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Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) are widely used as industrial additives to protect products from photoaging and are present in a variety of environmental matrices and organisms. It raised significant concerns that BUVSs are emerging pollutants with persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, of which 2-(3, 5-di-tert-amyl-2-hydroxyphenyl) benzotriazole (UV-328) has been recently listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) list. A comprehensive understanding of the occurrence, partitioning and transformation of BUVSs in the environment is the basis for their environmental exposure and risk studies. However, the occurrence, partitioning and transformation of BUVSs are scarcely reviewed. In this paper, the environmental occurrence of BUVSs in various matrices, including water-suspended particulate matter and sediment, soil and dust, sludge, as well as biota, were summarized. Solid matrices and organisms are predominant reservoirs for BUVSs rather than waters, but there is a lack of systematical summary on the sorption/partitioning studies of BUVSs in abiotic phases and organisms. This paper analyzed and reviewed the possible sorption/partitioning processes and mechanisms. It was found that the partitioning is dependent on the hydrophobicity of BUVSs, environmental conditions and the organic carbon contents, and the bioaccumulation is also biota-species dependent. To further assess the potential risks of BUVSs, more progress has been made in the study of transformation of BUVSs. Focusing on the most important transformation processes in the environment, involving photodegradation, chemical degradation, biodegradation and metabolism in biota, the probable transformation pathways and mechanisms of BUVSs were summarized. It was emphasized that the hydrophobicity and toxicity of metabolites should not be overlooked. Finally, the future research direction was prospected from contaminant remediation and health risk perspectives. This paper provides fundamental knowledge of the environmental behavior of BUVSs, and will facilitate the research of environmental exposure and risk assessment of BUVSs.

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Health exposure to benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) may pose diverse toxic impacts on health. Presently, the occurrence of BUVSs in human urine remains inadequately understood. This study analyzed 13 kinds of BUVSs in human urine (n = 182) from the general Chinese adult participants. Totally, nine BUVSs were measurable in these human urine samples. Among the detected BUVSs, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-p-cresol (UV-P) was the most predominant BUVS in the human urine, with the mean concentration of 1.6 µg/g creatinine (

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Benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbents (BUAs) of emerging concern were recently monitored in seawater and sediments from the Bohai Sea (BS) and North Yellow Sea (NYS), which are impacted by human activities, to elucidate their regional occurrence patterns, phase distributions, and contamination profiles. Although environmental variables such as sedimentary organic carbon, particle size, and salinity, as well as hydrological conditions, affected the environmental occurrence of BUAs in the BS and NYS, the source dependence of BUA distributions associated with urban impacts and riverine inputs was highlighted. Substantial spatial variability in the composition patterns and contamination profiles of BUAs identified through correlation and principal component analyses were likely caused by region-specific sources and characteristics. The distribution of target BUAs between the sediment and seawater phases showed no dependence on the octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) but exhibited marked spatial variations. The diversity of BUA sorption behaviors was further explained by the total organic carbon (TOC)-normalized distribution coefficient (KTOC). Classic logKTOC-logKOW linear relationships accurately predicted the phase distributions of UV-326, UV-328, and UV-234, but deviations were found for lighter and heavier BUAs, possibly due to the influences of physical disturbance and microparticle binding.

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The research focused on benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVs) which are commonly used compounds despite being found dangerous, e.g. promoting breast cancer cell proliferation, damaging vital organs such as hearts, brains livers and kidneys. The aim of the study was to analyse the efficiency and removal rate of BUVs from wastewater depending on the quantity of tested compounds and SBR anaerobic-aerobic conditions. The study was conducted in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs - 17 L) with real flocculent activated sludge (8 L) and model wastewater (5 L) containing UV-326, UV-327, UV-328, UV-329 and UV-P from 50 to 600 µg∙L-1. The SBR were operated in 390 cycles of 7 h and 10 min over 130 days. The similarity of the technological parameters of the treatment process to those used in a real wastewater treatment plant was maintained. Efficiency removal of individual BUVs was strictly dependent on the dose of compounds introduced into wastewater and ranged from 68.2 to 97 %. Removal of UV-329 occurred with lowest efficiency (from 68.2 to 85.2 %) while UV-326 was most efficiently removed from the wastewater (from 94.1 to 97 %). UV-329 was removed from wastewater with the lowest (0.0968-0.9524 µg∙L-1∙min-1) average removal rate while UV-327 with the highest (0.16-1.3357 µg∙L-1∙min-1), irrespective of BUVs dose in the influent. Secondary release of BUVs into the wastewater occurred in SBR during the settling phase and was dependent on the type and concentration of the BUVs in the raw wastewater. This occurrence was noted for UV-326 ≥ 100; UV-327 = 600; UV-328 ≥ 200; UV-329 ≥ 50 and UV-P ≥ 100 µg∙L-1. The settling phase needs to be shortened to the required minimum. This is an important conclusion for WWTPs in regards to SBR cycle duration and technological parameters of the treatment process.

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Matrix complete dissolution combined with magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) was applied to extract four benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) from polyester curtains. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was coupled to perform the content of trace BUVSs. The procedure was being developed in two steps. The polymer matrix was initially thoroughly dissolved by 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) followed by the addition of precipitant to separate the target from the dissolved polymer matrix. Next, triiron tetraoxide/biochar magnetic material was prepared and utilized as the sorbent for purification of the extract. Ultrasonic extraction coupled with the MSPE method and the proposed method was compared. Better extraction recovery of four BUVSs was acquired by the novel developed extraction method. The purification effect of the new extraction method was established by comparing the matrix effect of the polymer complete dissolution method and the polymer complete dissolution combined with the MSPE method. The extraction parameters were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, correlation coefficient (r) ranging from 0.9969 to 0.9997, limit of detection of 0.2 to 0.8 ng·g-1, and the recovery varied from 81.5 to 102.7% with RSD smaller than 10.7% were obtained for four BUVSs, respectively. This study provides a potential strategy for the efficient extraction and sensitive determination of BUVSs in polyester fibers samples.

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The ubiquitous occurrence of benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) in the environment and organisms has warned of their potential ecological and health risks. Studies showed that some BUVSs exerted immune and chronic toxicities to animals by disturbing signaling transduction, yet limited research has investigated the toxic effects on crop plants and the underlying mechanisms of signaling regulation. Herein, a laboratory-controlled hydroponic experiment was conducted on rice to explore the phytotoxicity of BUVSs by integrating conventional biochemical experiments, transcriptomic analysis, competitive sorption assays, and computational studies. The results showed that BUVSs inhibited the growth of rice by 6.30-20.4% by excessively opening the leaf stomas, resulting in increased transpiration. BUVSs interrupted the transduction of abscisic acid (ABA) signal through competitively binding to Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (CDPK), weakening the CDPK phosphorylation and further inhibiting the downstream signaling. As structural analogues of ATP, BUVSs acted as potential ABA signaling antagonists, leading to physiological dysfunction in mediating stomatal closure under stresses. This is the first comprehensive study elucidating the effects of BUVSs on the function of key proteins and the associated signaling transduction in plants and providing insightful information for the risk evaluation and control of BUVSs.

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Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) are a group of anthropogenic chemicals widely used in commodities and industrial products, posing a potential threat to aquatic organisms. However, limited data are available on the toxicity effects of BUVSs in the liver, and no data are available on effective therapeutic strategies. In this study, we exployed aimed to explore the hepatotoxicity of 2-(benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)phenol (UV-234) and reveal the preventive function of Genistein. At first, yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) exposed to UV-234 (10 µg/L) showed up-regulated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, along with significantly reduced activities of antioxidants enzymes and nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) basal levels. In contrast, 100 mg/kg diet of Genistein improve the hepatic antioxidative capability of fish via activating Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, we confirmed that UV-234 exposure could induce nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-driven inflammatory response, as evidenced by the hepatic inflammatory cells infiltration, lower levels of plasma complement C3 (C3) and complement C4 (C4) as well as higher mRNA levels of NF-κB and inflammatory cytokines. Conversely, feeding UV-234-exposed fish on Genistein-supplemented diets attenuated above adverse effects. Meanwhile, we confirmed that Genistein supplement protected liver apoptosis induced by UV-234 via suppressing up-regulated expression levels of pro-apoptotic genes (Bax, caspase3). In summary, our findings revealed that Genistein positively regulates the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defenses and reduce NF-κB-driven inflammatory response, thus indirectly inhibiting hepatic damage induced by UV-234 in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco).

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Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) that are added to pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have raised global concerns because of their high toxicity. An efficient method to monitor its pollution level is urgently imperative. Here, a nitrogen-doped metal-organic framework (MOF) derived porous carbon (UiO-66-NH2/DC) was prepared and integrated into polyvinylidene fluoride mixed matrix membrane (PVDF MMM) as an adsorbent for the first time. The hydrophobic UiO-66-NH2/DC with a pore size of 162 Å exhibited outstanding extraction performance for BUVSs, which solves the problem of difficult enrichment of large-size and hydrophobic targets. Notably, the density functional theory simulation was employed to reveal the structure of the derived carbon material and explored the recognition and enrichment mechanism (synergy of π-π conjugation, hydrogen bond, coordination, hydrophobic interaction and mesoporous channel) of BUVSs by UiO-66-NH2/DC-PVDF MMM. And then, an influential method based on dispersive membrane extraction (DME) coupled with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous analysis of four BUVSs in environmental water samples. The validated method benefited from the high sensitivity (the limits of detection within 0.25-1.40 ng/L), accuracy (recoveries of 71.9-102.8% for wastewater) and rapidity (50 min to enrich 9 samples). This study expands the application prospects of porous carbon derived from MOF for sample pretreatment of pollutants in water.

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Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) are emerging pollutants that are widely detected in aquatic ecosystems. While structure-dependent effects of BUVSs are reported, the relationship between biotransformation and toxicity outcomes remains unclear. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to two common BUVSs (UV-234 and UV-326) at 1, 10, and 100 µg/L for up to 7 days. Comparison of their uptake and biotransformation revealed that the bioaccumulation capacity of UV-234 was higher than that of UV-326, while UV-326 was more extensively biotransformed with additional conjugation reactions. However, UV-326 showed low metabolism due to inhibited phase II enzymes, which may result in the comparable internal concentrations of both BUVSs in larval zebrafish. Both BUVSs induced oxidative stress while decreased MDA, suggesting the disturbance of lipid metabolism. The subsequent metabolomic profiling revealed that UV-234 and UV-326 exerted different effects on arachidonic acid, lipid, and energy metabolism. However, both BUVSs negatively impacted the cyclic guanosine monophosphate / protein kinase G pathway. This converged metabolic change resulted in comparable toxicity of UV-234 and UV-326, which was confirmed by the induction of downstream apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and abnormal locomotion behavior. These data have important implications for understanding the metabolism, disposition, and toxicology of BUVSs in aquatic organisms.

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Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) are widespread emerging pollutants, which can pose exposure risks to benthic organisms. However, the toxicity and mechanisms of BUVSs congeners in benthic clams are far from elucidated. In this study, Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) were exposed to one of UV-234, UV-326, UV-329, or UV-P at environmentally relevant levels (0.1, 1, and 10 µg/L) for 21 days. Filtration rate (FR) was increased in clams exposed to all BUVSs and there were notable histopathologic changes, including irregular digestive lumen, lipid droplet vacuolation, and degraded epithelial cells. To determine the molecular underpinnings following BUVSs exposure, the transcriptome responses in digestive glands were compared. Differentially expressed genes shared among BUVSs treatments were associated with focal adhesion, TNF-α/NF-κB proinflammatory pathways, and apoptosis. Following this, biochemical analysis of biomarkers related to apoptosis were conducted to further validate response. Exposure to BUVSs inhibited anti-oxidant enzyme activity and induced oxidative stress. Heat shock proteins were also triggered with exposure, and there was an induction of caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity. Molecular responses were not identical in the digestive gland of C. fluminea when comparing responses to BUVSs; nevertheless conserved mechanism (impairment of the oxidative defense system, immune system disruption, and induction of apoptosis) among BUVSs congeners was noted. This study provides novel insight into the toxicity and hazards of BUVSs in benthic organisms.

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The widespread high concentrations of benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) in many biotic and abiotic samples have raised urgent concerns of their adverse effects on environmental and human health. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of three typical BUVSs (UV-328, UV-329, UV-P) with HepG2 cells in vitro. Results indicated that the three BUVSs showed weak cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells at concentrations lower than 50 µM. Transcriptional analysis indicated that the toxic effects of the three chemicals followed the order of UV-P > UV-329 > UV-328. UV-P and UV-329 may act as potential environmental diabetogens by significantly enriching several diabetic related items in both GO and KEGG analysis. Moreover, UV-P and UV-329 significantly upregulated the expression of AHR target genes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, UGT1A1, etc.), and increased the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and exhibited agonistic activity toward AHR in the XRE-mediated luciferase reporter gene assay. Molecular docking assay also indicated that UV-329 and UV-P had higher binding affinities to AHR-LBD than UV-328. In brief, our findings indicated that UV-P and UV-329 were potential agonist of AHR ligand, and may exert more toxicity than UV-328 in inducing liver toxicity.

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Ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) and industrial antioxidants (IAs) are contaminants of emerging concern. In this study, we investigated the distribution and partitioning of these contaminants in surface water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediment, and various tissues of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) and northern pike (Esox lucius) from the St. Lawrence River (SLR), Quebec, Canada. Results indicated that 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BHTQ) was the dominant contaminant in the dissolved phase of the surface water, with median concentrations of 43, 15, and 123 ng/L for three sampling sites, respectively. Surface water collected downstream of a major city showed higher levels of various UVAs, BHTQ, and diphenylamine compared to the upstream, suggesting the influence of the urban activities on the contamination of these emerging contaminants in the SLR. SPM showed greater sorption capacities of most target contaminants compared to those of the sediment. Different contamination profiles were found in lake sturgeon and northern pike, implying that the accumulation of UVAs and IAs in fish depends on their feeding behavior. The field-based tissue-specific bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for frequently detected contaminants (log BAF 1.5-4.2) were generally comparable to or lower than the Estimation Program Interface modeling results (1.4-5.0), indicating that some of these contaminants may be less bioaccumulative than previously expected.

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Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) are widely used additives in industrial materials and personal care products that protect products from ultraviolet damage. Due to their high production volume and potential to bioaccumulate, BUVSs are an environmental pollutant of concern. In this study, juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to 4 BUVSs (UV-234, UV-326, UV-329, and UV-P) at 10 and 100 µg/L for 28 d. BUVSs induced hepatic vacuolization and nuclei pyknosis in the liver following 100 µg/L UV-234 and UV-329 exposure. Transcriptomic analysis in the liver uncovered pathways related to inflammation that were affected by BUVSs. Based upon these data, we measured the expression levels of 9 genes involved in AHR-IL17/IL22 pathway in zebrafish larvae exposed to each BUVSs at one dose of either 10 or 100 µg/L for 6 days in a second set experiment. Transcript levels of interleukins il17a and il22 were decreased, while il6 mRNA was increased with exposure to UV-234, UV-329, and UV-P. No change to targeted transcripts was observed with UV-326 treatments. Moreover, cyp1a1 and ahr2 levels were increased in larvae treated with 100 µg/L UV-329 or UV-P. Consistent with expression data, protein abundance of IL22 was decreased by 29% with exposure to 100 µg/L UV-P. Taken together, these results demonstrate that exposure to different benzotriazole congeners may be associated with immunotoxicity in zebrafish through the AHR-IL17/IL22 pathway, and this may be associated with hepatic damage with prolonged exposures. This study provides new insight into unique pathways perturbed by specific BUVSs congeners.

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In the ocean, plastic debris containing chemical additives is fragmented into smaller pieces that can be ingested by a wide range of organisms, potentially exposing them to additives. However, the levels of additives retained in marine plastic fragments have rarely been assessed. In this study, 141 plastic fragments from a beach in Kauai were analyzed piece-by-piece for 12 compounds, including UV stabilizers and brominated flame retardants. UV stabilizers (UV-326, UV-328, UV-327, and BP-12) were found in 13% of "small" fragments (4-7 mm) with levels of up to 315 µg/g and in 33% of "large" fragments (15-80 mm) with levels of up to 1130 µg/g. This observation suggests that exhaustive leaching of additives does not occur during fragmentation and that significant levels of additives, comparable to those of the original products, can be retained in fragments of marine plastic, indicating their importance as a vector of chemical additive exposure.

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Among the benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs), UV-234 and UV-320 are frequently detected in aquatic ecosystem. Despite the fact that these chemicals are present in low ng/L levels in surface water, they show high bio-accumulation potential and pose exposure risks to aquatic organisms. However, there are limited toxicological data available in fish. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.01, 0.1 and 1 µM UV-234 or UV-320 for up to 6 days. Developmental toxicity as well as effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics, immune system responses, and locomotor activity in zebrafish were measured. After UV-234 treatment (0.1-1 µM), hatching time of embryos was increased compared to controls. There was also a ∼20-40% reduction in non-mitochondrial respiration and oligomycin-dependent mitochondrial respiration in embryos treated with 1 µM UV-234 for 24 and 48 h respectively; conversely basal respiration and non-mitochondrial respiration were increased ∼20-30% in embryos treated with 1 µM UV-320 at 48 h. Transcript levels of sod1 were down-regulated with BUVSs while sod2 mRNA was highly up-regulated with both UV-234 and UV-320, suggesting an oxidative damage response. Considering that mitochondrial signaling regulates innate immune pathways, we measured the expression of immune related transcripts (tlr5a, tlr5b, mmp9, il8, tnfa, cxcl-C1c, nfkb1, and ifng). Of these, only il8 and cxcl-C1c mRNA were decreased in response to 0.1 µM UV-320. To associate early molecular events with behavior, locomotor activity was assessed. UV-234 reduced larval activity in a dark photokinesis assay by ∼15%, however behavioral responses at environmentally-relevant concentrations of BUVSs were not consistent across experiments nor BUVSs. These data suggest that BUVSs can perturb mitochondrial bioenergetics, embryonic development, and locomotor activity of zebrafish, but these responses appear to be dose-, time- and BUVSs dependent, suggesting these chemicals may have unique modes of action.

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The environmental contamination by benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) has received consider attention due to their long-term and widespread usage in various consumer and industrial products in accordance with solar UV radiation increase. The present study shows the baseline data of BUVSs in human breast milk from several areas in Japan, the Philippines, and Vietnam. Total concentrations of the 8 BUVSs in breast milk ranged from

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Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) are widely applied ultraviolet absorbing compounds in industrial materials and personal care products. Due to their ubiquitous use and reports of bio-accumulation in aquatic organisms, these compounds are significant environmental pollutants; however, data are limited for BUVSs toxicity. In this study, juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to 4 commonly used BUVSs (UV-234, UV-326, UV-329, and UV-P) at one dose of 10 or 100 µg/L for 28 days. To characterize the underlying mechanisms of different BUVSs-induced toxicities, we performed global transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) in the brain (100 µg/L). There were 390, 575, 483, and 470 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) detected following UV-234, UV-326, UV-329, and UV-P exposure at 100 µg/L, respectively. Only 59 genes were identified as DEGs following exposure to each of the BUVSs, suggesting that these chemicals can induce unique responses in fish. Noteworthy was that there were 81 common gene networks (~10%) identified following exposure to BUVSs, many of which were related to inflammation and immune function. Uniquely regulated pathways affected by different BUVSs included those related to mitochondrial respiration, interleukin 1/brain-damaging signaling, dopaminergic signaling, and adrenergic receptor cascades. Furthermore, quantitative PCR (qPCR) results revealed that mgst1 levels were increased in fish from the 100 µg/L UV-329 treatment, while the expression of pck2 was significantly down-regulated in fish from both the 10 and 100 µg/L UV-P treatment. Transcriptomic data suggest that BUVSs can alter mitochondrial bioenergetics, alter expression of a broad range of genes in the oxidative stress response, and can induce pathways related to the immune system in zebrafish brain.

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Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) are widely used in industrial products as well as personal-hygiene products to protect the material or skin from harmful UV-radiation. Due to their persistence and bioaccumulation, BUVSs have been ubiquitously detected in aquatic environments. Although the toxicological effects of BUVSs in aquatic organisms have been previously examined, the effects of BUVSs on the thyroid system have not been adequately addressed. In this study, we assessed putative thyroid disrupting effects of BUVSs (UV-234, UV-326, UV-329 and UV-P) in zebrafish embryos at 1, 10 and 100 µg/L for 96 h. The heart rate was assessed in zebrafish and was observed to be decreased by 6.9%-21.4% in exposure of tested BUVSs. We also observed that the transcript levels of HPT axis-related genes were affected by the 4 BUVSs tested in different ways. Specifically, mRNA levels of thyroid hormone receptors (thraa and thrb) in zebrafish embryos were differentially expressed and the direction of change in these transcripts was isoform and BUVSs dependent. Pathway analysis of the targeted genes measured indicated that cellular processes putatively affected by BUVSs included response to organic substance, regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, intracellular receptor signaling pathway, and hypothyroidism. Upon expansion of the network, novel genes involved in this predicted gene network may provide insight into the mechanisms of thyroid disrupting mechanisms of BUVSs. Taken together, our results indicate that BUVSs can potentially impact the thyroid system, and that this is dependent upon the type or structure of BUVSs.

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