the frequency of IDs and HEs; and facilitates patient participation, the involvement of health personnel, and shared decision-making.

Objetivo: Evaluar el programa nacional mexicano “Manejo Integral de la Diabetes por Etapas” (MIDE) usando tres tipos de indicadores: proceso, estructura e impacto. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal con los datos de 97 452 personas con diabetes que participaron entre el 2007 y el 2014 en el programa de empoderamiento de pacientes de MIDE que se llevó a cabo en los “módulos del MIDE” (unidades estandarizadas de atención de salud de diabetes) en el Instituto de Servicios y de Seguridad Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE) de México, además de en consultorios de hospitales y centros de medicina familiar de todo el país. El programa promueve el empoderamiento y el autocuidado en los pacientes con diabetes mediante consultas ambulatorias con un equipo de atención de salud multidisciplinario complementadas con talleres de capacitación continua. Se compararon los datos iniciales y los resultados al final del programa con respecto a los siguientes indicadores: proceso (control metabólico basado en análisis de los niveles de glucohemoglobina [HbA1c], triglicéridos y colesterol total); estructura (número de módulos del MIDE instalados en clínicas del ISSSTE y número de pacientes y personal de salud acreditado como experto en diabetes o que ha obtenido un certificado); e impacto (número promedio de días enfermos de los pacientes y número de hospitalizaciones por persona con diabetes durante un período de 12 meses). Resultados. En el período de estudio de siete años, la proporción de pacientes con control metabólico (HbA1c < 7,0%, triglicéridos < 150 mg/dL y colesterol total < 200 mg/dL) aumentó significativamente (de 35,4% a 60%, con un nivel máximo de 62% en 2013; P < 0,001); el nivel promedio de HbA1c, triglicéridos y colesterol total por persona con diabetes descendió en 25%, 31% y 11% respectivamente; el número promedio de días enfermos y número de hospitalizaciones por persona con diabetes durante un período de 12 meses descendió en 38% y en 41% respectivamente; se instalaron un total de 140 módulos del MIDE en clínicas del ISSSTE, y se otorgaron un total de 1117 certificados a 826 profesionales de la salud y 2613 personas con diabetes fueron acreditados como “paciente experto en diabetes”. Conclusiones. El programa de empoderamiento de pacientes del MIDE es un programa factible y aceptable para utilizarse con las personas con diabetes. El programa mejora los valores del control metabólico; reduce la frecuencia de días enfermos y número de hospitalizaciones; y facilita la participación tanto de los pacientes como del personal de salud, así como la toma de decisiones compartida.

Objetivo. Avaliar o Programa de manejo integral de diabetes por etapas (MIDE) no México segundo três tipos de indicadores: processo, estrutura e impacto. Métodos. Estudo transversal realizado com dados de 97.452 pessoas com diabetes (PD) que participaram do Programa MIDE de empoderamento do paciente em “módulos” designados (unidades de saúde que prestam atenção padronizada à diabetes) de ambulatórios hospitalares e centros de medicina da família do Instituto de Serviços e Seguridade Social dos Trabalhadores do Estado (ISSSTE) entre 2007 e 2014. O programa promove o empoderamento e o autocuidado dos pacientes com diabetes realizando consultas ambulatoriais com uma equipe de saúde multidisciplinar que recebe capacitação contínua. Os dados de referência foram comparados aos resultados pós-programa para os seguintes indicadores: processo (controle metabólico segundo os níveis de hemoglobina glicada [HbA1c], triglicerídeos [TG] e colesterol total [CT]); estrutura (número de módulos do MIDE instalados nos ambulatórios do ISSSTE e número de pacientes/pessoal de saúde credenciados como especialistas/diplomados em diabetes) e impacto (número médio de dias de doença do paciente [DD] e internações hospitalares (IH) por PD por um período de 12 meses). Resultados. No período de estudo de sete anos, o percentual de pacientes com controle metabólico (HbA1c <7,0%, TG <150 mg/dl e CT <200 mg/dl) aumentou significativamente (de 35,4% a 60%, atingindo o ponto mais alto de 62% em 2013; P < 0,001). Houve redução dos níveis médios de HbA1c, TG e CT por PD de 25%, 31% e 11%, respectivamente. O número médio de DD e IH por PD em um período de 12 meses teve queda de 38% e 41%, respectivamente. Ao todo, foram instalados 140 módulos do Programa MIDE nos ambulatórios do ISSSTE, 1.117 diplomas foram concedidos a 826 profissionais da saúde e 2.613 PD foram credenciados como “pacientes especialistas em diabetes”. Conclusões. O programa MIDE de empoderamento do paciente é viável, utilizável e aceitável às PD. Promove melhor controle metabólico da diabetes, reduz o número de DD e IH e facilita a participação de pacientes, o envolvimento do pessoal da saúde e a tomada de decisão conjunta.

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Objetivo. Evaluar la relación entre la prevalencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y el índice de desarrollo humano (IDH) por región del mundo en el período 2010–2015. Método. Se utilizaron los datos de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes para la prevalencia de DM2 (2010–2015) y el IDH del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. Se analizaron correlaciones lineales de Spearman entre el IDH y la prevalencia de DM2 y se hicieron regresiones lineales para estimar la relación entre ambos. Resultados. Se observó que a menor IDH menores son las prevalencias de DM2, y a mayor IDH, mayores son las prevalencias de DM2. A nivel mundial, el IDH explica 8,6% de la varianza de la prevalencia de DM2 (P < 0,0001) y que este comportamiento fue diferente en cada región del mundo. Conclusiones. El IDH puede influir en la prevalencia de DM2, aunque la relación depende de cada país, región y año analizado.

Objective. To evaluate the relationship between the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and the Human Development Index (HDI), by region of the world in the period 2010-2015. Method. International Diabetes Federation data were used for DM2 prevalence (2010-2015), together with HDI data (United Nations Development Program). Spearman linear correlations between HDI data and DM2 prevalence were analyzed, and linear regressions were done to estimate the relationship between the two. Results. It was observed that lower HDI scores corresponded to lower DM2 prevalence rates, and higher HDI scores to higher DM2 prevalence. At the global level, the HDI explains the 8.6% variance of DM2 prevalence (P < 0.0001) and shows that the situation was different in each region of the world. Conclusions. While HDI score may be associated with DM2 prevalence, the relationship between them differs from region to region and from country to country, and depends on the particular year analyzed.

Objetivo. Avaliar a relação entre a prevalência de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) e o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) por região do mundo no período de 2010 a 2015. Métodos. Foram utilizados dados da Federação Internacional de Diabetes para a prevalência da DM2 (2010–2015) e o IDH do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento. Foram analisadas as correlações lineares de Spearman entre o IDH e a prevalência de DM2 e feitas regressões lineares para estimar a relação entre ambos. Resultados. Observou-se que quanto mais baixo o IDH, menores são as prevalências de DM2, e quanto mais alto o IDH, maiores são prevalências de DM2. Ao nível mundial, o IDH explica 8,6% da variança da prevalência de DM2 (P < 0,0001) e este comportamento difere em cada região do mundo. Conclusões. O IDH pode influir na prevalência de DM2, embora a relação dependa de cada país, região e ano analisados.

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