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Many studies have attributed self-controlled feedback benefits associated with motor learning to learners' greater information processing during practice. However, individual learner characteristics like their impulsivity can also influence how people engage cognitively during learning. We investigated possible dissociations between the types of interaction in self-controlled knowledge of results (KR) and learner impulsivity levels in learning a sequential motor task. Ninety volunteers responded to the self-restraint section of the Barkley deficits in executive functioning scale, and those 60 participants with the highest ( n = 30) and lowest ( n = 30) impulsivity scores practiced a motor task involving sequential pressing of four keys in predetermined absolute and relative times. We further divided participants into four experimental groups by assigning the high- and low-impulsivity groups to two forms of KR-self-controlled absolute and yoked. Study results showed no interaction effect between impulsivity and self-controlled KR, and, contrary to expectation, self-controlled KR did not benefit learning, independently of impulsivity. However, low-impulsivity participants performed better than high-impulsivity participants on the absolute dimension of the transfer task, while high-impulsivity learners were better at the relative dimension. Cognitive characteristics of automatic and reflexive processing were expressed by the strategies used to direct attention to relative and absolute task dimensions, respectively. Low-impulsivity learners switched their attention to both dimensions at the end of practice, while high-impulsivity learners did not switch their attention or directed it only to the relative dimension at the end of the practice. These results suggest that the cognitive styles of high- and low-impulsive learners differentially favor learning distinct dimensions of a motor task, regardless of self-controlled KR.

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Alexithymia represents a personality trait construct characterized primarily by difficulties in the capacity to identify and verbalize emotions. In the present paper, we review the existing results from psychological studies based on behavioral methods with respect to the automatic and controlled processing of external emotional information (i.e. originating outside of the body). There is evidence that alexithymia is associated with impairments in the ability to label and recognize emotional facial expression and lexical stimuli at a controlled processing level. In addition, there is preliminary evidence for a relation between alexithymia and reduced automatic attention allocation to emotional lexical stimuli. In the large majority of previous studies alexithymic characteristics have been assessed by self-report instruments. To reach stronger conclusions about emotion perception in alexithymia future research has to complement self- descriptive with objective or direct measures of alexithymia such as standardized interview methods.

La alexitimia representa un constructo de las características de personalidad que se caracteriza principalmente por dificultades para poder identificar y verbalizar emociones. El presente estudio provee una reseña de los resultados de estudios psicológicos basados en métodos conductistas, con respecto al procesamiento automático y controlado de la información emocional externa (es decir, originándose fuera del cuerpo). Se ha comprobado que la alexitimia es un fenómeno asociado a alteraciones en la capacidad de nombrar y reconocer emociones faciales y estímulos léxicos en un nivel de procesamiento controlado. Además, existe evidencia preliminar de una relación entre la alexitimia y un déficit de atención para estímulos léxicos emocionales de tipo automático. En la gran mayoría de estudios anteriores, los rasgos alexitímicos han sido evaluados por instrumentos de autoevaluación. Para poder obtener conclusiones más firmes sobre la percepción de las emociones en la alexitimia, conviene complementar en una investigación futura, medidas autodescriptivas con medidas objetivas o directas de la alexitimia, tales como métodos de entrevistas estandarizados.

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Este trabalho investigou a produção de falsas memórias em relação a três fatores: tipos de processamento, carga afetiva das listas DRM e contexto emocional. Foram testadas quatro hipóteses experimentais: (a) índices superiores de falsas memórias ocorrerão em tarefas que demandam maior participação de processamento consciente, (b) aumento de falsas memórias em contexto emocional, (c) maior falsificação de memória nas listas DRM com cargas negativas e (d) mais falsas recordações na condição processamento consciente, listas negativas e contexto de valência desagradável. Participaram 150 estudantes e o contexto emocional foi manipulado pela inserção de fotografias do IAPS no paradigma DRM. Os resultados confirmaram as hipóteses do estudo e são discutidos segundo teorias de redes e da teoria do traço difuso...

The present study investigated the production of false memories in relation to three independent factors: processing type, emotional context and affective valence of Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) lists. Four experimental hypotheses were tested: (a) higher rates of false memories will occur in tasks that require greater participation of conscious processing; (b) increase of false memories in emotional contexts; (c) greater falsification of memory in DRM lists with negative valence; and (d) more false memories in conscious processing, negative lists and unpleasant valence contexts. One hundred and fifty university students participated in the experiment. The emotional context was manipulated by inserting pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) within DRM lists. Results confirmed the experimental hypotheses and were discussed considering theories of nets and conjoint activations...

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Este trabalho investigou a produção de falsas memórias em relação a três fatores: tipos de processamento, carga afetiva das listas DRM e contexto emocional. Foram testadas quatro hipóteses experimentais: (a) índices superiores de falsas memórias ocorrerão em tarefas que demandam maior participação de processamento consciente, (b) aumento de falsas memórias em contexto emocional, (c) maior falsificação de memória nas listas DRM com cargas negativas e (d) mais falsas recordações na condição processamento consciente, listas negativas e contexto de valência desagradável. Participaram 150 estudantes e o contexto emocional foi manipulado pela inserção de fotografias do IAPS no paradigma DRM. Os resultados confirmaram as hipóteses do estudo e são discutidos segundo teorias de redes e da teoria do traço difuso.(AU)

The present study investigated the production of false memories in relation to three independent factors: processing type, emotional context and affective valence of Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) lists. Four experimental hypotheses were tested: (a) higher rates of false memories will occur in tasks that require greater participation of conscious processing; (b) increase of false memories in emotional contexts; (c) greater falsification of memory in DRM lists with negative valence; and (d) more false memories in conscious processing, negative lists and unpleasant valence contexts. One hundred and fifty university students participated in the experiment. The emotional context was manipulated by inserting pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) within DRM lists. Results confirmed the experimental hypotheses and were discussed considering theories of nets and conjoint activations.(AU)

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Foi avaliada a qualidade da codificação das causas de morte para a elaboração das estatísticas de mortalidade pelo Sistema ACME ("Automated Classification of Medical Entities") usado na Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados no Estado de São Paulo. O material de estudo constituiu-se de uma amostra sistemática de 3.313 Declarações de Óbito de 1992, correspondente a 1,6% do total dos respectivos óbitos. A revisão da codificação das causas de morte realizada por perito dependente orientou-se pela Classificação Internacional de Doenças e pelos manuais de instrução do Sistema ACME. Foram observados 179 erros, dos quais 116 comprometeram a causa básica e 63 a causa associada de morte. A porcentagem de erros para a causa básica foi de 3,5% em relação aos óbitos analisados da amostra. A porcentagem de erros para causas múltiplas foi de 1,9%, obtida pela relação dos 179 erros totais com 9.272 códigos processados nas declarações de óbito analisadas. Os capítulos da Classificação Internacional de Doenças e os grupos etários em que os erros se concentraram foram identificados. Verificou-se que numerosos erros poderiam ser prevenidos e recomenda-se a introdução de um programa de controle da qualidade da codificação das causas de morte no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade.

This study evaluated the medical coding quality of causes of death for the compilation of mortality statistics by the ACME System (acronym for Automated Classification of Medical Entities) used by the Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The study data was obtained by systematic sampling of 3,313 death certificates, corresponding to 1.6% of the total deaths reported in 1992. The revision of the coding of the causes of death was done by a dependent verifier based on the International Classification of Diseases and on the instruction of the ACME System manuals. A total of 179 errors were identified of which, 116 were related to the underlying cause and 63, to the associated causes of death. The proportion of errors for the underlying cause of death was of 3.5%, considering the total sampled number of death certificates. The proportion of errors for multiple causes was of 1.9%, considering 9,272 codes processed in the death certificates that were analyzed. The chapters of the International Classification of Diseases and the age groups that concentrated the majority of the errors were identified. It was noticed that several errors might be prevented and the introduction of a quality control program for the coding of causes of death for the Mortality Information System of Brazil is recommended.

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