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This study is the first successful application of a nanomaterial-supported molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and selective determination of apigenin (API), which is a naturally occurring product of the flavone class that is an aglycone of several glycosides. Secondary metabolites are biologically active substances produced by plants in response to various environmental factors. The levels of these compounds can vary depending on factors such as climate, soil conditions and the season in which the plants are grown. Therefore, the analysis of these compounds is essential to properly understand the biological effects of plant extracts and to ensure their safe use. To increase the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface's active surface area and porosity, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were integrated into the MIP-based electrochemical sensor design. Tryptophan methacrylate (TrpMA) was selected as the functional monomer along with other MIP components such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA, basic monomer), 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone (initiator), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA, crosslinking agent). The morphological and electrochemical characterizations of the developed API/ZnO NPs/TrpMA@MIP-GCE sensor were performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The indirect measurement approach via 5.0 mM [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- solution was utilized to determine API in the linear range of 1.0x10-13 M - 1.0x10-12 M. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for standard solutions were found to be 2.47x10-14 and 8.23x10-14 M, respectively. In addition, the extraction processes were carried out using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and maceration (MCR) procedures. For Apium graveolens L., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss and herbal supplement, the API recoveries varied from 98.79 % to 102.71 %, with average relative standard deviations (RSD) less than 2.25 % in all three cases. The sensor's successful performance in the presence of components with chemical structures similar to the API was also demonstrated, revealing its unique selectivity.

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Combined drying, an energy-efficient method that includes osmotic pretreatment in molasses and shortened successive lyophilization, was used to obtain celery root powder and incorporate it in the formulation of cookies, with the aim of obtaining a new product. Wheat flour was substituted with combinedly dehydrated celery root powder at levels from 0 to 30%, and optimization of the amount of wheat flour substitution regarding technological, sensory and nutritive characteristics was performed. The optimal level of 20% substitution was determined using Z-score analysis, from the aspect of the best nutritive improvement and the mildest adverse impact on the technological and sensory quality. In the second research phase, comparison of the cookies with the 20% celery root powder substitution, dehydrated by different methods, indicated that combined dehydration showed upgraded results in terms of the overall quality of the final product, for 28.85 percentile points higher than cookies with lyophilized and for 65.24 percentile points higher than cookies with the addition of convectively dried celery root powder. The cookie containing celery powder previously osmodehydrated in molasses had higher contents of analyzed minerals (1.2-3.3 times), total phenols (10.8%) and antioxidant activities (14% for DPPH and 4% for ABTS) compared to the cookie with lyophilized powder.

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Autoimmune diseases represent a complex array of conditions where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues. These disorders, affecting millions worldwide, encompass a broad spectrum of conditions ranging from rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis to lupus and type 1 diabetes. The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) translocator, expressed across immune and other cell types, plays crucial roles in immune disorders and inflammatory diseases. With a realm towards natural remedies in modern medicine for disease prevention, this study investigates the electronic properties and behaviors of bioactive compounds from dietary sources, including Apium graveolens L. (Celery), Coriandrum sativum seeds (Coriander), and Mentha longifolia, as AhR modulators. Through comprehensive analysis (HOMO-LUMO, ESP, LOL, and ELF), electron-rich and -poor regions, electron localization, and delocalization are identified, contrasting these compounds with the toxic AhR ligand, TCDD. Evaluation of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) properties reveals favorable pharmacokinetics without blood-brain barrier penetration, indicating drug-like characteristics. Molecular docking demonstrates stronger interactions of dietary flavonoid ligands with AhR transcription compared to TCDD. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm the stability of complexes and the sustainability of interactions formed. This research underscores the potential of natural compounds as effective AhR modulators for therapeutic interventions in immune-related disorders.

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Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii (Foa), constitute a vascular disease affecting celery. This soil-borne pathogen is classified into four distinct pathogenic races: 1, 2, 3, and 4. Notably, race 4 emerges as the most virulent, representing the latest evolutionary development of this pathogen, which was first reported in 2013 in California. In 2022, celery plants in South Florida exhibited typical Fusarium wilt symptoms, with the disease reaching a 100% incidence and causing yield losses ranging from 20% to 100%. Given the significance of celery as a vegetable crop and the severity of this outbreak, the primary objective of this study was to identify and characterize the causal agent of Fusarium wilt in South Florida. The second goal aimed to test the pathogenicity and virulence of the Fusarium isolates from Florida on celery and parsley plants. Using race-specific primers and dual-loci phylogenetic analyses, the isolates surveyed in this study were identified as Foa race 4. Pathogenicity assays in the greenhouse showed that the Foa race 4 isolate from celery induced disease not only on the two celery cultivars (Duda 30 and Duda 71) but also on two commonly cultivated parsley varieties (Curly and Italian). Our study also revealed that Foa race 4 significantly (P < 0.05) affected plant health attributes in all cultivars, including plant height, total plant weight, and root weight. Interestingly, the pathogen exhibited higher (P < 0.0001) virulence on parsley than celery based on vascular discoloration. These findings strongly indicate the urgency of comprehending and managing Fusarium wilt on celery and related crops. Furthermore, the ability of Foa race 4 to affect different plant species highlights a potential threat to agricultural production, emphasizing the need for proactive measures to mitigate the impact of this virulent pathogen.

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Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of an essential oil obtained from the fruit of Apium graveolens L. (celery seed oil), when used as a sensory additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) Panel concluded that the use of celery seed oil is of no concern up to the following concentrations in complete feed: 1.6 mg/kg for chickens for fattening, 2.3 mg/kg for laying hens, 2.1 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 2.8 mg/kg for piglets, 3.3 mg/kg for pigs for fattening, 4.1 mg/kg for sows, 6.5 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer), 6.2 mg/kg for cattle for fattening, sheep, goats and horses, 4.0 mg/kg for dairy cows, 2.5 mg/kg for rabbits, 6.8 mg/kg for salmonids and 7.2 mg/kg for dogs. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For cats, ornamental fish and other species, no conclusion can be drawn. The use of celery seed oil in animals feed is not expected to pose concern for the consumers and for the environment. The additive under assessment should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes, and as a respiratory and skin sensitiser. When handling the essential oil, exposure of unprotected users to perillaldehyde and bergapten may occur. Therefore, to reduce the risk, the exposure of the users should be minimised. Since A. graveolens and its preparations were recognised to flavour food and its function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.

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The present investigation entails the encapsulation of Apium graveolens essential oil into chitosan nanobiopolymer (AGEO-Ne) and assessment of its efficacy against Fusarium verticillioides contamination and fumonisins biosynthesis in stored rice (Oryza sativa L.) samples. The AGEO was encapsulated through ionic gelation process and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. The AGEO exhibited bi-phasic delivery pattern from chitosan matrix. The AGEO caused complete inhibition of F. verticillioides growth at 1.2 µL/mL, while fumonisin B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) biosynthesis at 1.2 and 1.0 µL/mL, respectively. On the other hand, nanoencapsulated AGEO (AGEO-Ne) exhibited improved efficacy, caused complete inhibition of fungal growth at 0.8 µL/mL, and FB1 and FB2 production at 0.8 and 0.6 µL/mL, respectively. AGEO-Ne caused 100 % inhibition of ergosterol synthesis at 0.8 µL/mL and exhibited greater efflux of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ ions (18.99, 21.63, and 25.38 mg/L) as well as 260 and 280 nm absorbing materials from exposed fungal cells. The in silico interaction of granyl acetate and linalyl acetate with FUM 21 protein validated the molecular mechanism for inhibition of FB1 and FB2 biosynthesis. Further, improvement in antioxidant activity of AGEO-Ne was observed after encapsulation with IC50 values of 12.08 and 6.40 µL/mL against DPPH and ABTS radicals, respectively. During in situ investigation, AGEO caused 82.09 and 86.32 % protection of rice against F. verticillioides contamination in inoculated and uninoculated rice samples, respectively, while AGEO-Ne exhibited 100 % protection of fumigated rice samples against F. verticillioides proliferation as well as FB1 and FB2 contamination. The AGEO-Ne also caused better retardation of lipid peroxidation (41.35 and 37.52 µM/g FW malondialdehyde in inoculated and uninoculated treatment) and acceptable organoleptic properties in rice samples, which strengthen its application as plant based novel preservative in food and agricultural industries.

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BACKGROUND: Gastric ulcers represent a worldwide health problem, characterized by erosions that affect the mucous membrane of the stomach and may even reach the muscular layer, leading to serious complications. Numerous natural products have been assessed as anti-ulcerogenic agents, and have been considered as new approaches for treatment or prevention of gastric ulcers. The present research investigated the preventive benefits of Apium graveolens L. (Apiaceae), known as celery, seed extract towards indomethacin-induced ulceration of the stomach in rats. METHODS: Metabolomic profiling, employing liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-HR-ESI-MS), was implemented with the aim of investigating the chemical profile of the seeds. Histopathological analysis of gastric tissues, as well as assessment of numerous inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators, confirmed the in vivo evaluation. RESULTS: The prior treatment with A. graveolens seed extract resulted in a substantial reduction in the ulcer index when compared to the indomethacin group, indicating an improvement in stomach mucosal injury. Moreover, the gastroprotective effect was demonstrated through examination of the oxidative stress biomarkers which was significantly attenuated upon pre-treatment with A. graveolens seed extract. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a fundamental angiogenic factor that stimulates angiogenesis, was markedly inhibited by indomethacin. A. graveolens seed extract restored this diminished level of VEGF. The dramatic reductions in NF-κB protein levels indicate a considerable attenuation of the indomethacin-induced IKκB/NF-κB p65 signaling cascade. These activities were also correlated to the tentatively featured secondary metabolites including, phenolic acids, coumarins and flavonoids, previously evidenced to exert potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. According to our network pharmacology study, the identified metabolites annotated 379 unique genes, among which only 17 genes were related to gastric ulcer. The PTGS2, MMP2 and PTGS1 were the top annotated genes related to gastric ulcer. The top biological pathway was the VEGF signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: A. graveolens seed extract possesses significant anti-ulcer activity, similar to famotidine, against gastric lesions induced by indomethacin in rats. It is worth highlighting that the extract overcomes the negative effects of conventional chemical anti-secretory drugs because it does not lower stomach acidity.

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Stress, obesity, hormonal changes, and aging have been connected to cellulite aggravation resulting in skin dimpled appearance, a very common painless skin disorder with a female preponderance. Several Apiaceae plants have been traditionally used for cosmetic applications. However, their screening for anti-cellulite potential has not been deeply investigated. In this work, UPLC-HRMS/MS coupled with molecular networking was employed to glean a holistic overview of the chemodiversity of the metabolome of nine Apiaceae fruits. Additionally, the extracts were screened for in vitro antioxidant and anti-cellulite activities. Apium graveolens and Petroselinum crispum revealed excellent free radical scavenging activity, remarkably increased lipolysis, and decreased adipogenesis. Furthermore, apigenin and its glycosides were identified to be the major components in both extracts, which might be responsible for the antioxidant activity and anti-cellulite potential. Conclusively, these results signify the potent antioxidant and anti-cellulite properties of A. graveolens and P. crispum fruit extracts, holding potential for the development of plant derived products for cellulite management.

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Celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) is affected by several plant diseases, such as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii (Foa). Four Foa races have been found in the US. The goals of this study were to determine which races are present in Costa Rica and to quantify the tolerance of the imported commercial cultivars of celery produced in the country. Isolates from 125 symptomatic celery plants from three different geographical locations were analyzed, 65 of which were selected for phylogenetic analysis. All isolates presented a short sequence of five nucleotides that differentiates Foa race 3 in the IGS rDNA region. Three different haplotypes closely related to race 3 were found, which were highly virulent, produced great losses, and affected all cultivars (resistant to races 2 and 4) of imported commercial celery. Additionally, five different cultivars of celery were evaluated against seven pathogen isolates identified as race 3 in greenhouse conditions. Two of the cultivars showed significantly less chlorosis, wilting, mortality, and higher fresh weight. Most of the Foa isolates significantly increased chlorosis, wilting, and mortality compared to non-inoculated control. Celery producers in Costa Rica lack access to seeds resistant to the Foa race 3 present in the country.

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The genus Apium, belonging to the family Apiaceae, comprises roughly 20 species. Only two species, Apium graveolens and Apium leptophyllum, are available in China and are both rich in nutrients and have favorable medicinal properties. However, the lack of genomic data has severely constrained the study of genetics and evolution in Apium plants. In this study, Illumina NovaSeq 6000 and Nanopore sequencing platforms were employed to identify the mitochondrial genomes of A. graveolens and A. leptophyllum. The complete lengths of the mitochondrial genomes of A. graveolens and A. leptophyllum were 263,017 bp and 260,164 bp, respectively, and contained 39 and 36 protein-coding genes, five and six rRNA genes, and 19 and 20 tRNA genes. Consistent with most angiosperms, both A. graveolens and A. leptophyllum showed a preference for codons encoding leucine (Leu). In the mitochondrial genome of A. graveolens, 335 SSRs were detected, which is higher than the 196 SSRs found in the mitochondrial genome of A. leptophyllum. Studies have shown that the most common RNA editing type is C-to-U, but, in our study, both A. graveolens and A. leptophyllum exhibited the U-C editing type. Furthermore, the transfer of the mitochondrial genomes of A. graveolens and A. leptophyllum into the chloroplast genomes revealed homologous sequences, accounting for 8.14% and 4.89% of the mitochondrial genome, respectively. Lastly, in comparing the mitochondrial genomes of 29 species, it was found that A. graveolens, A. leptophyllum, and Daucus carota form a sister group with a support rate of 100%. Overall, this investigation furnishes extensive insights into the mitochondrial genomes of A. graveolens and A. leptophyllum, thereby enhancing comprehension of the traits and evolutionary patterns within the Apium genus. Additionally, it offers supplementary data for evolutionary and comparative genomic analyses of other species within the Apiaceae family.

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Celery (Apium graveolens) was shown to have beneficial effects on cardiometabolic factors in animal models. As the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) adversely affects cardiometabolic factors, we aimed to assess the effects of celery powder on glycemic and anthropometric indices, lipid profile, liver function, oxidative stress, and blood pressure of individuals with T2DM. In a pilot randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 50 eligible adults with T2DM were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control to consume either 750 mg of celery powder (obtained from fresh celery) or placebo along with a low-calorie diet for 12 weeks, respectively. Dietary intake, physical activity, and cardiometabolic factors were assessed before and at the end of the study. Thirty-six patients finished the study (18 in each group). Consumption of celery powder significantly reduced body fat percentage (p = .021). Between-group analysis for changes in cardiometabolic factors did not show significant differences. Although malondialdehyde was reduced in the intervention group and increased in the control group, between-group changes were not significant. Although the insulin-level change was statistically insignificant, a clinical improvement was observed in the intervention group. A 750-mg daily supplementation of celery powder for 12 weeks did not improve the cardiometabolic factors of patients with T2DM. Further studies are suggested.

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Apium graveolens is an indigenous plant in the family Apiaceae, or Umbelliferae, that contains many active compounds. It has been used traditionally to treat arthritic conditions, gout, and urinary infections. The authors conducted a scoping review to assess the quality of available evidence on the overall effects of celery when treating neurological disorders. A systematic search was performed using predetermined keywords in selected electronic databases. The 26 articles included upon screening consisted of 19 in vivo studies, 1 published clinical trial, 4 in vitro studies and 2 studies comprising both in vivo and in vitro methods. A. graveolens and its bioactive phytoconstituent, 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), have demonstrated their effect on neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke-related neurological complications, depression, diabetes-related neurological complications, and epilepsy. The safety findings were minimal, showing that NBP is safe for up to 18 weeks at 15 mg/kg in animal studies, while there were adverse effects (7%) reported when consuming NBP for 24 weeks at 600 mg daily in human trials. In conclusion, the safety of A. graveolens extract and NBP can be further investigated clinically on different neurological disorders based on their potential role in different targeted pathways.

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Ascorbic acid (AsA) is a crucial antioxidant in vegetables. Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is a vegetable of Apiaceae and is rich in AsA. Till now, the effects of different storage conditions on celery morphological characteristics, anatomical features, and antioxidant accumulation are unclear. Here, the celery cvs. 'Sijixiaoxiangqin' and 'Liuhehuangxinqin' were selected as experimental materials, and the two celery plants grown for 65 days were harvested from soils and stored in light at room temperature (25 °C), darkness at low temperature (4 °C), and darkness at room temperature (25 °C) for 0, 6, 24, 30, 48, and 54 h, respectively. The results showed that celery in darkness had better water retention capacity than celery in light. Morphological changes in celery mesophyll, leaf veins, and petioles were the least in darkness at low temperature (4 °C). The weight loss rate and wilting degree in darkness at low temperature (4 °C) were the lowest, and the AsA content remained at a high level. The expression patterns of GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase (AgGMP) and L-galactose dehydrogenase (AgGalDH) were similar to the change of AsA content. The results indicated that low temperature and dark was the optimized storage condition for 'Sijixiaoxiangqin' and 'Liuhehuangxinqin' celery. AgGMP and AgGalDH genes may play an important role in the accumulation of AsA in celery. This paper will provide potential references for prolonging the shelf life of celery and other horticultural crops.

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Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is one of the most popular leafy vegetables worldwide. The main edible parts of celery are the leaf blade and especially the petiole, which typically has a white, green and red color. To date, there are very few reports about the inheritance and gene cloning of celery petiole color. In this study, bulked segregant analysis-sequencing (BSA-Seq) and fine mapping were conducted to delimit the white petiole (wp1) loci into a 668.5-kb region on Chr04. In this region, AgWp1 is a homolog of a DAG protein in Antirrhinum majus and a MORF9 protein in Arabidopsis, and both proteins are involved in chloroplast development. Sequencing alignment shows that there is a 27-bp insertion in the 3'-utr region in AgWp1 in the white petiole. Gene expression analysis indicated that the expression level of AgWp1 in the green petiole was much higher than that in the white petiole. Further cosegregation revealed that the 27-bp insertion was completely cosegregated with the petiole color in 45 observed celery varieties. Therefore, AgWp1 was considered to be the candidate gene controlling the white petiole in celery. Our results could not only improve the efficiency and accuracy of celery breeding but also help in understanding the mechanism of chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development in celery.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of essential oil extracted from celery (Apium graveolens) seeds (CSEO) for the control of powdery mildew of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) incited by Podosphaera fusca and to investigate the metabolic and genetic defense mechanisms triggered by the treatment with this essential oil in cucumber seedlings. The main compounds in the CSEO as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were d-limonene, 3-butyl phthalide, ß-selinene, and mandelic acid. The treatment with CSEO led to an increase in the content of both chlorophyll and phenolic/flavonoid compounds in cucumber leaves. In greenhouse tests, the application of CSEO reduced by 60% the disease severity on leaves of cucumber plants and stimulated the activity of defense-related enzymes such as ß-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase. Moreover, treatment with CSEO induced overexpression of ß-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes. A highly significant correlation was found between the ß-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzymatic activities and the relative expression of the corresponding encoding genes in both inoculated and non-inoculated cucumber seedlings treated with the essential oil. Overall, this study showed that CSEO is a promising eco-friendly candidate fungicide that can be exploited to control cucumber powdery mildew.

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Melatonin (MT) is crucial in plant growth, development, and response to stress. Celery is a vegetable that grows in a cool climate, and a hot climate can deteriorate its growth, yield, and quality. This study investigates the effect of exogenous melatonin on celery physiology. Transcriptional levels were analyzed by spraying celery with exogenous MT before exposing it to high temperatures. The regulatory mechanism of exogenous MT-mediated heat tolerance was examined. The results show that the exogenous MT reduced the thermal damage state of celery seedlings, as well as the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and relative conductivity (REC), increasing the oxidase activity, the osmotic regulatory substances, and chlorophyll, enhancing the leaf transpiration and the light energy utilization efficiency. We examined the mechanism of exogenous MT in mitigating high-temperature damage using the transcriptome sequencing method. A total of 134 genes were expressed differently at high temperature in the celery treated with MT compared with the untreated celery. Functional annotation analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were abundant in the "pyruvate metabolism" pathway and the "peroxidase activity" pathway. According to the pathway-based gene expression analysis, exogenous MT can inhibit the upregulation of pyruvate synthesis genes and the downregulation of pyruvate consumption genes, preventing the accumulated pyruvate from rapidly upregulating the expression of peroxidase genes, and thereby enhancing peroxidase activity. RT-qPCR verification showed a rising encoding peroxidase gene expression under MT treatment. The gene expression pattern involved in pyruvate anabolism and metabolism agreed with the abundant transcriptome expression, validating the physiological index results. These results indicate that the application of exogenous MT to celery significantly enhances the ability of plant to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to heat stress, thereby improving the ability of plant to resist heat stress. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the use of MT to alleviate the damage caused by heat stress in plant growth and development.

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To extend the application of celery (Apium graveolens L.) seeds, the antioxidant and enzymatic inhibitory activities of different fractions and their main flavones were investigated. The n-butanol fractions possessed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) values. The n-butanol fractions from Northeast China samples exhibited the strongest free radical scavenging (DPPH IC50 = 20.27 µg/mL, ABTS IC50 = 15.11 µg/mL) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP 547.93 mg trolox (TE)/g) capacity, while those collected from Hubei China showed the optimal cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) values (465.78 mg TE/g). In addition, the dichloromethane fractions from Jiangsu samples displayed a maximum Fe2+ chelating capacity (20.81 mg ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)/g). Enzyme level experiments indicated polyphenolic compounds might be the main hypoglycemic active components. Subsequently, the enzyme inhibitory activity of nine main flavones was evaluated. Chrysoeriol-7-O-glucoside showed better α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than others. However, apigenin showed the best inhibitory effect on α-amylases, while the presence of glycosides would reduce its inhibitory effect. This study is the first scientific report on the enzymatic inhibitory activity, molecular docking, and antioxidant capacity of celery seed constituents, providing a basis for treating or preventing oxidative stress-related diseases and hyperglycemia.

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Currently, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii (Foa) race 4 in celery and F. oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii (Foci) in coriander have the characteristics of emerging infectious plant diseases in coastal southern California: the pathogens are spreading, yield losses can be severe, and there are currently no economical solutions for their control. Celery, and possibly coriander, production in these regions is are likely to have more severe disease from projected warmer conditions in the historically cool, coastal regions. Experimental evidence shows that Foa race 4 causes much higher disease severity when temperatures exceed 21°C. A phylogenomic analysis indicated that Foa race 4, an older, less virulent, and uncommon Foa race 3, and two Foci are closely related in their conserved genomes. These closely related genotypes are somatically compatible. Foa race 4 can also cause disease in coriander and the two organisms readily form "hetero" conidial anastomosis tubes (CAT), further increasing the likelihood of parasexual recombination and the generation of novel pathotypes. A horizontal chromosome transfer event likely accounts for the difference in host range between Foci versus Foa races 4 and 3 because they differ primarily in one or two accessory chromosomes. How Foa race 4 evolved its hyper-virulence is unknown. Although the accessory chromosomes of Foa races 3 and 4 are highly similar, there is no evidence that Foa race 4 evolved directly from race 3, and races 3 and 4 probably only have a common ancestor. Foa race 2, which is in a different clade within the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) than the other Foa, did not contribute to the evolution of race 4, and does not form CATs with Foa race 4; consequently, while inter-isolate CAT formation is genetically less restrictive than somatic compatibility, it might be more restricted between FOSC clades than currently known. Other relatively new F. oxysporum in coastal California include F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae on strawberry (Fof). Curiously, Fof "yellows-fragariae" isolates also have similar core genomes to Foa races 4 and 3 and Foci, perhaps suggesting that there may be core genome factors in this lineage that favor establishment in these soils.

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In this study, the characteristics of the transverse section of Apium graveolens L. root (AR) were observed. The surface morphology, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity of five kinds of powders obtained by superfine pulverization (850-355, 355-180, 180-125, 125-50, and <50 µm) were evaluated. Under the microscope, the transverse section of AR had distinct identification features. Parenchyma cells, cork cells, vessels, fibers, nonglandular hair, and tubing fragments were observed via powder microscopic identification. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that superfine pulverization evidently changed the shape and surface morphology of the AR powders. As particle size decreased, the moisture and oil-binding capacity (OBC) of AR powder decreased, whereas its total ash content, water solubility index (WSI), swelling capacity (SC), water-holding capacity (WHC), bulk densities, tapped densities, repose angles, slide angles, and crash angles increased. The AR powder with a particle size of <50 µm had the highest contents of total flavonoids (30.46 mg/g), apiin (15.29 mg/g), and 3'-methoxyapiin (6.78 mg/g). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that the chemical composition of the powder and its extracts did not notably change as particle size decreased. Meanwhile, the scavenging ability of DPPH and ABTS radicals increased with the decrease of particle size. Therefore, there are more obvious differences in physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of AR powders with different particle sizes. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of new AR products. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Under the microscope, the transverse section of Apium graveolens L. root (AR) had distinct identification features. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the morphology and microstructure of AR after superfine pulverization. The surface morphology and physicochemical properties of the powders obtained by superfine pulverization were evaluated. FTIR analysis revealed no notable differences in the chemical composition of the AR powders with different particle sizes.

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Sugar alcohols are major photosynthetic products in plant species from the Apiaceae and Plantaginaceae families. Mannose-6-phosphate reductase (Man6PRase) and aldose-6-phosphate reductase (Ald6PRase) are key enzymes for synthesizing mannitol and glucitol in celery (Apium graveolens) and peach (Prunus persica), respectively. In this work, we report the first crystal structures of dimeric plant aldo/keto reductases (AKRs), celery Man6PRase (solved in the presence of mannonic acid and NADP+) and peach Ald6PRase (obtained in the apo form). Both structures displayed the typical TIM barrel folding commonly observed in proteins from the AKR superfamily. Analysis of the Man6PRase holo form showed that residues putatively involved in the catalytic mechanism are located close to the nicotinamide ring of NADP+, where the hydride transfer to the sugar phosphate should take place. Additionally, we found that Lys48 is important for the binding of the sugar phosphate. Interestingly, the Man6PRase K48A mutant had a lower catalytic efficiency with mannose-6-phosphate but a higher catalytic efficiency with mannose than the wild type. Overall, our work sheds light on the structure-function relationships of important enzymes to synthesize sugar alcohols in plants.

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