RESUMEN
Despite the global burden of viral diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti, there is a lack of effective means of prevention and treatment. Strategies for vector control include chemical and biological approaches such as organophosphates and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti), among others. However, important concerns are associated, such as resistance in mosquito larvae and deleterious effects on non-target organisms. In this scenario, novel approaches against A. aegypti have been investigated, including natural products (e.g. vegetable oil and extracts) and nanostructured systems. This review focuses on potential strategies for fighting A. aegypti, highlighting plant-based materials and nanomaterials able to induce toxic effects on egg, larva, pupa and adult mosquitoes. Issues including aspects of conventional vector control strategies are presented, and finally new insights on development of eco-friendly nanoformulations against A. aegypti are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Aedes , Productos Biológicos , Nanopartículas , Animales , Control de Mosquitos , Productos Biológicos/farmacología , Mosquitos Vectores , Vectores de Enfermedades , LarvaRESUMEN
Background: Anti-NMDAR encephalitis is the most frequent cause of autoimmune encephalitis. Chikungunya (CHIK) is an arbovirus responsible for outbreaks of fever, cutaneous rash and arthritis in underdeveloped countries, and a trigger for autoimmunity. Case Presentation: We report a five-year-old male patient with fever, myalgia, headache and conjunctivitis for 5 days. After 1 week he developed tonic-clonic seizures and evolved with dystonia and oromandibular dyskinesia followed by onset of focal motor seizures, decreased level of consciousness, dysautonomia and central apnea. Brain MRI was normal, CSF analysis revealed 15 cells, protein 16.6 mg/dL and glucose 68 mg/dL. Anti-NMDAR antibodies were detected in serum and CSF after 3 weeks of symptom onset. CHIK serology was positive for both IgM and IgG, suggesting a recent infection. Dengue and Zika serologies were negative. CSF PCR for herpes viruses and arboviruses (CHIK, Dengue and Zika) were negative. Conclusion: We report the occurrence of anti-NMDAR encephalitis after acute CHIK infection. The biphasic course, positivity for both CHIK IgM and IgG and negative CHIK CSF PCR results, as well as a dramatic response to immunotherapy suggest an immune-mediated pathogenesis. Because of the global epidemic of CHIK infection and unknown mechanisms involving CHIK and autoimmunity, patients with acute CHIK infections and neurological manifestations should be considered for antineuronal antibody testing.
RESUMEN
Background: Detection of local dengue transmission requires an aware and engaged medical community, as health care providers are the front line of public health surveillance. To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice about dengue, an online survey was distributed among Arizona health care providers during 2014 and 2015. Materials and Methods: The survey consisted of a total of 10 knowledge, attitude, and practice questions divided as follows: 5 knowledge questions, 2 attitude questions, and 3 practice questions. The link to the Qualtrics survey was distributed through the Arizona Health Alert Network to a total of 4582 e-mail addresses, of which 335 participants opened the survey, and 196 completed and submitted their responses. Results: Less than half the respondents reported choosing the right dengue diagnostic test (40.4%) or understanding the epidemiology of dengue in Arizona (40.9%). Slightly more than half the respondents reported frequently asking for travel history (59%), and three-fourth of them would notify the local health department on suspicion of a dengue patient (76.1%). Survey score was associated with providers specialized in infectious diseases (1.88, 95% CI: 0.42-3.33, p = 0.01), medical doctors or doctors of osteopathic medicine (1.82, 95% CI: 0.98-2.65, p < 0.0001), and respondents who reported to have heard about the increase in dengue cases in Sonora (Mexico) in fall 2014 (1.51, 95% CI: 0.67-2.34, p = 0.0005), indicating better survey performance. Conclusions: These results indicate that education for health care providers on dengue should be improved particularly among general practice noninfectious disease providers who might be the first point of care for dengue patients. Findings suggest that additional training on clinical management, asking travel history, and notifying the local health department on suspicion of a dengue patient are needed.
Asunto(s)
Dengue/epidemiología , Dengue/prevención & control , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Personal de Salud , Arizona/epidemiología , Recolección de Datos , Humanos , México/epidemiología , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Arboviral diseases have been considered a global public health problem due to their growing territorial dispersion and impact on the population around the world. Individuals affected by the chikungunya virus go through an acute febrile illness associated with severe pain and long-lasting polyarthralgia. After the initial stage, infected individuals may progress to the chronic stage, which has an epidemic character and a high rate of disability and reduced mobility, impacting negatively on their quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between pain, functional capacity, and kinesiophobia in individuals in the chronic stage of chikungunya virus infection. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Natal, in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, between July and September 2018. The participants were 59 women in the chronic stage of chikungunya virus infection. Data were collected in at physical therapy outpatient clinic of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), using a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK). Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis of the time data were conducted by simple regression. The participants' mean age was just over 50 years and average duration of virus infection was 21.54 months. Most participants had moderate to severe pain intensity that more frequent in the ankle and wrist joints. Functional capacity was low, and there was moderate fear of performing exercises and activities of daily living. Duration of infection was associated with increased pain intensity and loss of functional capacity. We can conclude that women in the chronic stage of chikungunya infection have significant pain, reduced functional capacity, and fear of performing common movements of daily living.
Asunto(s)
Actividades Cotidianas , Fiebre Chikungunya/fisiopatología , Dolor/etiología , Trastornos Fóbicos/etiología , Brasil , Fiebre Chikungunya/complicaciones , Fiebre Chikungunya/psicología , Enfermedad Crónica , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
El mosquito Aedes aegypti presenta características biológicas que lo convierten en un vector importante en el ciclo de transmisión de diferentes patógenos, en especial arbovirus. Durante la última década, la carga de dengue y otras enfermedades tales como la fiebre del zika o fiebre chikungunya se han incrementado, y nueva información acerca del papel de Ae. aegypti en la transmisión de estas enfermedades ha sido publicada. Este trabajo se enfocó en revisar mediante una estrategia de búsqueda sistemática de la información, el conocimiento actual de la historia evolutiva y otros aspectos biológicos de Ae. aegypti relacionados con la dinámica de transmisión de los principales arbovirus de importancia médica. Factores intrínsecos de Ae. aegypti y extrínsecos han contribuido a la emergencia o reemergencia y expansión mundial de patógenos en el ciclo urbano. El diseño de estrategias costo-efectivas para controlar Ae. aegypti es requerido para interrumpir los ciclos de transmisión de los patógenos y prevenir la aparición de nuevas epidemias(AU)
Due to its biological characteristics, the mosquito Aedes aegypti is an important vector in the transmission cycle of various pathogens, especially of arboviruses. The burden of dengue and other diseases such as Zika virus infection or chikungunya fever has increased in the last decade, and new information has been published about the role of A. aegypti in the transmission of these diseases. Applying a strategy for systematic search of information, the study focused on reviewing current knowledge about the evolutionary history and other biological aspects of A. aegypti associated with the dynamics of transmission of the main arboviruses of medical importance. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors related to A. aegypti have contributed to the emergence or re-emergence and worldwide spread of pathogens in the urban cycle. Cost-effective A. aegypti control strategies should be designed to interrupt the transmission cycles of pathogens and prevent the emergence of new epidemics(AU)
Asunto(s)
Aedes/patogenicidad , Vectores de Enfermedades , Control de Mosquitos/métodosRESUMEN
QUESTIONS INVESTIGATED: The recent emergence of arboviruses such as Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil has posed a threat to human health and to the country's economy. Outbreaks occur mainly in tropical areas; however, increasing number of cases have been observed in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the Southernmost state; therefore, surveillance of these arboviruses is essential for public health measures. DESIGN: In this study, we analyzed 1276 samples from patients with clinically suspected arboviral diseases between 2014 and 2016. Demographic and clinical data were collected and described; cases of microcephaly associated with congenital infection were analyzed. ESSENTIAL FINDINGS: Results show that CHIKV and ZIKV entered RS in 2014 and 2015, respectively, with imported cases confirmed. Autochthonous infections occurred in 2016 for both viruses, with a total of 5 autochthonous cases for CHIKV and 44 for ZIKV. Most patients were older than 21 years; the main symptoms were fever, arthralgia, myalgia, and headache; rash, conjunctivitis, and pruritus were also reported in ZIKV cases. Three cases of congenital Zika syndrome were confirmed in our study, while another 20 cases of microcephaly associated with congenital infection were confirmed (10 positive for syphilis, 6 for toxoplasmosis and 4 for cytomegalovirus). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Considering co-circulation of different arbovirus in RS, including Dengue virus, CHIKV, and ZIKV, and the presence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the area, surveillance of patients infected by these viruses contributes to the control and prevention of such diseases. Practical difficulties in diagnosing these infections are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Arbovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Arbovirus/virología , Arbovirus , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/virología , Vigilancia en Salud Pública , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Infecciones por Arbovirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Arbovirus/transmisión , Arbovirus/genética , Arbovirus/inmunología , Brasil/epidemiología , Fiebre Chikungunya/epidemiología , Fiebre Chikungunya/inmunología , Fiebre Chikungunya/transmisión , Fiebre Chikungunya/virología , Virus Chikungunya/genética , Virus Chikungunya/inmunología , Niño , Preescolar , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/inmunología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/transmisión , Femenino , Geografía Médica , Humanos , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , ARN Viral , Adulto Joven , Virus Zika/genética , Virus Zika/inmunología , Infección por el Virus Zika/epidemiología , Infección por el Virus Zika/inmunología , Infección por el Virus Zika/transmisión , Infección por el Virus Zika/virologíaRESUMEN
As public health agencies struggle to track and contain emerging arbovirus threats, timely and efficient surveillance is more critical than ever. Using historical dengue data from Puerto Rico, we developed methods for streamlining and designing novel arbovirus surveillance systems with or without historical disease data.
Asunto(s)
Dengue/epidemiología , Dengue/virología , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Vigilancia de la Población/métodos , Animales , Servicios de Salud , Humanos , Puerto Rico/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Questions investigated: The recent emergence of arboviruses such as Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil has posed a threat to human health and to the country's economy. Outbreaks occur mainly in tropical areas; however, increasing number of cases have been observed in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the Southernmost state; therefore, surveillance of these arboviruses is essential for public health measures. Design: In this study, we analyzed 1276 samples from patients with clinically suspected arboviral diseases between 2014 and 2016. Demographic and clinical data were collected and described; cases of microcephaly associated with congenital infection were analyzed. Essential findings: Results show that CHIKV and ZIKV entered RS in 2014 and 2015, respectively, with imported cases confirmed. Autochthonous infections occurred in 2016 for both viruses, with a total of 5 autochthonous cases for CHIKV and 44 for ZIKV. Most patients were older than 21 years; the main symptoms were fever, arthralgia, myalgia, and headache; rash, conjunctivitis, and pruritus were also reported in ZIKV cases. Three cases of congenital Zika syndrome were confirmed in our study, while another 20 cases of microcephaly associated with congenital infection were confirmed (10 positive for syphilis, 6 for toxoplasmosis and 4 for cytomegalovirus). Main conclusions: Considering cocirculation of different arbovirus in RS, including Dengue virus, CHIKV, and ZIKV, and the presence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the area, surveillance of patients infected by these viruses contributes to the control and prevention of such diseases. Practical difficulties in diagnosing these infections are discussed. (AU)